1. Introduction to Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Tombs The Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Mount Qomolangma in Dulong, south foot of Zijinshan Mountain in Xuanwu District, Nanjing. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in the east and Meihua Mountain in the south. It is located in Zhongshan Scenic Area, where Zhu Yuanzhang and his queen were buried together. It was named "Xiaoling Mausoleum", because posthumous title of Ma Shi was the "Empress of Filial Piety" and pursued filial piety to govern the world. Covering an area of 6,543,800 square meters, it is one of the largest imperial tombs in China.
The Ming Mausoleum was founded in the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (138 1 year) and completed in the 3rd year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1405), and mobilized 100000 military workers successively for 25 years. Inherit the old system of "depending on the mountain as the mausoleum" in Tang and Song Dynasties, and create a new system of "taking the square grave as the mound". The harmonious unity of humanity and nature has reached the perfect height of harmony between man and nature, which has become an excellent example of the combination of traditional architectural art culture and environmental aesthetics in China.
As the head of the Ming and Qing emperors' tombs in China, the Ming Tombs represent the highest achievement of architecture and stone carving in the early Ming Dynasty, which directly influenced the shape of more than 20 Ming and Qing emperors' tombs in the past 500 years. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties is located in Beijing, Hubei, Liaoning, Hebei and other places according to the historical process, and has a special position in the history of the development of China mausoleum, so it has the reputation of "the first royal mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynasties".
1961March, the Ming tombs were announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units; 1982, listed as a national key scenic spot; In July 2003, the Ming Tombs and the Tombs of Heroes in Ming Dynasty were listed as world cultural heritage. From June 5438 to February 2006, it was listed as the first batch of national 5A-level tourist attractions.
2. Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang remove Sun Quan's tomb? Ming Mausoleum is the former site of Baogong Pagoda in Kaichan Temple. Kaichan Temple was built in Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties, which was built by Liang Wudi for the monk Baozhi. Legend has it that this treasure is the prototype of the famous Jigong monk. He spent most of his life in Nanjing and became a monk at the age of seven. As an adult, he often walked barefoot in the market, and many predictions were fulfilled, so he won the appreciation of Liang Wudi.
Dulong House is really a rare and good place. Ran Ran is sunny, breezy and full of vitality. Moreover, the mountain is gentle, the foundation is solid, and it is easy to construct, which can keep the building dry for a long time, which can be described as "eternal". In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to build Zhu Yuanzhang's Xiaoling Mausoleum, Baogong Pagoda was moved to the eastern foot of Zijin Mountain. It is said that when the Baogong Tower was moved, the real body of Shang Baozhi was actually sitting in two matching cylinders, and the soldiers could not move it. In desperation, Zhu Yuanzhang had to personally write a letter, give a golden coffin and a silver coffin a thick burial on the spot, and build another Linggu Temple, giving the manor 360 hectares for incense.
The construction of the Ming Tombs lasted for 32 years, and 654.38 million military workers were mobilized successively, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. There are 65438+ ten thousand pine trees planted in the mausoleum, and thousands of deer are raised. In front of the mausoleum, Xiao Ling Wei was set up, and five thousand soldiers were sent to guard it. During the period of repairing the mausoleum, some founding fathers who founded the Ming Dynasty with Zhu Yuanzhang, such as Xu Da, King of Zhongshan, Chang Yuchun, King of Kaiping and Li Wenzhong, King of Qiyang, died one after another. Zhu Yuanzhang "buried" them all in the "middle mountain shade", that is, the Wang Jiang Temple at the northern foot of the Purple Mountain today, so that they could defend themselves forever. Zhu Yuanzhang himself, together with Ma Huanghou, two concubines and 100 ladies-in-waiting, monopolized the south slope of Zhongshan and finally enjoyed the "underworld".
If you pay a little attention, you will find that it is completely different from the layout of many imperial tombs in China. The Ming Tombs started from Kinmen and then from Sifang City. Turning a corner is the Stone Elephant Road, which is a stone statue of a hundred civil and military officials. After bending again, it entered the tomb area, saving the symmetry rules of emperors' tombs in previous dynasties. What is the reason? Every time tourists go here, they will often hear a beautiful story told by the tour guide: When the mausoleum was built, Li Xin, director of the Military Governor's Office of China, suggested that the tomb of Sun Quan, which is located on the hill (Meihua Mountain) opposite the Xiaoling Gate in the south of Xiaoling, be removed, but Zhu Yuanzhang refused to beat it. He said generously, "Sun Quan is a hero, too. Keep it as a gatekeeper for me."
What's the mystery? There are even more proverbs such as "Feng Shui" and "Beidou Constellation", which once seemed to have the upper hand. However, the above argument was questioned by a geological expert. It turns out that the rocks around Meihua Mountain are hard, which are called conglomerate, feldspar and seasonal sandstone in geology. With the economic strength and construction tools at that time, it was really difficult to dig, and the only choice was to detour.
3. Architectural Value of Ming Tombs The Ming Tombs are one of the largest existing ancient imperial tombs. Its mausoleum system not only inherited the system of "relying on mountains as tombs" in the Tang and Song Dynasties and before, but also changed the square graves into mounds, creating the basic pattern of "the front is round". The Regulations on the Establishment of Tombs in Ming Tombs has been regulating the architectural pattern of more than 20 tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years, which has a special position in the history of the development of tombs in China. Therefore, the Ming Mausoleum can be called the first royal mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This 600-year-old imperial tomb of the Ming Dynasty is famous for its prominent owner, large scale, unique shape and beautiful environment backed by Zhongshan. This is one of the largest tombs in China.
The Ming Tombs were built for more than ten years before Zhu Yuanzhang's death. Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to it, and the cost of manpower and material resources was amazing. All this is not only for Ma Huanghou, but also for yourself. He has deep feelings for Ma Huanghou. After her death, he didn't pursue the title of queen, so Zhu Yuanzhang will be buried with her.
After Judy succeeded to the throne, she erected the "Monument to the Great Ming Mausoleum" for her father in the Ming Mausoleum. Since then, at the end of each year, the emperor has to go to Xiaoling to offer sacrifices, and some members of the royal family have been sent to Xiaoling to repent. After the Ming Dynasty, emperors always regarded Nanjing Purple Mountain as the seat of Long Mai in the Ming Dynasty, and paid great attention to it. Emperor Jiajing renamed Zijin Mountain' Shenlie Mountain', and Emperor Chongzhen also erected a' Forbidden Monument' in Zijin Mountain to prohibit logging and breaking ground.
The Ming Tombs represent the artistic achievements of royal architecture in the early Ming Dynasty, and they are the epitome of China's mausoleum architecture and mausoleum culture. From the starting point, the Ming Mausoleum goes to Baoding, where the underground palace is located, with a depth of more than 2600 meters. There are more than 30 buildings and stone carvings with different styles and uses along the way. The overall layout is grand and orderly, the single building is heavy and majestic, and the detailed decoration technology is exquisite, which embodies the talents of politicians, artists and architects at that time.
The pioneer position of the Ming Tombs is also reflected in its winding mausoleum Shinto. Shinto stone carvings in the Ming Tombs are the only ones in the tombs of China emperors that are not in a straight line, but form an arc around Meihua Mountain with Sun Quan's tomb in the Three Kingdoms period, which looks like the Big Dipper. The length of Shendao from Xiamafang in Weigang to Wenwufang Gate is about 2400 meters.
The Ming Mausoleum created the Shinto of the first emperor's mausoleum, which was used as a Shinto system for later tombs. Stone statues 12 pairs, stone statues 4 pairs, distributed on both sides of Shinto. Stone carving styles are diverse, the shapes are heavy and simple, and the overall grandeur and local exquisiteness are integrated, which also represents the highest level of stone carving art in China in the early Ming Dynasty. "
The Ming Tombs changed the layout of the square, platform, square wall, upper and lower palaces and horizontal axis of the imperial tombs in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and established a three-step courtyard system of "front facing and rear sleeping" for the first time according to the layout of the imperial palaces, creating the basic layout of the mausoleum buildings with "front and rear circles", and has been standardizing the construction specifications of more than 20 imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years. In particular, the "front yard and back bedroom" of the Ming tombs and the mausoleum system of the front and rear courtyards reflect the ritual system, but the imperial power politics is prominent.