Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty are the collective names of Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty.
Han Yu (768 ~ 824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. A native of Changli, Henan (now Mengxian), his ancestral home is Han Changli, and he served as assistant minister of the official department in his later years, also known as the official department of Han Dynasty. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong, is a descendant of the nobles in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his father Zhong Qing is a small bureaucrat. Han Yu lost his father at the age of 3. Raised by my brother Han Hui. Later, he was exiled to Guangdong with the Korean Association. After my brother died, my sister-in-law Zheng and I returned to Heyang. Later moved to Xuancheng. He studied at the age of 7, 13 can write. He studied ancient teachings under Duguji and Liang Su. At the age of 20, I went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, and I failed the third exam. At the age of 25, he was admitted to imperial academy and failed in three tests. He went to Jin Dong in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou as shogunate, and then went to the capital as a doctor. At the age of 36, he was appointed as a censor, and was demoted to Yangshan order for writing a letter about drought and hunger, demanding the reduction of corvee tax and accusing the government of failure. Shunzong acceded to the throne, using Wang clique to carry out political reform, but holding an opposing position. Xian zong acceded to the throne, was pardoned, returned to the north, and became a doctor in Guo Zi. He changed the Henan order, became a foreign minister, and passed through the official to the right bastard of the prince. Because of the confrontation with eunuchs and powerful people, the official has been frustrated. At the age of 50, he pacified the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Pei Du, served as a marching Sima, and promoted the idea of strengthening centralization and opposing separatism in the buffer region. After being appointed, Huai Xiping was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. He rejected Buddhism all his life. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and tried his best to dissuade them, so he was demoted to Chaozhou Secretariat. Move to Yuanzhou. Shortly after returning to China, Li Guan took up some important positions, such as offering wine to Guozi, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, assistant minister of the official department and so on. At that time, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, the town of Wang Ting, rebelled. He went to Fu Xuan and succeeded. In this final stage, there are more political successes.
Throughout his life, Han Yu has made great achievements in politics and literature, among which literature is the main achievement. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, they have opposed parallel prose and advocated ancient prose, and they have fought fiercely for a long time. Due to the advocacy of Liu Zongyuan and others, the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty was finally formed, which opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems have unique achievements and have an important influence on the development of Song poetry. Han Yu's anthology was compiled by his disciple Li Han, and the other was compiled by Song people. Among the existing Korean ancient books, The Collected Works of Mr. Changli and The Collected Works of Five Hundred Phonetic Changes, edited by Wei Huaizhong of South Song Qingyuan, are the best, among which many lost old notes of Song people are preserved and photocopied. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Collected Works of Mr. Changli and Collected Works of Waiji by □ were the most widely circulated versions after the second edition of Dong Ya Tang by Xu in the Ming Dynasty. The book completely records Zhu's textual research and extracts 500 notes. Liao's original engraving is photocopied today. There are two kinds of single-line poems in Qing Dynasty: Gu's Notes on Mr. Changli's Poems and Fang Shiju's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In Song Dynasty, Fang Yiqing's Han Ji Ju Zheng and Zhu's Han Wen Kao Yi, Qing Dynasty's Han Ji Dian Kan, Wang's Reading Han Ji Yi, Shen Qinhan's Han Ji Bu Zhu and Fang Cheng's Han Zheng, and Xu Zhen's Han Ji Zhu.
Han Yu's life story can be found in Huangfu □ Epitaph of Mr. Han Changli, Han Gonggong Tombstone and Li Ao's Han Gongxing, which are the most original materials. Zhu also made detailed comments on the old and new editions of Tang Shu. There are several chronologies and chronologies, among which Zi Han Chronology written by Song Hongxingzu is the most detailed. Qin Fangqing's Chronological Examination was engraved after all the articles of Hongpu. His research works such as Compilation of Moths, Collection of Nest Classics and Miscellany by Yu are of academic value. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems in Oubei, Fang's Poems and Lin Shu's Korean Studies are representative works of poetry criticism. The most famous single paper is On Han Yu by close friend Chen Yinque.
Liu Zongyuan (773 ~ 8 19) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Word thickness. Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi) people. The world is called Liuhe East. Liu Liuzhou, also known as Liu Liuzhou, and Han Yu were both advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Zongyuan was a scholar in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793). Fourteen years, I entered the course of being knowledgeable and writing poems and fu. The person who granted the rights to Jixian Hall. Once transferred to Lantian County Commandant. Soon, he returned to Korea and served as a supervisor in the empire. He, Han Yu and Liu Yuxi were both eunuchs, and together with Liu Yuxi, he joined the Wang political group which advocated innovation. In the first month of the 21st year of Zhenyuan, Shunzong acceded to the throne, and Wang Group was in power. Liu Zongyuan was promoted to Foreign Minister of the Ministry of Rites, cooperated with Wang and others, and carried out a series of progressive measures within half a year, which was opposed by eunuchs, buffer regions and conservative bureaucrats. In August of the same year, Shunzong was forced to give way to Prince Chunli, namely Xianzong, and changed his name to Yongzheng. In September, the group persecuted Wang. At the beginning of Liu Zongyuan, he was demoted to Shaozhou's secretariat, and in November, he was demoted to Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan) Sima. Liu Yuxi, Wei Zhiyi, Han Tai, Chen Jian, Han Ye, Ling Zhun and Cheng Yi were also demoted to distant Sima, which was called "Eight Sima" in history. In the winter of Yongzhenyuan, Liu Zongyuan went to Yongzhou to demote the official. During my nine years in Yongzhou, I had the opportunity to deeply understand the sufferings of the people, visited the scenic spots in this state, and wrote many famous poems. In the spring of the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), he was summoned to the capital. In March, it was the secretariat of Liuzhou (now Guangxi). In June, when I arrived at my post, my official position rose slightly, but the land was more remote. He promoted the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages here, innovated the country, developed production, set up schools and released handmaiden, and made outstanding achievements. Yuanhe died in November of the 14th year. Local residents mourned him and built a temple in Luochi. Now there is Liu Zongyuan's tomb in Liu Hou Park in Liuzhou. Only 140 poems were written after relegation. Most of the previous comments on Liu's poems thought that he inherited the tradition of Tao Yuanming and was called "Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. The anthology of Liu Zongyuan, edited by Liu Yuxi, is called the anthology of Mr Hedong, which was published by Mu Xiu in the early Song Dynasty. There are 45 volumes of Liu's Exegetical Collection of Song Dynasty collected in Sikuquanshu, including 2 volumes, and the newly compiled volume 1, which is the earliest extant Liu Collection. There are 43 volumes, 2 of which are collected by him and 2 of which are collected outside. The Collected Works of Mr. Song Tongzong, Zhang Dunyi and Pan annotate 1 volume, and there are four copies, which are the earliest photocopies at present.
Song Tongzong said that the 45-volume New Collection of Liu Tang's Works was printed by Song Jianzhou and is now in the Beijing Library. In Song Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong edited and annotated 500 pieces of Collected Works of Mr. Liu, including 2 volumes of Waiji, 65,438+0 volumes of Waiji, 2 volumes of Longcheng Record, 8 volumes of Appendix, and a photocopy of Wenyuan Pavilion. The Collection of Mr. Hedong compiled and annotated by Liao in Song Dynasty consists of 45 volumes, with 2 volumes outside, with addenda and appendices. , is the last annotation of the Song Dynasty. There was a rare edition of Song and Tang Dynasties, which was printed by Shanghai Editorial Department of Zhonghua Book Company and reprinted by Shanghai People's Publishing House. Forty-five volumes, five volumes, legacy notes and appendices of Liuhe Dongji compiled by Jiang in Ming Dynasty, although the old notes were adopted, were mostly Jiang's own notes. There are three classics of Ming dynasty, and four sets of typography. For Liu Zongyuan's life story, please refer to Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Biographies of Old and New Tang Books, and Biography of Mr. Liu in Wen 'anli (containing 500 biographies of Liu Zhuji, excluding Crescent Hall Series). Modern works, Shi Liu Zongyuan Chronicle (Journal of Wuhan University,No. 1 issue, 1957, published by Hubei People's Publishing House), and the first draft of Liu Zongyuan Chronicle of Chinese Department of Shanxi Normal University (No.3, 1974) can be used for reference. Regarding Liu Zongyuan's research works, Zhang's Liu is a great discussion about Liu Zongyuan's works based on detailed materials, but it emphasizes Liu's theory of restraining the DPRK.
Ouyang Xiu: (1007- 1072) A writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Yong Shu was born in Jishui, Jizhou (now Jiangxi). Tiansheng Jinshi collated the official pavilion and knew Yiling because of his outspoken views. During the Li Qing period, he served as an admonition officer, supported Fan Zhongyan, demanded political improvement, and was falsely accused of knowing the state. Official to Hanlin bachelor, deputy envoy of the Council and government affairs. When Wang Anshi carried out the new law, he criticized the young crops law. Shi Wenzhong. He advocated that the article should be "Ming Dow" and practical, expressed dissatisfaction with the gorgeous and dangerous style of writing since the early Song Dynasty, and actively cultivated backward people. He was the leader of the ancient prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Prose has become one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" because of its eloquence and euphemism. Poetry is similar to its prose, and its language is fluent and natural. His words are graceful and graceful, inheriting the lingering wind of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Co-edited the Book of the New Tang Dynasty with Song Qi, and independently wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties. He also liked to collect epigraphy and compiled it into Records of the Historians, which had a great influence on epigraphy in the Song Dynasty. There is Ouyang Wenzhong's collection.
Su Xun (1009 ~ 1066) was an essayist in the northern song dynasty. Together with his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe, they are also called Su San, and they are all included in the list of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. The word Ming Yun is called Lao Quan. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. It is said that I didn't study until I was 27. After studying hard behind closed doors for more than ten years, I have made great progress in my studies. In the first year of Ren Zongjia (1056), he led Su Shi and Su Zhe to Bianjing and called Ouyang Xiu, a bachelor of Hanlin. Ouyang Xiu admired his works, such as Power, Balance and Tactics, and thought that they could be comparable to Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and scholars rushed to tell stories, and the literary name flourished. In the third year of Jia's reign, Renzong called him to the Scheeren Hospital to take the exam, but he pleaded that he was ill and refused to reply. Jia five years, as the secretary of the provincial school book lang. Later, he wrote "Tai Chang Li" with Yao He, the magistrate of Xiangcheng County. Soon after writing, he died and was posthumously awarded as Guanglu Temple Cheng.
Su Xun is a man with political ambitions. He said that the main purpose of his creation is to express the importance of the present and apply it to the present. In some important argumentative papers, such as Lun Heng and Shang Shu, he put forward a set of ideas of political innovation. He believes that to govern the country well, we must judge the situation and take things as they are. He advocated respecting prestige, strengthening the management of officials, breaking the spirit of modesty and laziness, inspiring the enterprising spirit of the people all over the world and rejuvenating the Song Dynasty. Because Su Xun has a good understanding of social reality, is good at summing up historical experience and lessons, and takes history as a mirror, although his political essays inevitably have some pedantic and biased views, many of his views are still to the point.
Ceng Gong said that Su Xun likes talking very much. Su Xun's 65,438+00 books, Tactics, Counting the Enemy, Balance of Power, Secret Books of Shang Dynasty, Enemy System and Book of Shang Emperor, all discuss military issues. In the famous Romance of the Six Kingdoms, he thought that six
National subjugation has the disadvantage of bribing Qin. In fact, it is a mockery of the past and accuses the humiliating policy of the Song Dynasty. The investigation of the enemy further reveals that the essence of this policy of bribing the enemy is to cripple the people. The Military System puts forward the idea of reforming the military system, restoring military morality and credibility. The Bill of Rights systematically studies the strategic and tactical issues. In Ji Xiang, he pointed out the strategic mistake that Ji Xiang could not attack Xianyang. He also emphasized the strategic and tactical principles of avoiding reality, attacking the weak with strong force, making good use of surprise soldiers, suspecting soldiers, making a quick decision and winning by surprise.
Su Xun's lyric prose is not much, but there are also many wonderful chapters. In "Sending Stone to the North", he hoped that Shi, a friend of Qidan, would not be afraid of violence, write lightly and have momentum. The Portrait of Zhang Yizhou describes Zhang's deeds of governing Yizhou, and creates an image of a feudal official who is lenient and loves the people. The Story of the Wooden Rockery expresses feelings with things, praising a spirit of self-reliance and integrity.
Su Xun's prose has distinct arguments, strong arguments, sharp language and strong persuasiveness. Ouyang Xiu praised him for his magnificent eloquence, quick access, and will be built in the deep and then stop ("Epitaph of the Soviet Union in the Lord's Book of Wen 'an County in Bazhou"); Ceng Gong also commented on his article, pointing out that things are illogical, the introduction is metonymic, the annoyance can't be chaotic, and the boss can't flow ("Su Mingyun's funeral"), which are all to the point. The artistic style is magnificent and varied. Some articles are also good at twists and turns. In Shu Mi Shu, Su Xun also commented that his works have both the tenderness of the poet and the clarity of the poet, the tenderness of Meng and Han, the strength of moving and consolidating, and the simplicity of Sun and Wu. The language of his article is concise, concise and meaningful; But sometimes, he can be on a par with others, and he is especially good at making vivid and wonderful metaphors, such as "The Story of Brother Zhong Fu Ziwen", which uses geomantic omen as a metaphor and makes a natural description, which is an example.
Su Xun's paper is also full of penetrating insights. He opposes flashy and weird prose and advocates learning ancient prose; Emphasize that the article must win my heart and write out the truth; It is argued that articles should be written for something, and words must be made in the present. He also discussed different styles of * * * and different writing methods. He is especially good at evaluating the styles and artistic features of various essays from comparison. For example, the first book "The Connotation of Shang Ouyang" commented well on the articles of Mencius, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu.
Su Xun doesn't write many poems, but he is good at writing five ancient poems, which are simple and vigorous. Ye Mengde, a poet in Song Dynasty, commented that his poems were profound and tasteful, and his words were like his prose (Shi Lin Shi Hua). His two poems by Ouyang Yongshu, White Rabbit, Seeing the Mountain off, Yan Shu, Answering Two Covenants and Waiting for Wu, are excellent, but their overall achievements are far less than those of prose.
Su Xun's works were popular in various versions in the Song Dynasty, and most of them had been lost. Today, there is a remnant of the Collected Works of Lao Su in the Northern Song Dynasty. Popular reading materials include "Four-part Collection", "Shadow Song Banknotes" and "Jia □ Collection" 15. (Guo Yuheng)
Su Shi (1037-1101): a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Zizhan, a famous Dongpo layman, was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan). Su Xun. When Jia You Jinshi Zongshen was in power, he was the foreign minister of Zubu. Because of opposing Wang Anshi's new law and seeking a foreign post, he served as a judge in Hangzhou, knowing Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. Later, he was demoted to Huangzhou for writing a poem "slandering the imperial court". At that time, Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin, and once knew Hangzhou, Yingzhou and other places. , a former does history. Later, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou. He died in Changzhou in the second year after returning to the North. Chasing Wen Zhong in Southern Song Dynasty. Being of the same clan as my father and brother, they are collectively called "Three Sows". Politically, it belongs to the old party, but it also has the requirements of reform shortcomings. Wang Yang is one of the "Eight Masters" in Tang and Song Dynasties. His articles are bold and fluent. His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. The bold and unconstrained writing has a great influence on later generations. "Nian Nujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou, Ice Dust Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely circulated. He is good at running script and regular script. He studied under Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and he can find a new way. The end of the pen is ups and downs, naive. Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia". He can draw bamboo, learn literature and like making strange stones. On painting, he advocates "spirit likeness" and thinks that "on painting, it is similar in shape and adjacent to children"; He spoke highly of the artistic attainments of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting". His poems include Seven Chapters of Dongpo and so on. There are some books that survive in the world, such as Teacher Xie's Essays, Several Sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor, and Huangzhou Cold Food Poems. His paintings include "Strange Trees and Stones" and "Bamboo Stones".
Su Zhe (1039-112) was born in Meishan (now meishan county, Sichuan, southwest of Chengdu) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Ziyou,No. Welcome, Old. As a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he is also known as "Little Su". Injong (Zhao Zhen) was a scholar in Jiayou period. When Zongshen (Zhao Yong) was a god, Wang Anshi implemented a new law, so he couldn't talk about it. Try Cai Que, Han Zhen, Zhang Dun, Lv Huiqing, etc. And you, Cheng, the official department minister, are assistant ministers. Later, the minister who took care of Yuan Feng moved to Xuzhou (now Xuchang City, Henan Province). Hui Zong was reinstated as a doctor and an official. The pawn is dead. Su Zhe, like his brother Shi, is a hermit of Wen. He is the author of Biography of Poetry, Biography of Spring and Autumn Period, Collection of Analects of Confucius, Interpretation of Mencius, Brief Introduction to Longchuan, Ancient History, Interpretation of Laozi and Collected Works of Luancheng.
Ceng Gong (10 19- 1083) was an essayist in the Song Dynasty. Zi Gu was born in Nanfeng (now Jiangxi) of Jianchang Army. The world is known as Mr. Nanfeng. There are not many literary titles, and Ouyang Xiu didn't appreciate his literary talent until he was 20 years old. 1057 entered the Jinshi. Li Pingfu judicial counselor, pavilion order arrangement, etc. It is quite successful to spread sentences to Yuezhou through almanac and know Qi and Xiang states. Yuanfeng was recalled in the third year (1080) and sentenced to the third class. Later, he moved to the History Museum to compile and worship China calligraphers. Died in jiangning house. He is a famous ancient prose writer in the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the eight masters of ancient prose in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He actively followed Ouyang Xiu and made great contributions to the poetry innovation in the Northern Song Dynasty with his outstanding creative achievements. He is good at argumentative writing and narrative writing, which is thorough in discussion and narrative, rigorous in composition and simple in style. Letters to Ouyang She, Mo Chi Collection and Xinghua Hall Collection are all famous essays. He is also engaged in poetry work, and his poetic style is simple and healthy, and his seven verses are quite excellent.
Wang Anshi's prose (102 1- 1086) is close to the practical problems of society, politics and life and directly serves his political struggle. Answering Sima Guang's suggestion to analyze Sima Guang's rhetoric against the New Deal was concise, tactful and firm, and clearly showed his political views. Read the Biography of Meng Changjun, analyze historical facts, refute Meng Changjun's traditional concept of cultivating scholars, and talk about how to be a "scholar". Even in an article like Shang, the author's intention is not to express his thoughts, but to emphasize the importance of learning the day after tomorrow.
In the most eloquent and interesting style of travel notes, Wang Anshi often introduces philosophical themes. For example, in "A Journey to the Treasure Toad Mountain", nearly half of the space is devoted to discussing such a rational problem: if you want to do anything beyond the conventional realm, you need to make extraordinary efforts and have super will. Besides, there is no shortcut.
Wang Anshi's prose is mostly argumentative. He didn't pay much attention to the atmosphere of the article and moved people emotionally. Instead, it criticized the current disadvantages and put forward clear opinions on the basis of profound analysis. Therefore, his prose generally has strong generalization and logic, concise language, unpretentious and extraordinary ideas.