Since 2004, China has issued the "No.1 Document" with the theme of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" for the third time in a row, which shows the determination of the central leadership to solve the problems of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". As a planner, it is duty-bound, but urban planning is different from urban planning, and urban planning in Pinghu area is also different from urban planning in mountainous and hilly areas. Through the on-the-spot investigation on the planning and construction of villages and towns in Pinghu area of Wangcheng County. The following questions deserve our consideration:
First of all, there are a lot of achievements projects in planning and construction. One principle of village and town construction is to oppose formalism, adhere to economy, oppose large-scale demolition and construction, and advocate ecological construction. However, planners still use outdated urban planning methods to plan villages and towns, and build living resettlement communities, large squares, wide roads and small houses in villages and towns, which leads to many formalism construction and performance projects in planning and construction.
Secondly, some compilation methods and means of Hunan urban planning are not perfect. Although Changsha has its own compilation method and achievement requirements, it gives specific guidance to specific villages. The time and economic requirements of village construction make planners have limited understanding of villages and towns in Pinghu area, which also leads to insufficient investment in later work and encourages the destructive construction of villages and towns. The construction of villages and towns in Pinghu area needs to protect basic farmland and ecology, and make the local economic, social and cultural conditions develop harmoniously, rather than simply changing the form.
The emergence of these problems requires our planners to plan villages and towns in Pinghu area from different angles. Taking Jinggang Town of Wangcheng County as an example, this paper discusses the application of the concept of "anti-planning" in village and town planning.
2 "anti-planning" theory
2. 1 Interpretation of "anti-planning" theory
With the acceleration of urbanization, on the one hand, the scale of the city has expanded rapidly, and the secondary and tertiary industries in the city have developed rapidly; On the other hand, cities are also facing some new problems, such as the deterioration of urban ecological environment and the gradual decline of urban human settlements. In order to find an effective way to solve the worsening urban environmental problems, Professor Yu of Peking University Landscape Planning and Design Institute put forward the planning and design concept of "anti-planning".
The word "anti-planning" first appeared in the article "On Anti-planning and Urban Ecological Infrastructure Construction" (Yu and Li Dihua, 2002). It is a new working method of urban planning and design, that is, urban planning and design should start with planning and designing non-construction land, rather than traditional construction land planning.
"Anti-planning" does not mean not planning, nor does it mean opposing planning. "Anti-planning" emphasizes a reverse planning process, and the negative planning result is a revision of traditional planning, not an opposition to traditional planning. Its planning thinking is dialectical thinking, reflective thinking and reversible thinking.
The "anti-planning" approach attempts to comprehensively solve the problems of national ecological security, rural roads, rural characteristics and rural functional forms by establishing a landscape security pattern that guarantees the safety and health of natural and human processes.
2.2 "Anti-planning" working methods
The method of "anti-planning" should start with the non-construction land in villages and towns, and give priority to the planning and design of rural ecological infrastructure, including maintaining and strengthening the continuity of the overall landscape pattern, protecting and establishing diversified local ecosystems, maintaining and restoring the natural form of river systems, and protecting and restoring wetland systems. In other words, it is a process of establishing the security pattern of rural ecology and human landscape, ensuring the national ecological security, national cultural identity, religious beliefs, land beliefs and folk grass-roots beliefs, and creating conditions for building a harmonious society.
3 Pinghu area town planning "anti-planning" concept
Traditional town planning always predicts the population scale first, and then determines the land scale according to the relevant national norms. Starting with urban construction land, the red line of urban construction land is delineated and the location and scale of residential areas are determined. The ecological environment protection and ecological infrastructure construction in towns and villages are only passive embellishments, which are subsequent and secondary. This plan is expected to start from another angle. After repeated thinking, we think that "anti-planning theory" is a new idea worth trying.
3. 1 Project Introduction
Jinggang town is a popular area, mostly Pinghu area. According to the Master Plan of Jinggang Town in Wangcheng County (2006 -2020), the existing population of the town is 33,570, and the existing population of the town is 6,600 (including 2,900 in the old city, and the distance between the new and old cities is about 6km). The planned urban population is 9,000 in the near future and 1.55 million in the long term. The total area of the town is about 45.8 square kilometers, the existing built-up area is 40.6 square kilometers, and the planned built-up area is 143.9 square kilometers.
3. 1. 1 the nature and function of the town
According to the comprehensive analysis of the natural characteristics, development goals and functions of Jinggang town, the nature of Jinggang town is determined as: the political, economic and cultural service center of the town; Radiate the villages in the town, serve the tourism of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and serve the agricultural market town. The new town is adjacent to the ancient town tourist area, mainly serving for tourist reception and tourism product processing, and is the logistics base of urban tourism service.
3. 1.2 Composition of urban ecological infrastructure
The elements of urban ecological infrastructure mainly include mountains, water, rural green space system, forest ecosystem, farmland system and nature reserve system. For Jinggang Town, the establishment of urban ecological security pattern is to establish a virtuous circle ecosystem of "one river and one lake (Xiangjiang, Weishui and Tuantou Lake) and its surrounding ecological control areas as ecological chain, farmland, woodland and wetland as living bodies". It is the space security guarantee to realize the development strategic goal of Jinggang Town.
3.2 The main problems to be solved in planning
3.2. 1 Determination of the scale and functional zoning of central towns, ancient towns and villages;
3.2.2 The relationship between urban development and residential site selection and basic farmland protection;
3.2.3 Rational allocation of various ecological infrastructures in villages and towns;
3.2.4 Protection and rational development of ancient town features;
3.2.5 Construct the security pattern of garden scenery and ecological landscape, and establish the characteristics of garden city.
3.3 the specific application of "anti-planning" theory
3.3. 1 Application of "anti-planning" in the nature and functional zoning of villages and towns
Because the whole town is located in the hinterland of the center of the embankment, the cultivated land area is wide, so it is also included in the scope of Changsha Baili Water Corridor. On the one hand, the old city has a long history and the new city has a good traffic location. On the other hand, the town has to face the problem of low radiation intensity.
Based on these factors, the theory of "anti-planning" is considered in the planning, and the security pattern of rural ecology and human landscape is established to protect the existing ecological resources and tourism resources. Put forward the overall development framework from the nature and function division of cities and towns, make use of the existing resource advantages of Beijing and Hong Kong, and rely on industries such as ancient town tourism and "hundred-mile water corridor" to carry out economic development, thus forming an open structural system. Realize the point with axis and axis with surface, and comprehensively improve the economy of Jinggang Town.
Specific measures mainly include: on the one hand, focus on strengthening the construction of central market towns and enhancing the gathering and radiation functions of central market towns; On the other hand, actively develop the ancient town tourism base, focus on building a "hundred-mile water corridor", adjust the agricultural industrial structure, and develop urban agriculture. Improve the supporting service facilities of rural residential areas. Each village has a division of labor and cooperation, and its development focuses on outstanding characteristics, forming a village system with perfect functions, reasonable structure and beautiful environment.
This plan is based on the overall requirements for the development of villages and towns in Jinggang Town, and adheres to the premise of natural conditions and current situation, taking the market as the guide, aiming at optimizing the overall and long-term interests of resource allocation and regional development, and scientifically and reasonably determining the villages and main functions of the town on the basis of local comparative advantages and urban economic division.
In this plan, villages and towns in Jinggang Town are divided into three functional levels: central market town (Jinggang New Town and Ancient Town Tourism Base), central village (Fusheng Village and Nongxi Village) and grass-roots village (Jinxing Village, Tang Fu Village, Qianbang Village, xinfeng village Village and Shihao Village).
3.3.2 The application of "anti-planning" in land use
Jinggang Town has a total area of 45.8km2, including 24.8km2 of cultivated land and 6.5km2 of fishery breeding base. It can be seen that cultivated land accounts for more than half of the town area, and all cultivated land is high-yield and high-quality rice farmland.
There is a shortage of land resources in China, and it is urgent to establish a pattern of land ecological security. When planning and designing land use, we should start from the following aspects:
(1) Delineate ecologically sensitive control areas, especially ecological farmland areas, and prohibit non-agricultural construction;
(2) The choice of urban construction land, based on the principle of respecting site factors, integrates the original villages and adopts the group structure layout mode combined with ecological farmland;
(3) Strictly control the construction land of residential areas, organize some areas to return farmland to forests, focus on building scattered houses, move small natural villages in low-lying areas into central villages or market towns, and re-transform the withdrawn land into cultivated land;
(4) Establish a comprehensive evaluation system of land resources, make a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation of all kinds of land resources in the region, and provide a basis for land planning, development and utilization.
3.3.3 Use "anti-planning" to build ecological infrastructure in villages and towns.
Ecological infrastructure is the basic guarantee for maintaining land safety and health, and for towns and residents to obtain sustainable natural services (ecological services). It is also the rigid limit for Dalit city expansion and land development and utilization.
Jinggang Town, located in Minxin levee, is a typical Pinghu area, and it is more necessary to establish a security pattern of ecological infrastructure. In our planning, corridors are regarded as the main structural framework of ecological infrastructure. Corridor in landscape ecology refers to linear or banded landscape elements different from the surrounding landscape matrix, which are mainly composed of ecological structure elements such as vegetation and water.
Due to the special terrain conditions, the advantages of ecological infrastructure construction in Jinggang Town are very obvious. Roads, canals and farmland shelterbelts crisscross the town, forming a good ecological foundation.
(1) Traffic Corridor: Road traffic greenways developed along Gao Qiao Avenue, Jingge Line and Zhongge Line can not only reduce and buffer the adverse impact of traffic on towns, but also create favorable conditions for the creation of ecological towns.
(2) River corridor: Jinggang Town is rich in water resources and has a vast water surface. The plan proposes to establish ecological protection green belts and leisure greenways along Xiangjiang River, Weishuiya, Tuantou Lake, Baili water promenade and irrigation canal.
(3) Green belt corridor for farmland protection: Jinggang Town is the production base of high-quality rice and grain in Changsha. The establishment of farmland windbreak forest aims at protecting the ecological security of land and grain production, and is also an important factor to create the landscape characteristics of Jinggang Town.
(4) Greenways are set on both sides of other infrastructures, such as gas pipelines, water supply and power supply. Through ecological design and transformation of artificial infrastructure, local natural ecology will be maintained and ecological functions will be restored.
3.3.4 The application of "anti-planning" in the protection of ancient town features.
Jinggang ancient town is located at the intersection of Xiangjiang River and Laoweishui, only 6 kilometers away from the new town. It belongs to a thousand-year-old town. In 2004, it was identified as a famous historical and cultural town in Changsha, and in 2005, it was included in the top ten tourist classic scenic spots (spots) in the city for development.
Jinggang ancient town has a long history and profound cultural heritage. Its important historical and cultural connotations include:
(1) Tang, Xiaoxian and Zeng Guofan defeated the Taiping Army.
(2) Prosperous folk culture. Food culture: Beijing, Hong Kong, Hunan and Jiangxi, roasted fish, eight bowls, temple fair snacks, Nanfen, etc. Traditional handicrafts: paper umbrella, clogs, paper-cutting, brown weaving, Hunan embroidery, etc. Traditional arts: shadow play, dragon dance, bamboo and horse lanterns, ground flower drums, fishing drums, playing ci, playing flower drums and lanterns.
(3) The traditional architectural layout of "eight streets, four lanes and seven wharves".
(4) Existing traditional buildings such as Jinggang Old Street, Ziyun Palace, yangsi Temple, guanyin temple, Bayintang He Lin Stage, Ningxiang Guild Hall, Hongtaifang, Kangdeliang Paper Umbrella Factory, Jiangxi Guild Hall, and Nursery Hall.
The protection planning of ancient towns is an important part of the overall planning, and the protection of ancient towns based on the theory of "anti-planning" is conducive to the establishment of local cultural security pattern. In order to achieve a reasonable protection and development effect, it is necessary to establish a historical, cultural and ecological security zone of ancient towns, prohibit new residential buildings, rebuild some ancient buildings, and maintain traditional blocks and regional characteristics. Secondly, we should strengthen the construction of the surrounding ecological environment, connect the historical landscape with the cultural heritage through natural and human landscape elements, realize the overall protection of the cultural heritage and its environment, and combine its ecological function, recreational function, educational function, aesthetic function and intellectual function.
4 conclusion
Through the application of "anti-planning" theory in the planning of Pinghu area, it can fully ensure that the natural and cultural landscape and ecosystem of the vast rural areas in Pinghu area are well protected while implementing the new rural construction. These measures will be beneficial to the sustainable development of Pinghu area and the construction of "two-oriented" (environment-friendly and resource-saving) society.
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