Shanxi has many rivers. There are more than 240 rivers in the province with a drainage area of ??more than 100 square kilometers. Among them, those with a drainage area of ??more than 4,000 square kilometers include the Fen River, Qin River, Sushui River, Sanchuan River, Xinshui River, Sanggan River and Hutuo River. , Zhanghe and other 8 rivers. The first five flow to the west and south and belong to the Yellow River system; the last three flow to the east and belong to the Haihe River system. Fenhe River is the largest river in the province. It originates from Leiming Temple at the foot of Guanluo Mountain. It is 710 kilometers long and runs through the central part of the province. It joins the Yellow River near Miaoqian Village in Wanrong County. The drainage area covers an area of ??10,000 square kilometers. It is the main agricultural industry in the province. zone. The Qinhe River originates from Erlang Shengou in Taiyue Mountain, flows through Qinyuan, Anze, Qinshui, Yangcheng and other counties, and then cuts through the Taihang Mountains and flows into Henan Province, where it merges into the Yellow River. The total length is 450 kilometers (351 kilometers within the province), and the drainage area is Thousands of square kilometers (9,315 square kilometers in the province), it is one of the rivers with the richest water resources in Shanxi. The Sushui River originates from Hengling Pass in Jiang County and flows southward into the Yellow River, with a total length of 196 kilometers and a drainage area of ??5,548 square kilometers. The Xinshui River has two upper sources, the south and the north. The north branch originates from Shilou Mountain in the north of Xi County, and the south branch originates from Nanyao Mountain in the northeast of Pu County. The two branches meet at Wucheng and flow westward into the Yellow River, with a total length of 134 kilometers. , the drainage area is 4321 square kilometers. The Sanchuan River is formed by the north, east and south rivers between Lishi County and Jiaokou Town. It flows through the four counties of Fangshan, Lishi, Zhongyang and Liulin. The drainage area is 4161 square kilometers, with an average annual runoff of 100 million cubic meters. rice. The Haihe River is more than 400 kilometers long in Shanxi. The drainage area accounts for 25% of the entire basin area (234,000 square kilometers). The catchment area is 10,000 square kilometers, accounting for the entire province's area. The Sanggan River is 252 kilometers long in Shanxi, with a drainage area of ??10,000 square kilometers. The Hutuo River is 330 kilometers long in Shanxi, with a drainage area of ??10,000 square kilometers. The Zhanghe River is divided into two branches, the Qingzhang River and the Zhuozhang River in Shanxi. The Qingzhang River flows through the Taihang Mountains and enters Hebei Province at Qingquan under Licheng. The river is 150 kilometers long and has a drainage area of ??4,043 square kilometers; the Zhuozhang River passes through the Changzhi Basin and flows into Pingshun Ma Tacun flows into Henan Province, with a river length of 223.2 kilometers and a drainage area of ??10,000 square kilometers. The Yellow River flows between the Shanxi and Shaanxi canyons and runs through the south, north and south of the mountain. Because the river bed is relatively large, the water flow is fast, navigation is difficult, and irrigation water is inconvenient, but the water resources are abundant and it is the largest water source available in Shanxi. Fenhe River is the largest river in Shanxi, with a total length of 710 kilometers, and is also the second largest tributary of the Yellow River. Fen means big, hence the name Fen River. The Fen River originates from the Jellyfish Cave at the foot of Loushan Mountain in Guanluo Mountains, Dongzhai Town, Ningwu County. It is surrounded by Longyan Spring and Zhiguo Qishishi tributaries, and flows through Dongzhai, Sanmaying, Gongjiazhuang, Ermaying, Toumaying, Huahua After leaving Ningwu, villages such as Beitun, Shanzhai, Beitun, Kuaitongguan, Ninghua, Bamoumen, Nantun, Zifangmiao, and Chuanhutun flow through six prefectures and cities, 34 counties and cities, and merge into Hejin City. Yellow River. The Fenhe River Basin covers an area of ??39,741 square kilometers, accounting for about a quarter of the province's total area, and supports 41% of the province's people. According to historical records, the Fenhe River was once very rich in water resources. During the Warring States Period, Duke Mu's "boating campaign" was played; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took a large boat to travel up the Fenhe River; from the Sui Dynasty to the Tang, Song, Liao, Jin, and Shanxi grain and management The rare pines and ancient trees on the mountain flowed into the Yellow River and Weihe River through the Fen River, and were transported by water to Chang'an and other places. It is called "ten thousand trees under the Fen River" in history books. Until the 1950s, the song "People say Shanxi is beautiful" still vividly described the joyful scene of "the Fen River rushing". Nine mountains gather around Fenhe River, with vast forests, gurgling streams, pavilions and pavilions, and beautiful scenery. Since ancient times, it has been included in the list of famous mountains and rivers. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" records: "The Fen River flows out of Guanjuan Mountain. It flows westward into the river (Yellow River)." "Shui Jing Zhu" records: "The Fen River flows out of Guanjuan Mountain in the north of Fenyang, Taiyuan." Historically, Fenyuan and Fenshui have made great contributions to the long and splendid civilization of Sanjin. Fenyuan is the cradle and birthplace of the alkali-jin civilization. It is a place where the people of Sanjin drink water and think about the source, find their roots and be grateful. The water is pure and sweet, and the scenery is beautiful and unique. Since ancient times, it has enjoyed the reputation of being the most scenic spot in the Three Jin Dynasties. The current tourist attractions in Fenyuan include Fenyuan Lingmarsh, Leiming Temple, Louzi Mountain, etc., which are provincial tourist scenic spots. They are places where people of the three Jin Dynasties are attached to, respected and yearned for. They are a symbol of the unity and unity of the people of the province. The Qinhe River was called Qinshui in ancient times, also known as Shaoshui. "Zuo Zhuan? The 23rd Year of Duke Xiang" says: "The Marquis of Qi then attacked the Jin Dynasty and captured Chao Ge. He formed the second team and entered Mengmen and climbed to Taihang. Zhang Wujun garrisoned at Yingting. "Pi Shao, Feng Shaoshui", the Shaoshui in the article refers to the Qin River, which should refer to the section of the river near Duanshi. The Qinhe River originates from Erlang Shengou at the eastern foot of Mianshan Mountain in the northwest of Qinyuan County. It flows through Guodao Town and joins the Chishiqiao River in the north and the Zihong River in the east.
This is completely consistent with the record in "Shui Jing Zhu": "Qinshui means little water, or it may be said that it comes from Yangtou Mountain in Guyuan County, Shimi Valley. Three sources of Qi Zhu, Xie Yihuang through the water, and three mountains and rivers in the south, all the way down It comes out, close to the stream on the left and right, and has staggered wings." In his note, Li Daoyuan took the Zihong River, the east source of the Qinhe River, as the main source, so it is said that the Qinhe River originates from Yangtou Mountain. Yangtou Mountain, also known as Yeli Mountain, straddles the junction of Wuxiang, Qinxian, Pingyao and Qinyuan. Chishiqiao River and Zihong River both originate from this mountain and meet Zhengyuan in Guodao Town, so it is called " "Three Sources Qi Zhu, Jing Xie Yi Huang". The Qinhe River flows south through Jiaokou Village, and the Baihuyao River flows in from the east; in Hexi Village, the Langwei River flows in from the west; and in Zhongyu Township, the Xichuan River flows in from the west, so it is said: "Three rivers merge in the south." At the same time, streams on both sides of the river are constantly pouring into it, so it is said that "the left and right sides are close to the stream, and the wings are staggered." It finally flows through Danan Village and out of Qinyuan County. The Qinhe River passes through Anze County, Qinshui County, and Yangcheng County in the south, then cuts through the Taihang Mountains and flows into Henan Province. It flows from the economic source to Qinyang and flows into the Yellow River near Xiying, Wuzhi County. It has a total length of 456 kilometers and a drainage area of ??12,900 square kilometers. It is 363 kilometers long in Shanxi and has a drainage area of ??9,315 square kilometers. Qinhe River is the second largest river in Shanxi Province after Fenhe River. The Sushui River originates from the Chencun Valley in Henglingguan, Jiangxian County, Shanxi Province. "Shui Jing": "The Sushui River flows out of the Miaojia Valley in Dongshan, Wenxi County, east of the Hedong River." Note: "The Sushui River flows out, which is commonly known as the Hua Valley. It reaches Zhouyang and joins the Taoshui River. The source of the water comes out of Qingye Mountain in the east. People think it is Qingxiang. Mountain." The Sushui River flows southwest through Wenxi County, Xia County, Yuncheng City, and Linyi County in Shanxi Province to Wuxing Lake in Yongji City, and merges into the Yellow River near Hongdaoyuan Village, with a total length of 196 kilometers. The basin area is more than 5548 square kilometers. The main tributary of the Sushui River is the Yao Siam Canal. It was named after Yao Siam, the salt official of the capital, who renovated it to protect the salt pond from 605 to 607 years (the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty). The Yaosian Canal originates from Wenxi, flows through Xia County and Yuncheng, and winds around the east and north sides of the salt pond to Yongji Yunwu Lake. It is a seasonal river. Sanchuan River is formed by the confluence of Beichuan, Dongchuan and Nanchuan, hence the name Sanchuan River. The main stream is called Beichuan above Lishi City in Shanxi Province. It originates from Chijian Ridge in Fangshan County at the western foot of the northern part of Luliang Mountain. It flows through Fangshan County and is called Sanchuan River after receiving the tributary Dongchuan in Lishi City. 6 kilometers further downstream, it joins the tributary Nanchuan in Jiaokou Town, and then flows through Liulin County. It flows into the left bank of the Yellow River in Xihekou Village, Shixi Township. The total length of the river is 176 kilometers, and the elevation of entering Huangkou is 624 meters. Dongchuan has two sources. The northern one is called Xiaodongchuan. It originates from Guji Mountain in Luliang Mountains and flows northeast to southwest. The southern one is called Dadongchuan, which originates from Shenlin Valley at the western foot of Luliang Mountain. It passes through Wucheng Town, flows southeast and northwest to join Xiaodongchuan at Chejiawan, then flows from east to west through Tianjiahui and merges into Lishi City. The left bank of Sanchuan River. Nanchuan River originates from the western foothills of Luliang Mountain at the boundary of Fengwei Village, Liujiaping Township, Zhongyang County, Shanxi Province. It flows north-west through Zhongyang County and joins the left bank of the Sanchuan River at Lishijiakou Town. ?The main stream of the Sanchuan River can be divided into three sections: the upper, middle and lower reaches: from the river source to Getong Town (the seat of Fangshan County) is the upper reaches. The river is 49 kilometers long, with a ratio of 8‰. The river valley is narrow and alternated with rivers and gorges. The middle reaches from Getong Town to Lishi City are 52 kilometers long, with a ratio of 4.7‰. This section has a wide valley, flat plains, and good water conservancy conditions, making it a local agricultural production base. Below Lishi City is the downstream, and the flow direction changes from northeast to southwest. The river is 75 kilometers long, with a drop of 3.8‰. The river valley in this section from Lishi City to Jiaokou Town is relatively wide. From Jiaokou Town to Liulin County, the valley is narrow. The river channel is tortuous and there is less river land. From Liulin County to Houdacheng Hydrological Station, the valley is wide again, with an average width of about 800 meters. , below Houdacheng is the canyon section, with curved river channels and rapid water flow. The Sanchuan River is the second largest tributary among the many tributaries on the left bank of the north main stream of the Yellow River in western Shanxi, with a drainage area of ??4,161 square kilometers. According to actual measurement data, the annual average runoff of the Sanchuan River is 100 million cubic meters. If the 100 million cubic meters of spring water in Liulin County are added to the total, the annual exploitable amount of groundwater will be 100 million cubic meters, totaling 100 million cubic meters of water resources. The maximum annual runoff is 100 million cubic meters, the minimum annual runoff is 100 million cubic meters, and the ratio between the maximum and minimum is 3. The multi-year average sediment transport volume is 29.08 million tons, and the inter-annual variation in sediment transport volume is even greater. The maximum annual sediment transport volume reaches 83.5 million tons, and the minimum annual sediment transport volume is only 4.61 million tons. The maximum to minimum sediment transport volume reaches 18. The distribution of water and sediment is concentrated within the year. The water volume in the flood season (July to October) accounts for about 60% of the annual water volume, and the sediment volume in the flood season accounts for about 95%. The amount of sand is often concentrated in several heavy rains and floods, causing a large amount of water and soil erosion.
The area of ??water and soil erosion in the entire basin is 2,767 square kilometers. Taking the area of ??the basin into account, 29.08 million tons of sediment are input into the Yellow River every year. The average sediment load per square kilometer in the basin is 6,989 tons. If the area of ??water and soil loss is averaged, it is as high as 10,510 tons per square kilometer. In some areas, the amount of erosion per square kilometer can be as high as 20,000 tons. Xinshui River The Xinshui River basin is located on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River and at the southern end of Luliang Mountain in Shanxi Province. It is the main remaining plateau and ravine distribution area of ??the Loess Plateau in my country. Originating from Motianling in Pu County, Shanxi Province, the Xinshui River has a total length of 134 kilometers and flows into the Yellow River in the west of Daning County. The entire basin includes 40 townships (towns) in 5 counties: Puxian, Xixian, Daning, Jixian, and Yonghe, as well as individual natural villages in Xiangning and Jiaokou. The basin area is 4326 square kilometers. The Xinshui River flows through the loess remnant plateau area, with small water volume and high sand content. The annual average natural runoff of Daning Station is 100 million cubic meters, the annual average sand content is 55 kg/cubic meter, and the annual sand transport volume is 2830 tons. The Sanggan River is an important tributary of the Hai River, with two rivers, the Yuanzi River and the Hui River, in its upper reaches. The main stream Huihe River originates from Fenshuiling Village in Guanluo Mountain in Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, and the Yuanzi River originates from Jiekou Mountain in Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province. The two rivers were called Sanggan River after they met with Yicun in Shuo County. The Sanggan River flows through Shuoxian, Shanyin, Yingxian, Huairen, Datong and finally enters Hebei Province from Weijia Xiaobao Village in Yanggao County. The length of the Sanggan River in Shanxi is 252 kilometers, with a drainage area of ??17,142 square kilometers. The main tributaries of the Sangqian River include Huangshui River, Hun River, Yuhe River, etc. The Hutuo River flows southwest from Taixi Mountain in Fanzhi County, between Hengshan Mountain and Wutai Mountain, turns eastward at the boundary river, cuts through Zhoushan and Taihang Mountains, and flows eastward to Zangqiao and Ziya River in Xian County, Hebei Province Two Fuyang rivers meet. It has a total length of 587 kilometers and a drainage area of ??10,000 square kilometers. The main tributaries include Yangwu River, Yunzhong River, Muma River, Qingshui River, Nanping River, Ye River, etc. They are arranged in a feather shape and are mainly concentrated above Huangbizhuang. There are no tributaries below. The terrain in the basin slopes in a ladder-like manner from west to east. The western part is located in the mountains and basins on the eastern edge of the Shanxi Plateau, with high terrain and thick loess distribution; the central part is the mountainous area formed by the Taihang Mountain anticline and is rich in coal mines; and the eastern part is a plain. Natural vegetation is scarce in the basin, and soil erosion is severe. The area flowing through mountainous areas, mountains and hills accounts for about 86% of the entire basin area, and the total drop of the river is more than 1,800 meters. Above Yaochi is the upper reaches, flowing southwest along Mount Wutai in a belt-shaped basin. The width of the river ranges from 100 to 200 meters to 1,000 meters, and the water flow is slow. The middle reaches from Yaochi to Gangnan flows through the Taihang Mountains. The valley is deep and "V" shaped, with a width of less than 200 meters. The drop is large and the water is turbulent. Below Huangbizhuang is the downstream, flowing through the plains. The river is wide, with a maximum width of 6,000 meters. The water flow is slow and the sediment is silted, gradually becoming an above-ground river or a semi-aground river, with embankments built on both sides. The basin has a temperate continental monsoon climate. The temperature decreases with the terrain increasing from east to west. The annual precipitation is 400 to 700 mm, concentrated in summer. Surface runoff is mainly fed by rainfall. The average annual runoff is about 2.2 billion cubic meters, which is unevenly distributed. The eastern slope of Taihang Mountain has a larger runoff and gets smaller as it goes upstream. The distribution of runoff within the year is also uneven, with large inter-annual changes. The amount of water in years with abundant water is 10 times that in years with low water. Floods caused by heavy rains have large peak heights and steep rises and falls. They mainly come from main streams and Yehe rivers, and mostly occur from July to August. The sand content is 11.4 kg/cubic meter, and the annual sand transport volume is 2920 tons. There are 10 large and medium-sized reservoirs in the whole basin, including Gangnan, Huangbizhuang (see Gangnan Reservoir and Huangbizhuang Water Conservancy Project), Gushan, Xiaruyue, Guanshang, Shuangrushan, Shiban, Xiaguan, Dashimen and Guozhuang. With numerous small reservoirs and dams, flood disasters are basically under control, and irrigation and power generation benefits are significant. The basin is rich in mineral deposits, especially coal. There are cities such as Shijiazhuang and Yangquan with developed economies. You can visit the revolutionary resort Xibaipo (see Pingshan County), Cangyan Mountain Scenic Area and Longxing Temple. The Hutuo River has many different historical names. "Book of Rites" calls it Evil Pond or Huo Pond. "Zhou Li" calls it Houchi. During the Warring States Period, it was called Lengshui (Huchishui). The Qin Dynasty called it Houchi River. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was called Hutuo River. "Historical Records" calls Hutuo, also known as Yalun. "Shui Jing Zhu" calls Hutuo. Cao Wei called Tuohe River. In the Western Jin Dynasty, it was called Hutuo River. The Northern Wei Dynasty once changed its name to Qingning River.
The Hutuo River originates from Gushan Village at the foot of Taixi Mountain in Fanzhi County, Shanxi Province. It flows through Dai County, Yuanping County and Xinding Basin. It turns from below Dongye Town to the eastern slope of Taihang Mountain, from Hunchu to Pingding Mountain, and passes through Gangnan Reservoir and Huangbizhuang. The reservoir and Lingshou County enter from the west of Beibaidian Village in Zhengding County, pass through more than 40 villages in Liu County, and exit from the north of Dafengtun Village into Gaocheng County, passing through Wuji, Jinxian, Shenze, Anping, Raoyang, etc. County, to Xian County Laohekou and Fuyang Xin River merge into the sea. Zhang River Zhang River is an inconspicuous river in China's hydrological data. Although it flows through Shanxi, Hebei and Henan and is an important tributary of the Hai River, its influence is far less than that of other major rivers. In the dry and rainless north, it is a real mother river for Licheng and even Changzhi, and even more places. The Zhang River is divided into two branches, the Zhuozhang River and the Qingzhang River, both of which originate in Shanxi. The Zhuozhang River has three sources: south, north and west. The south source comes from Fajiu Mountain in Changzi County, the west source comes from Zhangyuan Village in the northwest of Qin County, and the north source comes from Liulin River in Yushe County. The southern source of the Zhuozhang River is 134 kilometers long, and flows north to the west source near Gancun in Xiangyuan County. The west source is 81 kilometers long. After converging with the south source, it continues north to meet the north source at the entrance of Hecun, Xiangyuan County. The north source It is 130 kilometers long. It is called Zhuozhang River after its three sources converge. It passes through Licheng and exits from Xiamataying Village in Pingshun County to Henan. The total length of the river in Shanxi is 231 kilometers, with a drainage area of ??11,311 square kilometers. The average annual runoff at Shiliang Station is 800 million cubic meters, and the average annual sand transport is 17.3 million tons. The east source of Qingzhang River is 104 kilometers long, and the west source is 101 kilometers long. After the two sources meet at Zuoquan, Shanggiao Village, it is called Qingzhang River, and flows into Hebei Province at Xiaqingquan Village in the northeast of Licheng County. The Qingzhang River has a total length of 142 kilometers, a drainage area of ??4,159 square kilometers, and an average annual natural runoff of 400 million cubic meters. The two sources, clear and turbid, join together in Hezhang Village on the southwest border of Hebei Province and are called the Zhang River. It flows eastward to Guantao and joins the Wei River. It is 466 kilometers long (to Nantao) and has a drainage area of ??10,000 square kilometers (to Cai Xiaozhuang). In the section above the Zhanghe Observation Platform, the terrain on both sides is steep, the valley is narrow, and the water flow is tortuous. In the meantime, there are natural obstacles such as Red Cliff, Waiting Wall, and Overpass Section. After the river leaves the observation platform, it enters the hilly area. Below the Yuecheng Reservoir is a plain. It joins the Wei River at Xuwancang, Guantao County, and then enters the Wei Canal. The Zhanghe River is a wandering river, known for its "good siltation, good decision-making, and good migration". In the 575 years from the Ming Dynasty (1368 AD) to 1942, there were as many as 50 major diversions and countless breaches. The "Haihe River Basin Comprehensive Plan" states that the Haihe River originates from the Zhanghe River in Shanxi Province, and based on this calculation, the total length of the Haihe River is 1,032 kilometers. In addition, some water conservancy experts also believe that the origin of the Haihe River should be the Zhuozhang River, the upper reaches of the Zhanghe River. Based on this calculation, the total length of the Haihe River is 1,329 kilometers. The Zhanghe River is a river that flows from history. One of the birthplaces of the Zhang River, Fajiu Mountain in Changzi County, is a place condensed with myths and legends. In fact, Liu Yuqing, dean of the School of Liberal Arts of Shanxi University, once boldly asserted that “the heroic myths that abound in southeastern Shanxi are the dawn of civilization” and “the dawn of Chinese civilization dawned in southeastern Shanxi.” Only the numerous myths and legends in southeastern Shanxi, this oral history, can connect the five thousand years of Chinese civilization. Among many myths and folklore, the most talked about and popular stories include Nuwa patching up the sky, Emperor Yan tasting a hundred herbs, Jingwei filling up the sea, Yi shooting for nine days, Dayu controlling floods, Foolish Old Man moving mountains, Huangdi Chiyou's battle, Kuafu chasing the sun, Yao and Shun's abdication, Cheng Tang praying for rain, etc. basically came from Shangdang or were inextricably linked to Shangdang. Mr. Li Yueming said that Xiangyuan, Shanxi may be one of the birthplaces of Heluo. The pictures from He and the books from Luo are probably the pictures from Zhanghe and the books from Luoshan, Xiangyuan! This statement is for reference only. Fajiu Mountain, one of the sources of the Zhang River, is where the story of Jingwei's reclamation of the sea originated. Jingwei is the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan, whose real name is Nvwa. The Sui Dynasty "Baotai Temple Stele" in Licheng County calls this place "the place where Emperor Yan won the golden harvest". The writer Mr. Niu Yuda inferred through literature and field investigations that the eternal sage emperor Yao was a native of Licheng. Jishan, Shaibu Cliff, Xi'er River, Xu You Cave, Peng Zu's ancient residence "Pengzhuang" and other cultural relics have not only left supporting evidence for folk legends such as "Xu You Xi'er", but they may also be the stage where real history took place.