Some people say that architecture is by no means a pure thing
Like the birth of any school, the ambivalence and controversy of architectural theory have never stopped. Perhaps in a symbol recorded by time, a certain theory occupies a dominant position, but other remarks will not disappear. In the near future, there will be another speech to replace it, either retro or innovative. In short, nothing in architectural theory is eternal, just as the beauty without architecture is eternal.
The methodology of architectural design is very contradictory, which has been doomed since its birth. The research of design methodology rose in 1950s and 1960s, and its original purpose was to seek the scientificity and modernization of design methods, so as to solve the contradiction between the limited personal ability of architects and the increasingly complex design problems. The scientific design method is not successful in practice, but the discussion about the design method has attracted the attention of architects. With the deepening and development of research, this research has become a design methodology and a part of modern architectural theory.
It is a simple fact that methodology works with architects, who add methodology to architecture in an invisible way. Even though he may not be aware of it, he can't deny it.
How is methodology added to the architecture? 100 The building will give 100 answers.
If I really want to define the methodology I know, I have hesitated for a long time, but I still have no answer. As far as the housing planning I have done is concerned, let me talk about my understanding of methodology.
Residential area is a kind of architectural form with many characteristics, and many factors need to be considered in the planning process. The three evaluation methods involved in methodology are very important in community planning. For example, economic evaluation is unfavorable to Expo buildings, environmental evaluation is unfavorable to commercial buildings with tight land use, and social evaluation is unfavorable to high-density dormitory buildings. There are many factors that determine these, not that architects ignore these, but that the influence of external objective factors has changed something.
Of course, these contents should be discussed in the design process. It is not difficult to make a design, but it is not easy to make a good original design. The process from conception to practice is unimaginable. If these restrictions are added to the building, many unexpected changes will occur in the design of the building, and many original ideas will be lost.
Almost every construction project begins with the task book. First of all, I received the terrain and design requirements and read them several times. The residential base is located under Dinghuaimen Bridge in Hexi, with its back against Qinhuai River, close to Longjiang Community and facing Gulin Park. The base faces the main roads of the city and covers an area of about 20 hectares.
Analyze the requirements of the task book and form a general concept in your mind, which is the basic design trend. The process of this step comes from the nature of the architect's design method, that is, the decision-making stage of the architect in the analysis process also determines the planning style and prototype to a great extent. Of course, if the plan can't be implemented, that's another matter.
The more mature an architect is, the freer his subjective consciousness will be and the more handy he will be in design. At a certain stage, he will have his own style for a certain period of time. This is an invisible thing, which can also be reflected in the initial decision-making stage.
Taking residential planning as an example, my initial idea was to divide the residential area into several sections, the functions of which were clear at a glance. Different styles, different types, have different ownership. Beautiful things are always related, and the division of terrain pursues the aesthetic feeling of composition. Obviously, once the terrain is divided into disorder, the functions cannot be arranged reasonably. In the division of terrain, I decided to "partially surround the center", that is, put the central green space, public facilities and activity places in a bell-shaped section in the center where the three main entrances of the base intersect, and arrange the residential areas around the center according to different plates to form a unified whole.
The division of residential blocks should first consider the relationship between height, sunshine and orientation. Based on the geographical location of Nanjing, the lighting in the south has always been the best. The sunshine shadow of high-rise and small high-rise buildings is relatively large, so it is necessary to rely on the north of the base as far as possible to strive for a better orientation for other multi-storey and low-rise buildings. This layout takes into account the specific problems related to the direction of light and wind, and is a comprehensive application of ecological building design theory. Ecological consciousness has existed since ancient times. Although it is not a very exact and clear concept, such as the ubiquitous geomantic theory and some structural rules, it never lacks a kind of respect and coordination for nature.
From the ecological point of view, that is, from the needs of the environment and people, it is very necessary to carry out architectural design. This is emphasized by rationalism and empiricism.
After roughly dividing the functional sections, the next step is easy and tedious work. How to put different types of houses on the board is the architect's later work. Of course, the most essential thing at this stage is a description of community planning, a calculator and a triangular ruler. Repeated measurement, according to different heights to determine different residential spacing. The greening and environment of each road section must also meet certain standards. How to obtain a convenient and beautiful living environment is a problem that needs to be considered. Here, architects constantly load their own decisions and subjectivities. Of course, they should be based on objective conditions, not blind subjectivity.
At this stage, what I do, like most people, is to combine the original ideas with practical applications as much as possible. Take Group E as an example (Figure 3). Because of the terrain, this group is horizontally arranged blocks, and the green space between each room and the interface is relatively large. Therefore, it is very suitable to solve the parking problem of vehicles, so a large number of parking spaces are set here to meet the demand of ground parking. Due to the terrain, the green area between houses is large, which is not conducive to residents' walking. Therefore, it is also from the perspective of human psychological scale research to solve a problem by only disconnecting the green space and dividing it into several small pieces.
By analogy, after solving the internal problems of the group, the model becomes the next means of testing. Architecture is not just a flat thing. In the eyes of the public, its facade and appearance often occupy a great evaluation standard. Sticking the established plane to the model can find many problems.
After the model was established, the problem really appeared. Originally, the villa area was two sections adjacent to the high-rise, but after the establishment, it was found that the joint was abrupt due to the height, lacking transition, and the whole module had no sense of harmony. But the whole cannot be changed, and we can only find another way. Looking around, it seems that only a piece of green space between the villa area and the small high-rise building can be moved. Adjust the green space to the joint between the high-rise building and the villa area, then build a model and adjust it continuously until the whole block of the community enters a relatively harmonious level. The whole process takes a long time. (as shown in figure 4)
People's behavior and environment should basically be a mutually adaptive, balanced and gestalt relationship. Architects bear considerable responsibility for this. Once such a process is forgotten in architectural design, the consequences will bring considerable inconvenience and even affect the lives of others. Successful design takes many things into account in terms of environment. Adaptability is a design concept in methodology, which pays attention to people and the environment, and cares about people's behavior, psychology, physiology and spirit. It is a mainstream of modern design theory and obviously belongs to a branch of empiricism.
The popularity of empiricism does not mean the decline of rationalism. In the world of the development of modern architectural theory, rationalism and empiricism have more and more trends, indicating that they want to "combine" together.
In the planning and design of residential areas, the mode of thinking still adopts rationalism analysis. A building without spirit is an empty building, which can't attract human beings and will never become a good building. In fact, this rational thinking and analysis method has been reflected in the process of composition. The "analysis-induction" model of the first generation of methodological scholars on design problems has been used to this day. It can be seen that rationalism is enduring Composition is a purely cognitive thing, which basically has nothing to do with the word material and is also the embodiment of rationalism in community design.
Just like someone once made a summary survey of world-class architects:
1 Most of them are practicing architects, who have done many practical projects, and those who have not done practical projects become architectural educators at most.
Most of them have participated in some internationally renowned competitions, most of which are practical projects, and there are few concepts.
There are some hobbies that other architects rarely have, such as philosophy, music, art, images and even collections. After that, he integrated multi-disciplinary knowledge and became an all-round development of compound talents.
The high level of theory is at least reasonable and self-evident. No one only does engineering, not talking about ideas.
With the development of rationalism and empiricism today, it is inevitable for designers to pay attention to it. No designer can make it clear that he is only influenced by rationalism or empiricism.
After the planning of the community, looking back, there are many things to sum up.
The factors for evaluating architecture are (1) financial evaluation, (2) national economic evaluation, (3) social impact evaluation and (4) environmental impact evaluation. Based on simple environmental assessment, this paper discusses the application of methodology in practical process. The other three aspects are also very important for an overall architectural form, especially for residential areas.
The real purpose of methodology research is to obtain accurate and practical information and feed it back to the actual design work, so that people living in this building can get benefits, which is the most important thing.
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