In the history of China, the capital of a unified country or local government is also called the capital, the capital and the capital city. Kyoto is not only the political center of a dynasty, but also its economic and cultural center. So its setting should be relatively stable. However, with the development of national politics and economy and the need of expanding the situation, Kyoto often moves from the old capital to a more suitable new capital. In the history of China, not only many regimes experienced the gradual transfer of Kyoto status in their own development, but also
-The geographical situation of China's capital cities.
Geographical conditions of China's capital cities in past dynasties
A long history, numerous nationalities, the rise and fall of dozens of dynasties and regimes have produced rich capital culture. The capital is a political center, an economic hub and a military castle, so it must be very particular about geography. When choosing a city site, we must consider natural conditions, such as mountains and rivers, soil and water products, climate and scenery, and make a careful analysis. In this way, the theory and practice of urban geomantic omen came into being.
In ancient Chinese, the word "village" was often synonymous with the city. The book "Lu Chunqiu Shen Shi" says: "The king of ancient times chose the world and founded his country."
Generally speaking, the capital is called the capital for short. Explain the name: "Where is the capital, where the monarch lives, everyone is there."
The capital is also called the capital. "The Biography of the Ram" said: "People who build the capital live in the right place. People who make capital are great. Teachers are too numerous to mention. "
The capital of Xia and Shang dynasties is called the city, such as Xia and Shang. From Zhou to Jing, the capital is often called the capital.
Building cities and houses is a very serious and important matter. From the archaeological point of view, there are many records about architecture in Oracle Bone Inscriptions during the Shang Dynasty, such as "Wang Zaidi Ruo" (whether the king wants to build a city with the consent of God), "Wang Youshi is only in the northeast of Deer Land, and Zhai is among them" (Wang Youshi once built a city here). These Oracle Bone Inscriptions asked whether the direction of building the city was evil and whether it was suitable for the urban construction in the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
Chinese capitals of past dynasties.
Qin Xianyang (Xianyang East, Shaanxi)
Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty (northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi)
Yang Xiong in the Eastern Han Dynasty (east of Luoyang, Henan)
Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty (east of Luoyang, Henan Province)
Jin Dong Healthy (Nanjing, Jiangsu)
Daxing City (Xi City, Shaanxi Province) is the capital of Luoyang (Luoyang City, Henan Province).
Du Dong (Luoyang, Henan) Shi Jing (Xi, Shaanxi)
Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty (Xi 'an in Shaanxi Province) is the capital of Luoyang (Luoyang in Henan Province).
Northern capital Taiyuan (southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi)
Zhongdu River is in the middle (southwest of Shanyou Yongji)
Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty (Kaifeng, Henan)
Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty (Hangzhou, Zhejiang)
Yuandadu (Beijing) Shangdu (Northwest of Duolun, Inner Mongolia)
Ming Nanjing Yingtianfu [Jiangsu Nanjing] Beijing Kaifeng House (Kaifeng, Henan)
Jingshun Tianfu (Beijing) Zhongdu Fengyangfu (Fengyang, Anhui)
Nanjing Yingtianfu (Nanjing, Jiangsu)
Qing Shi Jing Shun Tianfu (Beijing) was stationed in Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning)
Brief introduction of famous capitals
In the early days, most of the capitals of China chose plain hills or the contact zone between two landforms (mountains and plains), and they were connected by a river. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties all moved their capitals several times. Although it is difficult to determine the location, they did not leave the valley plain area of the Yellow River Basin, which was caused by the emphasis on fertile areas in the early capital site selection. The late Shang Dynasty spent two weeks in Guanzhong and Luoyang Basin respectively, which laid the foundation of feudalism in China.
Chang 'an has the longest capital and the greatest influence. Guanzhong basin, surrounded by mountains and rivers, is blocked on all sides, defended on three sides, and the east is enough to control the interior, which has the potential to choke; When Xiongnu, Turkic and Tubo from the northwest pose a major threat one after another, it is easy to resist foreign aggression and expand territory to the northwest. Therefore, both the Western Han Dynasty and the Sui and Tang Dynasties took Chang 'an as their capital and made great achievements both inside and outside the system. The deficiency of Guanzhong lies in that it is separated from the densely populated and economically developed plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the land is limited, so it is difficult to meet the border defense expenses of the capital and northwest. However, it took more labor and money to transfer the canal to Cao. In the Tang dynasty, it was more than enough.
Luoyang, once the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, has the conditions to build its capital by relying on risks. Although the land is not as vast as Guanzhong, it is close to the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with rich products and developed economy. With convenient land and water transportation, there is almost no need to worry about lack of food. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang was built as the eastern capital, and was honored as the "Five Grains Emperor" by people at that time. It is precisely because of Luoyang's moderate geography that it is convenient to gather tributes. More importantly, it is conducive to advancing southward. Anyone who looks at Jianghan from the south and wants to swallow the summer trend (such as Cao Shi and Tuoba Wei) must be in Luoyang. Luoyang, on the other hand, deviated from the northwest frontier defense and was difficult to take care of, which made the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty always feel that the northwest was beyond their reach.