The rules of funeral forms in ancient China were not specific rules in the Song Dynasty, but gradually improved from the Zhou Dynasty to the customized tombs in the Han Dynasty, which were followed by later generations.
According to the literature, mound tombs in the Central Plains were popularized to some extent with the popularity of tomb sacrifices in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period. ?
Zhou Li Chun Guan Zongbo: "Take the title as the height of the mountain, not the number of trees". Noble people have many mountains and many trees, while humble people have few trees.
"Book of Rites on Tan Gong": "Confucius has been buried together as a precaution, saying:? I heard that an ancient tomb is also a tomb. Today, people on this hill, east and west, north and south, can't learn from others. ? So I sealed it and worshipped it for four feet. " ?
"Historical Records Confucius Family" records that "disciples and Lu people have more than a hundred rooms to return from the tomb", and "it is said that Lu visited the Confucius Temple at the age of 18". ?
"Book of Rites Talking about Bows": "Confucius' loss comes home. Xia Zi said, "What about the funeral of the saints? People bury saints. What's your opinion? The former master said: I think the seal is the hall, the seal is the square, the cover is the summer, and the seal is the axe. Never make an axe. ? It is also known as the horse print. Today, I have cut the board three times, but it is just sealed. Or master's ambition! " ?
Lv Chunqiu Meng Dong Ji records that there were special officials who were "small and big, high and low, thin and thick, and of the rank of nobility and inferiority". ?
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were almost no graves. ? In the whole feudal society, graves have obvious grades. The higher the rank, the bigger the cemetery and the higher the tomb.
Ancient tombs did not build graves at first. From the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, it is necessary not only to build graves, but also to plant trees as symbols. "White Hutong Collapse": "The emperor's tomb is three years old and the tree is loose; Half of the princes, the tree is cypress; The doctor is eight feet, and the tree attracts the wind; The scholar is four feet, and the tree is a locust. " The Han Dynasty also said: "Those who bury the ancient times, pine, cypress and phoenix tree also know the grave." "Thirty-two years of Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong" records that Uncle Jian said: "When people reach middle age, the wooden arch of your tomb is gone." ?
Ancient cemeteries are divided into cemeteries and national tombs. The cemetery is the cemetery of nobles, and the national tomb is the cemetery of Chinese people, that is, the cemetery of ordinary people below public officials. Shinto, watchtower, etc. The cemetery is used on the tombs of princes and nobles, which is not used by ordinary people.
Family tombs: cemeteries moved by a family from their ancestors are often buried in one place after ten or dozens of generations, thus becoming family tombs. There are two ways to arrange graves:
1, holding children and grandchildren: that is, the tomb of the ancestor couple is above the middle, and the tomb is in front of Tang Ming Lu Shen; With Mingtangshen Road as the center line, the tomb of the eldest son and his wife is on the left, the tomb of the second son and his wife is on the right, the third son is on the left, and the fourth son is on the right, that is, the tombs of ancestors are 1, 3, 5 and 7 on the left, and the tombs of sons are 2, 4, 6 and 8 on the right in turn, forming the arrangement mode of "left long and right two" as the saying goes, and grandparents and grandchildren will make a trip. The graves of grandchildren are arranged in front, in order of size, or the largest in the middle, and then expanded to the left and right, in order to "hold grandchildren", and then continue to be buried in this way from generation to generation.
2. Carrying children in the shadow of grandchildren: The line of "carrying children" is the same as above, but there is no need to set up Tang Ming Lu Shen. Grandchildren are behind their ancestors, arranged from bottom to top, and climb up step by step in the shadow of their ancestors, which means "shadow grandchildren" Most aristocratic families prefer to adopt it.
3. One-word burial: Due to special reasons, there is no ancestral grave, which is built by many brothers, and there is no Tang Ming Lu Shen, which is opened according to the plane. There are two ways to arrange young people and old people:
The first type: the middle is the head of the family, and the left and right singles are the second, third, fourth and fifth. The younger generation is in the second row, in the order of the first row.
The second type: according to the most important principle on the left, arrange in sequence, from left to right: 1, 2, 3, 4,,,
4. Herringbone burial. Herringbone burial is a pyramid-shaped arrangement. The patriarch is in the middle of the first row. When the number of sons is odd, there is no Tang Ming Lu Shen. When the number of sons is even, put Tang Ming Lu Shen first. Leave a blank space around the patriarch, and you can plant trees to adjust the feng shui of the cemetery; Children and grandchildren move forward, and the left and right children are arranged in the second way of "one word burial", and the next level of grandchildren is pushed forward in turn according to seniority.
There should be four graves, leaving one door. The setting of the door must be decided by the Yin and Yang master, and there are stone pillars on both sides of the door. Cemetery usually grows evergreen trees such as pine and cypress, and rich people also set up courtyards, just like cemeteries, but on a smaller scale.