Scientific name: lotus
English name: hindulouth
Alias: Lotus, Lotus, Shuizhi, Furong, Blooming, Shuifu, Shuidan, Shuifurong, Zezhi, Yuhuan, Caofurong, June Spring, Chinese Lotus, etc.
Family name: Nymphaeaceae, Nelumbo. There are two species of this genus, and the other is Huang Lian. N.pentapetala is produced in America.
Morphological characteristics: perennial aquatic plants. Rootstock (lotus root) is thick and knobby, born in sediment. The leaves are shield-shaped, with dark green surface, waxy white powder, gray-green back, entire and wavy. Petiole cylindrical, densely barbed. Flowers are solitary at the top of pedicels and above the water surface, with single petals, compound petals, double petals and double petals. Colors are white, pink, crimson, lavender or intermediate colors; Stamens are numerous; The pistil is free and buried in the inverted cone sponge receptacle, and there are many scattered honeycomb holes on the receptacle surface. After fertilization, it gradually expands, called lotus, and a small nut (lotus seed) is born in each hole. The flowering period is from June to September, and it opens and closes every morning. The fruit ripening period is September-65438+1October. There are many cultivated varieties of lotus, which can be divided into three systems according to different uses: lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien.
Lotus is an aquatic flower that steals roots. Lotus root is the underground big stem of lotus, which grows horizontally in the mud. There are many holes of different sizes in the cross section of lotus root, which is the air cavity formed by lotus to adapt to life in water. This kind of air cavity can also be seen in petioles and pedicels. There are also many small ducts for transporting water on the stem, and the walls of the ducts are attached with thickened mucilage lignocellulose. There is a certain elasticity, and many white lotus roots appear when the fracture is elongated. Old lotus root has more silk than micro lotus root. The terminal bud of seed lotus root is called "lotus root", and it is covered with scales. After germination, white slender underground stems are drawn out, which is called "lotus root band". Lotus root band is segmented, and adventitious roots are surrounded by nodes. During festivals, leaves and flowers are drained. The new lotus root formed at the top of the lotus root belt is called the main lotus root. The vigorous lotus root has 4-7 lotus root tubes, each with a length of10-25cm and a diameter of about 6-12cm. The branch of the main lotus root is called the secondary lotus root; The young onion that grows again from the sub-lotus root is called Sun Lotus Root, which is often only 1 node. The size, shape, color, morning and evening, depth of mud, quality and flavor of lotus root vary from variety to variety, and are also affected by cultivation and conditions. The leaves are large, with a diameter of 70 cm, and the whole plant is shield-shaped with radial veins 14-2l. The leaves are dark green and rough, covered with short and blunt thorns. There is a layer of waxy white powder between thorns, so rain can condense into rolling water drops.
The so-called "falling beads are broken and round" (Tang Du Fu's poem) celebrates the unique dynamic landscape of lotus after rain. The back of the leaves is green, smooth and hairless, the veins are raised, and there is a cylindrical petiole in the center to clean and jerk the lotus leaves. There are dense spines on the stalk, the joint between the petiole and the underground stem is white, and the water and water are divided into green.
There are three kinds of leaves: Mr. Ding Ya's leaves, small in shape and thin in handle, float on the water, called money leaves, or money leaves; The first leaves that grow from the lotus root are slightly larger and also float on the water, which is called floating leaves; Later, the leaves protruding from the lotus root were called vertical leaves. Whether it is money leaves, floating leaves or vertical leaves, they are all rolled into ribbed strips before they come out of the water. The size, height and sequence of vertical leaves show obvious ascending and descending steps with the growth time. When the new lotus root is formed, the erect leaves pulled out are bigger than the previous one, but the thorns are shorter, which is called "dorsal leaf". A small leaf with short stem and reddish back appears in front of it, which is called "terminal leaf". Only by identifying the terminal leaves can people find the position of the new lotus root in the mud.
The flower primordium of lotus is planted in the bud of lotus root area, on the back of the base of young leaves; Flowers solitary, bisexual; Sepals 4-5, green, falling off after flowering; The battalion commander is peach-shaped, peach-shaped or round-peach-shaped, dark purple or grayish green; Flowers can be divided into single petals, compound petals, double petals and thousand petals, and the colors are crimson, pink, white, brownish green and intermediate colors. The flowering period is from June to September, and the single flowering period is only 3-4 days, most of which are closed at noon, and thousands of petals can be opened 10 days or more; The largest flower diameter can reach 30 cm, and the smallest is less than 10 cm; Stamens 60-450 or petaloid, anther fragments yellow, filaments white; The head is born, the ovary is superior, the carpels are separated, and they are scattered in the bowl-shaped and trumpet-shaped green receptacle. The swollen receptacle after withering is called lotus, which has 3-30 lotus cells. When it develops normally, each carpel forms an oval nut. Sometimes carpels are "blistered" or petal-shaped and cannot form fruits. This kind of fruit, commonly known as lotus seed, has a turquoise skin when it is green and turns dark blue when it matures. There are stomata and guard cells on the surface of pericarp, solid and dense palisade tissue under epidermis, and stomatal channels under stomata. The stomatal passage of mature lotus seed peel is very small, which hinders the free entry and exit of air and water, and even hinders the entry of microorganisms. This special organizational structure ensures the longevity of lotus seeds. It can be buried in the stratum for thousands of years without being destroyed, and can even be used for sowing and germination.
Lotus in flowers and gentlemen-chrysanthemum, fairy in flowers-lotus, king in flowers-peony, gentleman in flowers-plum blossom, the first fragrance in the world-orchid, murraya-osmanthus, Chinese and western medicines in flowers-azalea, queen in flowers-rose, precious flowers-camellia, fairy in Lingbo-narcissus are also called the top ten in China.
Since Zhou Dunyi wrote the famous sentence "The lotus flower has become a" gentleman's flower ". According to historical records, more than 2,500 years ago, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, left his palace in Lingyan Mountain (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) on the coast of Taihu Lake to enjoy the lotus flowers for his beloved concubine, so he specially built a "flower pond" and transplanted wild red lotus. It can be said that it is the earliest record of artificial pond planting. Today, lotus ponds abound in the north and south. Hunan is the largest lotus production base in China. Every midsummer, men and women who pick lotus swim among the lotus plants in canoes. What a wonderful scene "no one is seen in the pool until you hear the song". There are more places to visit and enjoy the lotus. For example, Daming Lake in Jinan, West Lake in Hangzhou and Qixingyan in Zhaoqing can all see the beautiful scenery of contiguous lotus flowers. Weishan Lake in Jining, Shandong Province, once the hometown of Flying Tigers, has a magnificent landscape of 65,438+10,000 mu of wild lotus, which is flourishing every year and attracts countless tourists. It can be said that "the affectionate month invites you to * * *, and the unowned lotus blossoms everywhere".
Lotus is native to tropical Asia and Oceania. In addition to China, Japan, the Soviet Union, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Australia and other countries have distribution. Before artificial cultivation, there were wild lotus flowers. Professor Ren Xu, a paleobotanist, discovered lotus leaf fossils in Qaidam Basin 40 years ago, which is at least 654.38 billion+0 billion years ago. 1973, 7,000-year-old lotus pollen fossils were found among the cultural relics unearthed from Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. In the same year, two carbonized lotus seeds were found in Yangshao cultural site in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, 5000 years ago. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century), the ancients ate about 40 kinds of vegetables, and lotus root was one of them. There is a phrase "flowers in the cheeks" in Yujing, which means that lotus flowers grow everywhere in the swamp waters of the motherland. China is the country that grows the most lotus flowers in the world. In Suzhou, south of the Yangtze River, June 24th of the lunar calendar is the Lotus Festival, which is called Heshan Birthday. At that time, people will happily flock to watch the lotus flowers. Buddhists in particular respect it the most. For example, Guanyin Bodhisattva sits on a lotus flower. 1990 Indian prime minister Rajiv, who was assassinated, was named by his grandfather Nehru when he was in prison, which means "immaculate Bai Lianhua" in Hindi. 1March 3, 9931day, the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, which was deliberated and adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, also adopted lotus as the pattern of Macao's regional flag and emblem, expressing the local people's special worship of lotus as a symbol of purity and nobility. As lotus is a famous family in the flower kingdom, it has been selected by the masses as one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China. China Lotus Association was established in Beijing from 65438 to 0989, which promoted the beauty and fragrance of lotus in China.
There are about 200 kinds of lotus in China. It is divided into three categories: Hualien, Lotus and Purple Lotus. Hualien is mostly used for viewing, and the common colors are palace powder, pink and pure white. People like a lotus with two flowers in one stem. However, the fast pace of life often makes it difficult for people to go out and enjoy lotus flowers, so it is also interesting to plant lotus flowers at home.
There are eight places to enjoy lotus in China: Xindu Gui Hu, Hubei Honghu Lake, Hangzhou West Lake, Wuhan East Lake, Yueyang Lotus Lake, Shandong Weishan Lake, Jinan Daming Lake and Nanjing Xuanwu Lake.
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Lotus is widely used. Edible, medicinal and appreciative. Lotus seeds contain a lot of starch and are nutritious. Peel off the lotus seeds, which are like jade, and then peel off the skin and a layer of film, which is white and delicious lotus seeds. Lotus root is a delicious vegetable, which contains many vitamins and protein. It can be eaten as fruit or cooked.
Lotus is also a valuable Chinese medicine. I learned from my mother's mouth and an article that lotus leaves can cool off the heat in summer; Lotus stems can ventilate and widen the chest; Lotus petals can cure heat and polydipsia; Lotus seeds can strengthen the spleen and stop diarrhea; Lotus plumule can clear fire and soothe the nerves; Lotus room can dispel blood stasis and stop bleeding; Lotus root knot also has the effect of hangover! From leaves to stems, from flowers to fruits, medicine is really indispensable.
Lotus is a kind of flower used for greening, beautifying and purifying our environment. Looking from a distance, there is "the next day, the lotus leaves are infinitely blue, and the lotus flowers reflect different colors in the sun." Looking closely, lotus leaves are dotted with green waves, swaying in the wind and graceful.
Since ancient times, there have been countless praises for lotus in poetry articles, "muddy but not dirty, clear but not demon." This sentence is Zhou Dunyi's praise for the gentleman's character of Lotus in "Love Lotus", and it is also praised from the noble character of Lotus.
Lotus has a wide range of uses and high personality, which is incomparable to flowers. It contributes everything it has to mankind without reservation.
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