Yuan Hongzi Yan Bo was born in Yang Xia, Chen County, Eastern Jin Dynasty (now Taikang, Henan Province). Jincheng Xianhe Emperor was born in a clan family in the third year (AD 328). His seventh ancestor Yuan Gu was Stuart when he was the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his sixth ancestor Yuan Huan was the doctor of Cao Wei. Later, "Yuan's descendants became famous all over the world." However, when Justin was young, his father Lin Ru ordered Xu Yuan to die, and his family was declining, so he had to rent out his own business. By chance, Justin's epic was appreciated by Xie Shang. Therefore, when Xie Shang was appointed general Anxi and the secretariat of Yuzhou, he was invited to join the army and set foot on his official career. Later, he moved to the archives of Fu Huanwen's house. Because Huan Wen emphasized her quick and elegant writing, she became a comprehensive secretary. However, Justin was dissatisfied with Huan Wen's domineering and usurping the throne, so he offended Huan Wen many times in words or conversations, so he was "disgraced". Until the death of Huan Wen, Yuan was appointed as the prefect of Dongyang County by the official department minister. Soon, in the first year of Taiyuan, Emperor Xiaoxiao of Jin Dynasty (
He died in his office at the age of 49.
Justin wrote more than 300 poems and comments in his life, among which the famous ones are Zheng Dong Fu, Bei Fu Zheng, and Preface to the Three Kingdoms. At that time, Wang Xun tasted the feeling that "the beauty of today's articles should be promoted in this life". Therefore, Justin was once famous as a scholar. When Jin Shu was compiled in the Tang Dynasty, it was still included in Biography of Wen Yuan. However, Justin's main achievement is not in literature, but in his historical works. In addition to the long-lost biography of bamboo forest celebrities, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is his only detailed historical work that has been handed down to this day.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was written by imitating the Book of the Han Dynasty in Xun Yue, and it is an excellent chronicle. His book has 30 volumes, about 210,000 words. It started with the peasant uprising in the last years of Wang Mang, and ended in Cao Pi's generation of Han Dynasty, and Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, which recorded the rise and fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty for more than 200 years. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was written more than 50 years before Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, and it is one of the two existing books on the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Just as Justin is usually regarded as an essayist rather than a historian, it is a pity that the later Han Dynasty did not receive due attention for a long time.
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During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were very sharp. In the situation of frequent wars and unpredictable political situation, some people seek a panacea to smooth the troubled times in order to provide the rulers with a mirror of history; Some people are proud of their official career and invite their trust by showing their talents; After some people were frustrated in their official career, they retired to write to express their feelings, so a large number of history books appeared. Most of these historians came from famous families in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In order to show off their ancestry and family, they took the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty as their lifelong goal when tracing the origin of the gentry. Before and after Justin's Later Han Shu, the influential works in the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty are Xie Cheng's Later Han Shu, Xue Ying's Later Han Shu, Sima Biao's Later Han Shu, Huahua's Later Han Shu, Xie Shen's Later Han Shu, Zhang Ying's Later Han Shu, Yuan Song Shan's Later Han Shu (the first one is Ji Chuanti) and Zhang Kun's Later Han Shu. These works are mainly based on the East View of Han Ji, which was edited intermittently in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, there are obvious differences in the details of materials, the level of historical knowledge, the quality of writing, the pure refutation of style and the simplification of length. Justin was not satisfied with all kinds of books in the later Han Dynasty that he saw, so he worked hard to read the materials and revised them again. After eight years, it was finally compiled into the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. He is not rich in material and diligent in writing. Compared with Xun Yue, who mainly edited Hanshu, he encountered much more difficulties and made much greater efforts, so his achievements were even more commendable.
It is no accident that among the historical works of the Eastern Han Dynasty written by Wei and Jin Dynasties, only the later Han Dynasty remained.
First of all, Justin collected almost all the information about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty at that time. On the basis of absorbing the essence of various schools, he deleted and filled in gaps, corrected fallacies and doubts, and revised them repeatedly, so he was able to get a more accurate evaluation than the names of various schools. Even after the first draft of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was circulated, Justin found that what Zhang Ganji said about the end of the Han Dynasty was acceptable, and he added it in time, so that the records about the end of the Han Dynasty in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty not only far exceeded other books of the same period, but even the later period of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty in Ye Fan was not as informative as it was.
Secondly, Justin used the historical method of Zuo Zhuan, taking the Han Dynasty as a model, and completed another convenient and detailed chronological history. At that time, it was a unique breakthrough in the history of biography and attracted the attention of many scholars.
However, Wang Mingsheng in the Qing Dynasty said in the discussion of Seventeen History: "Macroscopically, it is also Yun Bo, but there are few books on external models. However, books in precise languages have been exhausted. " In other words, the model book is a summary of the later Han books. If you want to know the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is enough to have a model book, while other later Han books, including Justin's "Later Han Book", have no reference value. This view does represent the views of many scholars. But this is not the case.
The model books are extensive and profound, and many achievements are beyond Yuan Hong's reach in the later Han Dynasty. However, Yuan Zhen Yi was written more than 50 years earlier than Sample Book, and it is closer to the original data in many aspects, so the value of historical materials is not only not lower than Sample Book, but even higher than Sample Book to some extent. Secondly, Yuan Zhen's fine words are not all absorbed by the model books. "Many sample books have been deleted but not fully recorded", which can often correct fallacies and supplement the shortcomings of sample books.
For example, Lu Piju's "Virtue and Founder Countermeasures", Shang Min's "Chen Guang School", Zhang Heng and Ma Rong's "Shi Jing Earthquake Countermeasures in the Second Year of Yangjia", Zhu Chonghe Ryan's comments on Yingchuan scholars, and some imperial edicts of Emperor Zhang in Ming Dynasty are all not available to Fan Shu. There are more cases where there are different details from the model book. For example, in Volume 20, a model book quoted by Zhu Mu was lost, which wrote: "In a county in Hanoi, there are only more than 80,000 horses, but now it is150,000 horses. Officials don't care about money, they all come from the people. Many people are in exile, and they are all empty accounts. There are few accounts, but many people have no accounts. When they are cut and stripped again, public taxes will be levied again. This is very helpful to understand the blackmail of the rulers in the middle Eastern Han Dynasty and its consequences.
Another example is "seven supplements to the history of Ban Gu and Tian Han", "Buddhism and the spread of Buddhist thoughts in the Han Dynasty", his life and the deeds of Deng, all of which were preserved by Yuan Zhen.
In addition, Yuan Zhen (1) can correct the mistakes in the time of fan Shu, such as the auspicious month in Nanyang in the 11th year of Jianwu of Guangwu Emperor, and the day when Zhu Xuan stole Dou Wu's poems in September of the first year of Jianning. All the tongjian was learned from Yuan Zhen instead of Fan Shu. (2) It can correct the mistakes of place names in the sample book. For example, if He Di is buried in Shunling instead of Shen Ling, Liu Ban will correct the mistakes in model books and Li Xian's notes according to Yuan Zhen. (3) posthumous title's mistakes in model books can be corrected. For example, Kao Hou in Fuling is a mistake of filial piety. (4) It is possible to correct mistakes in the name of the sample book, such as treating Lenglang as a stubborn lang. (5) It is possible to correct the mistakes in the title of the sample book. For example, Le Song is not an ordinary waiter, but a waiter. (6) It is possible to correct the mistakes in the historical facts of the model book. For example, in the field situation, Red Eyebrow was defeated, but Red Eyebrow was defeated and had to move to Qingzhou. Wait, wait.
As Quan Wang said, "Reading the discipline of Xunyuan, there is no book of lessons." Reading Ban Fan's book is like never having the discipline of Xun Yuan. Each has its own, and has reached the future. "Fan Yuan's two books have their own historical value, which cannot be ignored. The great achievements of Huidong's Supplement to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty in Qing Dynasty are related to the extensive use of Yuan Zhen's materials to revise the model books.
Not only that, Yuan Zhen also preserved Tianwen Zhi, Wuxing Zhi, Fifteen Lost Articles in the Western Regions and Four Articles of Shu Hua in Dongguanji. Not only do we have a better understanding of the original appearance of these lost books, but we also overturn the old saying that Dong Guan Ji Tian Wen Zhi has been completely lost.
No wonder Liu Zhiji said, "Only Fan and Yuan made history in Hanzhong." This book is a discipline that complements each other. In line with the facts, it is not a compliment.
Obviously, "Justin" is a treasure trove of historical materials to be further explored, and it is an indispensable and important work to study the history of Qin and Han Dynasties.
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The post-Han dynasty was also quite distinctive and innovative in historiography.
First of all, Justin further developed into "interesting words and deeds" on the basis of Xun Yue's writing method; In order to achieve the purpose of "meeting people by their names", the writing method of "various books" was adopted.
Justin's "quasi-books" can be summarized as the following two forms:
First, summarize a certain character of someone, which varies from class to class, as the title conclusion of "so-and-so is the same" If you write about Wang Dan, you will say that "his high resistance and unyielding are all like this"; When writing Zhu Hui, he said that "his loyalty and prudence are all like this"; Syaraku said after his illness: "This kind of thing, regardless of old and evil, is ashamed to make friends." When writing Zhou Ju, he said, "It's all like this." .
Second, write people with similar times and virtues together. Such as Yan Guang, Zhou Dang, Wang Ba, Feng Meng and other so-called hermits; Volume 11 so-called dutiful sons such as Jiangge, Mao Yi and Xue Bao; Nineteen books, such as Ren Jun, Su Zhang, Chen Qi, Martial Arts Tour, Fifth Interview, etc., are called two thousand stones; Twenty-two books, such as Xu Zhimo, Chiang Kai-shek, July, and Li Tan, are called five.
In Volume 22, Justin narrated the deeds of Guo Tai, involving many people, such as Chou-heung, Justin, Huang Xian, Mao Rong, Zuo Yuan, Huang Yuan 'ai, Jia Zixu, etc. At the end of the article, it is concluded that "so is his publicity of good and evil" and "so is his seduction", and then it goes on to describe Chou-heung and Huang Xian, who are equally famous with Thailand. There are two forms of Yuan Honghe here, and the full text is more than 4,000 words. The characters described are lifelike, lifelike.
Naturally, if the above methods are handled properly, it can expand the capacity of chronicle, make the words and deeds that the author thinks are French more concentrated, and give readers a strong infection. However, if overused, it will often lead to impure writing style and a series of biographies of celebrities, which will greatly reduce the characteristics of chronicles. However, Justin likes to comment on characters, and this boastful celebrity style makes the characters he admired visualized and conceptualized, which often leads to the failure of writing. Therefore, the success of "Lei Shu" is accompanied by failure, which is both contradictory and inseparable in his post-Sinicization.
Secondly, Yuan Zhen is meticulous and focused. He described the chaotic history of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the end of the Han Dynasty in eight volumes and six volumes respectively. There were many people and various events in both periods. Justin, like an outstanding director, arranged many characters and complicated events in an orderly way, truly simplified the complicated events into simple ones, kept his promise without leaking secrets, and his ability to control historical materials was amazing. Among them, the description of Battle of Red Cliffs, mainly through the generous speeches of Zhou Yu, Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan, shows the extraordinary courage and foresight of three politicians. Finally, it ends with the sentence "Cao Cao and Zhou Yu fought in Chibi, and the master was defeated". The words are washed and practiced, and the language is vivid, which integrates the victory and defeat of the war with laughter. Justin's literary talent has been brought into full play here. This provides a good precedent for Sima Guang to write Battle of Red Cliffs.
These two parts are the essence of Yuan Zhen, and they are also the most worthy of correcting the shortcomings of the model book.
And Yuan Zhen pays great attention to praise. There are 55 books (including 4 cited by Huaying), the longest is 1034 words, and the shortest is 4 1 word, generally around 300 words. * * About 17,000 words, accounting for one twelfth of the book's length. This situation has only been seen in history books.
Of course, Yuan Hongzhi's theory is centered on the concept of "famous religion", which is a microcosm of the decadent world outlook in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Liu Zhiji criticized him for being "secretive and incompetent", which hit the nail on the head! Compared with Xun Yue's ability to explore the causes of unrest from the economic aspect and his knowledge of valuing the people and being pragmatic, his concept of "famous religion" can be said to be completely inadequate.
However, everything cannot be generalized. In addition to his concept of famous religion, there are some excellent articles.
For example, Volume 22 of Yuan Hongji's Changing Customs and Habits runs through nearly a thousand years, with unrestrained brushwork, which objectively reflects the general situation of changing customs and habits from the Spring and Autumn Period to the end of Han Dynasty. In the preface to Biography of Ye Fan Dangyou, which was highly praised by later generations, the customs of Han Dynasty actually borrowed from Yuan Zhen.
In addition, if he affirms academic differences, since ancient times, there is no need to attack everything in the world, advocate a hundred schools of thought contend, and don't force uniformity, and put forward the view of "knowing its source and using the words of Confucianism", which is beyond the reach of ordinary Confucianism. For another example, he denounced the vanity of divination and, to borrow Jia Yi's words, thought that the ritual system was not made by heaven, but by people. If it is not repaired, it will be broken, and the profit and loss will be paid at any time. It is undoubtedly desirable for him to emphasize the role of human beings and conform to the viewpoint of the reform of the times. At the same time, he advocated Shinto doctrine, when solving problems and eliminating doubts is beyond human power, we should rely on the power of ghosts and gods to adapt to the situation. He said, "God is really smart and upright. He acts according to people. It can be seen that Justin does not regard God as an elusive thing to be feared. He emphasized the role of human beings and regarded Shinto as an indispensable auxiliary means for human beings. Compared with theologians who are obsessed with the connection between heaven and man, numbers and latitude divination, Justin is less superstitious and more pragmatic.
It is not difficult to see that Justin's "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" is a masterpiece of chronology comparable to Xun Yue's "The Book of the Han Dynasty", and it is an important subject that can not be ignored in the study of ancient history in China.
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How many twists and turns did Justin spread in the later Han Dynasty? There are no rare books so far.
As early as the Song Dynasty, the engraving of the later Han Dynasty was "rich in words, scattered and misplaced, and often unreadable". Qiantang engraving in Xiangfu and Dong Zhe engraving in Shaoxing have been lost. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Zhen was "especially dying", so that Lu Yi failed to carve out the later Han Dynasty when compiling Han Shu of Xun Yue during the reign of Cheng Hong. Thanks to Jiajing Huang Jishui and Wanli Nanjing imperial academy, we can see the basic features of the later Han Dynasty. But unfortunately, two moments is very inaccurate.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Xiang Ping, Jiang Guozhuo and Jiang Guoxiang were brothers, who proofread each other's Huang edition and Nan Jian edition, re-adopted model books and annotations as the basis, and made a textual research, so they were called modern fine editions and were worthy of being Yuan Zhen's ministers. It is also true that Chen Pu said that "it is better to change the yellow version than to change the five and make a mistake". Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Prince Chen Li and Prince Guo were selected to proofread the Yellow Edition and Jiangben, and books such as Dongguan, Wei Zhipei's annotation, Fan's annotation, continued annotation and tongjian textual research were reused to make corrections, so they were engraved in Xuehaitang, Guangdong. It's a pity that he didn't see Nan Jianben, his knowledge was not high, and he got very little. In addition, there is a engraving of Longxi Jingshe, which is based on Jiang's version and slightly modified; The four series are photocopied in Ming edition, which is the origin of Huang edition and is widely distributed, which is not helpful for collation.
In view of the above situation, Kangxi Jiangben is based on Huang Ben and Nan Jian Ben, and the proofreading is more cautious, so it is taken as the working book. By collating the Nanjian Edition of Taizi Edition, Chen Liben and Feng Ban Edition, and combining the advantages of this edition, Longxi Jingshe Edition and Four-Series Edition, we can restore the true colors of the later Han Dynasty as much as possible.
Under the care of the late tutor Mr. Chen Zhi, this book began in 1979 and has been revised for more than four years. Although I am conscientious, I dare not drop out of school. But it is inevitable that you are not knowledgeable and knowledgeable, and you will be diligent and careless. Every time I think about it, I can't help feeling ashamed. Today, I dedicate this manuscript to the readers, which is really to attract jade, and urge the outstanding historical works of the later Han Dynasty to attract the attention of historians and make them reappear. If the proofreading is not enough, please advise.
Finally, in the process of writing this book, I have always been concerned and helped by the teachers and friends of the history department of Northwest University. Among them, Mr. Zhang Qizhi, Mr. Lin Jianming, Mr. Dai Nanhai and Mr. Yang Shengxin gave advice from business, while Mr. You Qinci and Mr. Tianjie Zhang took care of their work. In addition, Li Zhizhong and Xue Dianxi of Beijing Library and the staff of the ancient books reading room also provide a lot of convenience for borrowers. Comrade Zhang from the History Department of Sun Yat-sen University copied the full text of Hanshu after reading the manuscript. Comrade Wang Peilin of Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House made many revisions when reading the full text. I would like to express my sincere thanks here.
1May, 983, Zhou Tianyou was in Xi.
Precautions for using books/guides
First of all, the collation of this book is based on the works published by brothers Jiang Guozuo and Jiang Guoxiang during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, and compared with Wang Zi and Chen Li's Records of the Emperor Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, Feng Ban's Ming Wanli Nanjing imperial academy Book, Guangxu Guangdong Tang Ben, Longxi Jingshe Series and four innuendos. Superstitious about ancient books, afraid to change words lightly, and its cover is poor; If you don't know anything, you will change your mind at will, and your cover will be gone. Therefore, sorting out ancient books should be careful, and changes should be made. In order to make the proofreader as correct as possible, and even if there are mistakes, it is possible for the reader to correct them. Make the following treatment: if the original text is correct and the original text is incorrect, it will not be indicated; If there are important differences in the text and they are of reference value, comments will be issued. If it can be corrected directly, it shall be corrected and explained in the notes; Those who doubt but can't decide also put forward biased opinions in their notes. Where is wrong, if deleted, put it in brackets; All texts that have been corrected and should be added are put in square brackets.
Second, there are many mistakes in the existing books of the later Han Dynasty. Therefore, in addition to the edition of this book, Ye Fan's Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Dongguan's Han Ji and seven Later Han Dynasties are used to compare the similarities and differences, so as to help with collating.
Thirdly, the predecessors of this book have done a lot of collating work, such as Textual Research on the Similarities and Differences of Han Dynasty after Reading the manuscript, Jiang Guozuo's Two Chinese Sentences, Chen Pu's Two Chinese Texts Collating, Xin Yongjian's Two Chinese Texts Collating, Guo Prince, Chen Li and Feng Ban's Eyebrow Comments, etc. This book absorbs their achievements to varying degrees and marks them one by one in the notes.
Fourthly, in addition to textual research, the annotations of this book pay attention to the textual research of historical facts and try to absorb the research results of predecessors and present people to provide convenience for readers to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
5. Take the school as an example to copy the capital, take charge of the acupuncture points, and write down the main branches and Gregorian calendar under the year figures for inspection.
Six, the seven articles lost in this book series, except the appendix at the end of this book, are included in the notes of the corresponding volumes to explain. If you have doubts about one or two of them, you should also investigate and demonstrate them.
7. There are few records or comments about Justin's life and writings, which are valuable materials for studying Justin and his historical thoughts. Now I try my best to catch them, and they are classified into Yuan Hongchuan and His Anecdotes, Records and Essays of Past Dynasties, and The End of Attached Books.
8. For the convenience of readers, a bibliography is compiled at the end of the book.
Normal sequence
I'm tired of reading the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, so I can't sleep. Chat in your spare time and write an anthology for the later Han Dynasty. It consists of hundreds of volumes of Han Ji [1], Xie Chengshu, Sima Biao Shu, Hua Shu, [2] Han Shan Ji, Han Lingxian Ju Zhu, and biographies of old sages in Han and various counties. The previous history is rough, with many narratives and different mistakes. Who can make it right? After eight years of operation, I am too tired to decide. Quite a few people saw the book written by Zhang Kun for the first time. What he said at the end of the Han Dynasty was very poor and detailed, so he benefited from re-exploration.
(1) The summary of Siku is Han Ji. For this reason, it is ridiculous to say that Xun Yue's book refers to what happened in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to this Han Ji, it is actually a mistake in Han Ji, that is, the eastern view of Han Ji. Although the preface of Yuan Zhen continues the historical events of Xun in the late Western Han Dynasty, there is no similarity in its writing, which can be seen at a glance. The history of the Eastern Han Dynasty is the origin of the later Han Dynasty, and Yuan Zhen is no exception. The ancient records are miscellaneous and cannot be attached.
(2) "Xie Chen" is the mistake of "Xie Shen". Why the Biography of the Book of Jin and the Five or Seven Volumes of Bei Tang were cited as "Xie Shen" in promoting books in Jinzhong, and so were Sui Zhihe and Old and New Tang Zhi.
The history of Cardiff is circulating, so it is also famous for its ancient and modern times. Tyumen's works are widely prepared. Shi Qian judged six schools and made ten books [1], which is not just a chronicle. He believed in Fu Ming's teachings and trapped the body, but he didn't finish it. The origin and development of Ban Gu is almost universal. But due to the historical reasons of the family, there is nothing to clarify. Xun Yue's wisdom and economy are enough to make a good history, and what he said is also great. However, the basis of the famous religion, the emperor's lofty righteousness, was not mentioned. Today, due to the legacy of the previous generation, I will briefly talk about the return of the orthodox church, and I will apply it to the king. This is the lack of history. The ancients are different today, and their flows are also different. Their words and deeds are very interesting. They are all books. So, look at his name, the person who wants to see him. Qiu Ming was concerned about suppression, but he sent it at the end, and the officials neglected it [2]. The so-called beauty is only material; The meaning of the outside world is not passed on, and its heritage is just as boring. Today's history books, or people who are not ancient, are afraid that there will be many fake names after thousands of years, so those who hesitate to write them are also embarrassed.
① There are eight Historical Records, which are the so-called "Ten Books". Justin briefly described them for the convenience of writing.
[2] Chen Li said, "The late official is the late historian. Those who pay attention and ignore remember their things. 」
History of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty Volume I
Next: Eleven: The Truth of Battle of Red Cliffs