Legend has it that in 3500 BC, people in China had artificial drums. In 3000 BC, drums were made by covering frames or containers with animal skins. The timpani was invented in China in the 2nd century BC.
2. Binary system:
It is said that Fuxi invented the binary system in 3000 BC. Zhouyi is one of the Five Classics and one of the oldest classics in China. According to legend, The Book of Changes was written by Fuxi, Zhou Wenwang and Duke Zhou about 3000 BC, and was revised by Kong Qiu into The Book of Changes. Modern electronic computers use binary instead of decimal. Who invented the binary system? "Yi Shu" in Zhouyi uses binary system. In other words, Fuxi invented binary.
3. Rope:
In 2800 BC, China people had mastered the technology of making hemp rope. Our people began to make ropes out of hemp fibers. By the beginning of AD, hemp fiber had become the main rope-making material in most parts of the world.
4. Compass:
Legend has it that in 2700 BC, Xuanyuan, the Yellow Emperor of China, invented the compass. Huangdi used a compass to tell the direction in the fog and defeated Chiyou. According to historical records, China people used the compass as early as the Warring States Period. Han Feizi in the 3rd century BC said that "Sina" (compass) had been used in the Warring States period. 1090, China and Arab navigators began to install compasses on ships. As a navigation tool. In Europe, around 1 1 century, magnetic needles floating on the water were used to make compasses.
5, fish farming methods:
In 2500 BC, people in China already knew how to raise fish. At that time, Chinese people could artificially hatch fish eggs and feed them. In the1960-1970s, fish in Europe and America, such as frog fish, were farmed artificially.
6. Equatorial astronomical instruments: In 2400 BC, China people invented equatorial astronomical instruments.
7, decimal counting system:
China invented the decimal counting system in14th century BC. This is very important in modern science. The earliest evidence that Europeans formally adopted it was found in a Spanish manuscript in 976 AD, and China adopted it as early as BC14th century Shang Dynasty.
8. Printing:
Printing is one of the four great inventions in China. In 868, people in China invented block printing. Diamond Sutra is a relief printing. It is a 5.25-meter scroll with pieces of wood 9 1 cm long and 36 cm wide printed on it.
In A.D. 1040, China lettering worker Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in Beijing. 1438, Genfertier (German) who lived in Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany, created a mold for casting metal letters.
1 107, China people also invented color printing. More than 600 years later, in 17 19, the color printing machine designed by LeBron in Germany was patented.
9, paint-the world's first plastic:
China invented and used lacquerware at the latest in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0. The tomb of "Fuhao" excavated in Anyang City, Henan Province 1976 (buried in the 3rd century1AD) is evidenced by her painted coffin. Needham said: "lacquer is probably the oldest industrial plastic known to mankind."
10, mirror:
About BC 12, China people invented the bronze mirror. China also invented the magic mirror in the 5th century. British crystallographer William? By 1932, Breg systematically expounded the theory of magic mirror, which was about 1500 years later than China.
The magic mirror is one of the strangest things in the world. What's so amazing about the magic mirror? On the reverse side of the magic mirror, there is a bronze pattern-an image or text, or both. The side reflecting light is convex, made of polished bronze and used as a mirror. Under most lighting conditions, this kind of mirror looks the same as other ordinary mirrors. However, when the mirror is used in bright sunlight, its reflecting surface can be "seen through". By reflecting sunlight on a dark wall with a mirror, people can see the patterns or words on the mirror from the images projected on the wall. Solid bronze products become transparent, which makes people feel mysterious. This phenomenon made China people give the magic mirror a name called transparent mirror.
Bronze is opaque, but it actually makes people feel transparent. Why? This mystery has been discussed by Chinese and foreign scholars for hundreds of years. China scientist Shenhuo and foreign scientist William? Sir Breg expressed his views. William? When Sir Breg discovered this mystery in 1932, he said, "It is the amplification of reflection that makes the pattern appear clearly." Needham called all this "the first step in mastering the fine structure of metal expression."
1 1, umbrella:
In BC 1 100, people in China already used umbrellas to identify themselves. The ribs are made of bamboo or sandalwood, and covered with an umbrella cover made of leaves or feathers. The word "umbrella" only appeared in English in the12nd century. In the past, there were only parasols, but in the1733rd century, Parisians used tarpaulins as umbrellas. Academics also say that umbrellas were invented by China in the 4th century during the Three Kingdoms period.
12, kite:
In BC 1000, people in China first flew kites. It is said that people in China could fly kites long before they believed in history. According to legend, in the 4th century BC, Lu Ban, a famous craftsman in China, made a kite and took off for three days without falling. There is also a story in which a general surrounded the palace and used a kite to measure the distance between the palace wall and his own army. In 1600, oriental kites (diamonds) were introduced to Europe by the Dutch. Flying a kite provides the principle and inspiration for the plane to fly into the sky.
13, bow and arrow:
China invented the bow and arrow in the 8th century BC. In 200 BC, China invented the crossbow. Mainly used for fighting and hunting. You can shoot horizontally, vertically, riding and shooting, which is very powerful. In Europe, Italy only used bows in the 10 century.
14, ancient robots:
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty from 770 BC to 256 BC, China people had invented ancient robots. In today's world, as long as we talk about robots, we must talk about Europe, America and Japan. However, do you know that China people first made ancient robots in the world? Robots made in ancient China are not only exquisite, but also versatile. There are all kinds of robots. Robots that can dance, robots that can sing blowing sheng, robots that can catch fish, and so on.
A robot that can dance. Duan Anxi of the Tang Dynasty in China said: In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in Pingcheng and was besieged by Xiongnu Khan Mao Dun. Chen Ping of the Han army learned that the soldiers commanded by E Shi, the wife of Modoson, were the most elite and aggressive team in the country, but E Shi was jealous of others. Therefore, Chen Ping ordered the craftsman to make a delicate wooden robot. Dress the wooden robot in beautiful clothes, dress up beautifully, and paint its face with rouge, which makes it more handsome. Then put it on the female wall (the low wall on the city wall) and start the mechanism (the starting part of the machine), and the robot will dance gracefully, beautifully and endearingly. E Shi saw this scene vividly outside the city, mistaking this dancing robot for a real human beauty, fearing that she would spoil Maggie in the Central Plains and neglect herself after breaking the city, so E Shi led his troops to abandon the city. The city of peace saved the day.
Blowing sheng's singing robot. Robots in the Tang Dynasty are more exquisite and magical. In the Complete Works of the Ruling and Opposition, the Tang people said: Luozhou Yin was once a county magistrate (equivalent to a "county magistrate"), with a well-behaved personality and fond of drinking. He carved a wooden robot and dressed it in silk. Let this robot be a waiter. The waitress is always polite when drinking properly.
Money-making robots. In the Tang Dynasty, a craftsman named Yang Wulian in Hangzhou, China, developed a robot similar to a monk. It can learn from the monk's charity by holding a bronze bowl and automatically take away the money when the bowl is full. It will bow to the donor. Hangzhou citizens are scrambling to put money into this bowl to watch this wonderful performance. It can earn thousands of dollars for its master every day, which is ingenious and prosperous.
A robot that can catch fish. Robots in the Tang Dynasty were also used in production practice. According to Wang Shi of Longzhou in Tang Dynasty, a robot similar to otter was developed. It can sink in the water of rivers and lakes, and after catching fish, its head will emerge from the water. Why can it catch fish? If you put bait in this robot's mouth and install the starting parts, you can sink it with a stone. When the fish eats the bait, this part begins, and the stone falls into the water from its mouth. As soon as its mouth is closed, the fish in its mouth can't escape, so it floats from the water to the surface. This is the earliest robot used in production in the world.
In addition, in books such as "The Book of the Lost Tales", it is also recorded that ancient robots performed on the stage, holding lights and being blind.
15, branch culture precision farmland method:
In the 6th century BC, China people invented the practice of branch tillage. Europeans didn't use this technology until 173 1.
16, iron plow:
In the 6th century BC, China invented the iron plow. Europeans didn't use iron plows until17th century. In A.D. 1050, people in our country also invented the plow mirror, which was installed on the plow to turn over the soil easily, thus increasing the agricultural output.
17. Big bell: China invented the big bell in the 6th century BC; Europeans didn't adjust their clocks until 1000, which was later than China 1600.
18, abacus:
In 550 BC, China people invented the abacus for calculation. Since ancient times, it has also been a widely used computing tool in business. Later, it spread all over the world and was gradually replaced by modern Arabic numerals in the12nd century. In the 20th century, many people in the former Soviet Union and the Far East were still using abacus.
19, carpet:
Carpets have been used in China since 500 BC. The earliest known carpets originated in China and Iran in the 5th century BC. 1606, the carpet woven by loom was first used near Paris, France.
20. Double-acting piston bellows: China invented the double-acting piston bellows in the 5th century BC. It was not until16th century that the double-acting piston bellows was used in the west.
2 1, petroleum lighting method:
Around the 4th century BC, China people invented oil lighting and natural gas lighting.
22. Cast iron: In the 4th century BC, China invented cast iron.
23. Lingqu, the world's first-class high-speed canal.
The contour canal was built in the west of13rd century, about 1600 years later than China.
24, three-dimensional map:
China invented the three-dimensional map at the latest in the 3rd century BC. In Historical Records written by Sima Qian, a picture of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which was drawn in 2 10 BC, was recorded. The book says: "Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, instill it in the machine, and there is astronomy in the world and geography in the world." 1In June, 985, a report in the Daily Telegraph said: Although Qin Shihuang's cemetery was not open, it may have been discovered. It is said that traces of mercury were found at the entrance of the tomb. Archaeologists speculate that this may be the mercury shown on the above three-dimensional map.
In 32 AD, General Ma Yuan talked about the military three-dimensional map, and the models of valleys and mountains were made of glutinous rice. In addition, a woodcut three-dimensional topographic map appeared, which was described by the great scientist Shen Kuo in Talking about Meng Xi. 1 130 Huang Shang also made a woodcut three-dimensional map. This map later attracted the interest of philosopher Zhu, who tried his best to collect woodcut topographic maps for research. He himself sometimes uses clay and sometimes woodcuts to make three-dimensional topographic maps. He also described a topographic map made by Zhu in the novel He Lin Yu Lu: "(Zhu) tried to make a beautiful picture out of wood and sculpt the uneven landform. Harmony gave it eight dollars. There are male and female tenons that can be folded. A person's strength can be negative. Every time I go out, I follow the trend, but I have not succeeded. "
The production of three-dimensional topographic maps is likely to spread from China to Arabia and then to Europe. 15 10, Paul? Dokus made the earliest topographic map in Europe and drew the neighborhood of Kufstein. I am an Arab. Batita (A.D. 1304- 1377) described a three-dimensional topographic map he saw in Gibraltar. There is no earlier record of three-dimensional topographic maps of countries outside China.
25, suspension bridge:
Li Bing, a native of China, built the An Lan Bridge in guanxian, Sichuan Province in the 3rd century BC. This is the earliest bamboo cable chain bridge built in the world. It has a total length of 320 meters and eight holes, and the whole structure has no metal materials. The suspension bridge is paved with stone slabs to facilitate people's walking. China people invented the iron suspension bridge in 1 century. This bridge can be used for traffic. The winch bridge, the first suspension bridge in the west, was built in 174 1.
26. Notes:
Before 22 1 year BC, China people had invented notation. More than 2000 years ago, there was a tube chromatograph in the Warring States period in China, which is the abbreviation of Chinese music 12 law. Around 1200, Franco of Cologne created a set of beat symbols in his works, which divided the rhythm into four lengths and gradually evolved into a modern notation.
27, papermaking:
About 200 BC, people in China invented papermaking. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty made Cai Hou Paper. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in China.
Before the invention of paper, people carved words on stones, mud and wood, and also wrote on leaves and bark; Some are written on bamboo, papyrus knots and sheepskin. During the pre-Qin period in China, ministers submitted suggestions to emperors or emperors and wrote their contents on bamboo. It is inconvenient that this proposal needs two people to carry it to the head of state. By around 200 AD, people in China had invented papermaking. It used to be said that Cai Lun invented papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty from 65438 to 005. However, according to the historical records of unearthed paper, China people knew how to make paper long before Cai Lun, while Cai Lun just summarized the experience of folk paper making, improved and improved it, and produced better quality Cai Hou paper.
28. Parachute:
The parachute was invented by China in the 2nd century BC. Many people know da? Finch left a sketch of the parachute, which marked the first time that Europeans put forward the idea of making parachutes. But far away? Finch 1500 years ago, people in China had invented parachutes and used them very successfully in real life. How to prove it? We can find the earliest literary records from the great book Historical Records written by Sima Qian, the greatest historian in China, in 90 BC. The fact that he regarded parachutes as antiques a long time ago proves that the origin of parachutes can be traced back to at least the 2nd century BC.
Taking the use of parachutes in the Middle Ages as an example, China people described some things that1/kloc-0 witnessed in Guangzhou in 1992. At that time, many Arabs gathered, who had witnessed China people using parachutes. Simon, a Frenchman, also said in the book Historical Relations that he had seen people in China perform acrobatics with parachutes. China is indeed the country that invented parachutes. It is an ancient tradition to use umbrellas as parachutes! 1783, the westerner Linomande jumped from the top of the tree or the roof many times, and the result was very successful. He called it a parachute. This is more than 900 years after China invented the parachute.
29. Fireworks: In the 2nd century BC, people in China invented fireworks.
30, miniature hot air balloon:
In the second century BC, China invented the miniature hot air balloon. The earliest miniature hot air balloon was made of eggshells. It was mentioned in Huainan Wanbi Book written at that time that eggshells can fly into the sky with the help of burning fire. What it does is: use an egg, remove the yolk and egg white, and then light the wormwood placed in its hole. Eggshells can take off and fly away by themselves.
Hot air balloons are also made of paper. A resident of Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, China, located at 1939, whose name is Peter? A foreigner who once wrote a book said that he had witnessed people in China releasing paper balloons.
3 1, ink:
China invented ink in the second century BC. At this time, the Egyptians also made ink. In ancient China and Egypt, oil lampblack and water were mixed with gelatin to make ink, which was the earliest ink in the world. 1834, British Stephens began to make writing ink in Britain, and it was not until 15 that it was mass-produced.
32. Crank-crank: In the 2nd century BC, China invented the crank-crank; It was not until the 9th century that cranks were used in the West.
33. Fuyang Valley Fan Car:
In the 2nd century BC, China people invented the rotary grain-raising fan. It was not until the beginning of18th century that grain-raising fans appeared in the west.
34, balance ring:
In BC 140, China invented the balance ring, and in AD 189, China gradually improved the balance ring, which was later spread to Europe. In the 9th century, the famous scientist Robert. Hawke and others applied the principle of the device to make a universal joint. It is this invention that makes the automatic energy transmission of cars possible.
35. Sealed laboratory: In BC 1 century, China invented and built a sealed laboratory.
36. Transmission belt: In the 5th century BC/KLOC-China invented the transmission belt. The transmission belt used by Europeans is 1430, which is later than China 1400 years.
37. Sliding plotter: China people invented the sliding plotter in AD 5. In the west, the sliding plotter was not used until 1638.
38, hydraulic bellows:
In 3 1 year, China people invented the hydraulic bellows. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Du Shi, the magistrate of Nanyang, invented the hydraulic bellows (blast water row) for casting iron farm tools. And incisively commented: it "uses less force and does more achievements, and the people will do it." . Later, the inventor Du Yu made many improvements to this kind of bellows, and the fried water was passed down from generation to generation and spread more and more widely in China. In Europe, however, it was not until the13rd century that blasting water rafts were used.
39, keel waterwheel:
In 80 AD, China people invented the keel waterwheel; The first square-bladed keel waterwheel in Europe was made in16th century, and it was directly made according to the design of China.
40. Stern rudder: 1 century, invented the stern rudder; In the west, it was not until A.D. 1 180 that the rudder appeared on the sculpture of the church.
4 1, porcelain:
China people invented porcelain in 1 century. During the Western Jin Dynasty, people used kaolin, feldspar and timely as raw materials to make white and exquisite tableware. Porcelain did not appear in the west until the18th century.
42, seismograph:
/kloc-In 0/32, China native Zhang Heng invented the seismograph. Zhang Heng was an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He has written many books, one of which is Faint Translation. He once imagined that the earth was a ball in infinite space with nine continents. In China, he was the first to introduce a network of latitude and longitude in geography. At this time, Zhang Heng also invented the armillary sphere. The armillary sphere shows the relative positions of the main planets in the universe, while the seismograph can predict the areas where earthquakes occur, which is very clever. Della the foreigner? Hautefeuille designed the first modern seismograph in 1703.
43, quantitative mapping method:
Zhang Heng, a famous inventor in ancient China, invented quantitative cartography in the 2nd century, which made cartography take a big step forward. Zhang Heng first applied the rectangular grid method to the map, so that the method, distance and itinerary can be calculated and studied in a more scientific way. His book "Computational Network Theory" obviously contains the basic principle of using map coordinates accurately. Zhang Heng's rectangular network coordinates have been successfully applied to reduce the size of the map, similar to photography miniaturization technology. It was not until the15th century that there were maps of considerable value in the west.
44. Spinning wheel: China invented the spinning wheel in 12 1 year; In the west, the spinning wheel was not used until 1280, which was more than 1 100 years later than China.
45. stirrup: In the 3rd century, China invented the stirrup. It was not until the 5th century A.D. that stirrup was made in western countries, which was 200 years later than that in China.
46, helicopter horizontal rotor and propeller:
Ge Hong, a native of China in the 4th century, talked about helicopter rotors. At that time, there was a kind of children's toy bamboo dragonfly in China, like the rotor of a helicopter. It has a shaft with a line around it, and several blades are installed on the shaft. When the angle is set, the rotor will fly into the air with a guy. This kind of toy has a great influence on European aviation pioneers.
47. Paddle boat:
China invented the paddle boat in 4 18 AD, which was recorded in a report on the operation of China's navy. The operation was commanded by Wang Zhene, a naval general in Liu and Song Dynasties. In 494-497, Zu Chongzhi built an improved ship, which was called the "Thousand-Li Ship". In the absence of wind, it can travel far in a day. It represents the early design of the paddle boat. In 552 AD, Xu Shipu, the general of the water army of Liang Dynasty, used a "water boat" (that is, a paddle boat) when fighting with Houman. Another general, Huang, made and used a paddle boat operated by his feet when he besieged Liyang in 573 AD. In 782-785, the governor of Hangzhou, Gaoli, improved the paddle boat. 1 168, the navy built a warship with a displacement of 200 tons, which was driven by a paddle composed of 12 blades. Cheng Changyu was built into a 100-meter-long ship, which can carry seven or eight hundred people. /kloc-in the 20th century, China built a large ship with a length of120m, a width of1.37m and a mast height of more than 24m, with a crew of 200. During the first Opium War, China also used this kind of paddle boat in the war against Britain.
The British thought that China people saw the rowing boat of the British navy and copied it soon, but they didn't know that China people had used this boat by then 1600 years.
48, mimeograph technology:
In 500 AD, the Japanese invented mimeograph technology, and China and China have been able to print books with this technology. 188 1 year, Hungarian Jan stetner invented the mimeograph technology of the roller with a stylus and fat paper; 1888 he invented the typewriter, 1899 the Austrian Clabau invented the rotary copier, and it was not until 1950 that it was replaced by photocopying technology.
49, pointer dial device:
Zhao Da, a native of China, invented the pointer dial device in 570 AD. China's pointer dial device is surprisingly delicate and complicated. Some of these dial devices consist of as many as 40 concentric circles. Each different concentric circle is marked with a set of different numbers to measure various situations, and the numbers can be read as needed. In a word, China people created the first generation of pointer dial device in the world, which is still extremely important for modern science.
50, matches:
The first match in the world was invented by China people in 577 AD. This kind of match was invented by a group of poor maids in Northern Qi Dynasty. The original matches were made of sulfur, which was recorded in the book Qing Louis in 950 AD. Until 1530, there were no matches in Europe. (End)