Miao Village in Xijiang River. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located at the foot of Leigong Mountain in the northeast of Leishan County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, 36 kilometers away from the county seat, 35 kilometers away from Kaili, the state capital of Qiandongnan Prefecture, and about 260 kilometers away from Guiyang, the provincial capital. It is the largest Miao village in China and even in the world, which is connected by more than a dozen natural villages built by mountains. According to statistics, during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty (1729), there were more than 600 Miao villages in Xijiang River. The second census 1040 was in 1964, and the fourth census 1990 increased to 1227 and/kloc-. According to the latest statistics in 2005, there are 1258 households with a population of 5,326, of which the Miao population accounts for 99.5%. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a typical river valley, and the crystal clear Baishui River passes through the village. The main body of Miao village is located on the valley slope on the north side of Hedong. For thousands of years, hardworking and brave Miao compatriots have worked at sunrise and returned at sunset, opening up large terraces in the upper reaches of Miao village, forming a rich farming culture and beautiful pastoral scenery. Due to the limitation of cultivated land resources, Miao residents living here make full use of the topographic features here to build a unique diaojiao building in the Mid-levels. Thousands of diaojiao buildings change with the ups and downs of the terrain, and they are numerous and spectacular. According to their own beliefs and customs, Miao residents here have planted pieces of maple trees as village protection trees at the slope head of each village, which has become one of the important local natural landscapes. Xijiang Miao nationality is an important part of Miao nationality in southeastern Guizhou, and now it mainly lives in the "Xi" ethnic group of Miao nationality. As the largest Miao village in the world, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has a profound Miao culture accumulation. The Miao architecture, costumes, silverware, language, diet and traditional customs here are not only typical, but also well preserved. Miao people in Xijiang used to wear robes and headscarves, all of which were black, so they were called "black Miao" or "long skirt Miao". Xijiang Miao language belongs to the northern sub-dialect of Miao branch of Sino-Tibetan language family. The characters used here are common Chinese. Although Chinese is an indispensable language tool for Xijiang Miao people to communicate with the outside world, Miao language is still used for communication between Miao people. Before Yongzheng opened the "Six Halls in Xinjiang" in Qing Dynasty, Xijiang was basically in a foreign land, and local affairs were mostly managed by natural leaders, which was obviously different from that in Han areas, and internal affairs were managed independently. The natural leaders of Miao nationality in Xijiang mainly include "Fang Lao", "Zhai Lao", "Zu Lao", "Li Lao", "Hammer", "Gu Cangtou" and "Lu Huotou". Natural leaders of different natures have different responsibilities, they have the nature of division of labor and cooperation, and they all safeguard the safety and interests of Miao village. "Fang Lao" is the supreme leader of a natural place, and each naturally has several villages closely related to each other. "Zhai Lao" is the highest leader of each Miao village, and "Zu Lao" is the leader of a certain family. "Li Lao" is generally held by a highly respected and knowledgeable person, who is mainly responsible for mediation and adjudication of civil disputes. "Hammer" is mainly responsible for punishing, maintaining local public security and "hiding the head". Among them, the drum head and the living road head are hereditary, and other natural leaders are generally elected by the masses. "Ichiro" is a mass meeting organized by Fang Lao, Zhai Lao and Lang Tou in order to maintain local public security and social order in Miao society to discuss and decide various important internal disputes and foreign invasion. Generally speaking, the meeting is held once a year. If the society is stable and there is no dispute or discussion, it can also be held once every two or three years, and it can be held temporarily when foreign enemies attack. The discussion about Xijianglang is generally conducted alone in the scenic forest of Zhaizi. After the Qing government implemented the policy of "returning farmland to streams" in Miaojiang, Xijiang Miao Village was under the jurisdiction of the central government, and natural leaders such as Fang Lao and Zhai Lao basically disappeared, but the drum head and the walking head responsible for sacrifice and production remained hereditary. For a long time, agriculture has always occupied an absolute dominant position in the industrial structure of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. Although slash-and-burn agricultural production can feed thousands of people living here and people live a self-sufficient life, social and economic development is very slow. 1982 Xijiang river was listed as the ethnic customs scenic spot on the eastern route of Guizhou by the provincial people's government, and 1992 was listed as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. In 2004, it was listed as one of the five key ethnic villages and towns in the first phase of village protection and construction project in the province. In 2005, "Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Pavilion of China National Museum" was listed here. In recent years, with the rise of tourism, the late-comer advantage of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has begun to appear, which has brought new opportunities for social and economic development and industrial structure adjustment and upgrading. Xijiang Miao nationality is a unity formed by many Miao nationalities, mainly the "Xi" nationality, who have migrated and merged many times. More than 5,000 years ago, in the process of expanding northward, Jiuli Group, which lived in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, had a fierce armed conflict with Yan Di and Huangdi tribes moving eastward and southward. After a long campaign, the Jiuli Group headed by Chiyou was defeated in Zhuolu area, and Chiyou was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor. Most Miao ancestors were forced to start their first great migration, abandoned the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and retreated to the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and established the "Miao Three Kingdoms" on the banks of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. With the growing of Sanmiao tribe, Yao and Shun also suppressed Sanmiao many times. After Shun Di ascended the throne, the "Southern Expedition" further dealt a blow to the "Three Miao" who refused to accept Shun Di's control, and the Miao ancestors were forced to migrate to the southwest and northwest again. Among them, some Miao ancestors who were forced to migrate to the northwest merged with "Qiang people" and became ancestors of Xiqiang, while others migrated to plain areas because of population increase and lack of cultivated land, and migrated from Qinghai to southern Sichuan, eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and some even went south. Miao ancestors who migrated to the southwest lived in harmony with Chu people and became the main members of Chu people. During the Warring States Period, after the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu, some Miao people left their homes and moved westward for a long time, and entered the Wuxi area in Wuling Mountain area, forming the famous "Wu Lingren" in history. By the Western Han Dynasty, this part of Miao ancestors had developed rapidly here and formed a force to compete with the Han Dynasty. In 47 AD, the Han Dynasty sent troops to suppress "Wu Lingren", forcing the Miao people to leave their homes again, some of them entered northeast Guizhou (now Tongren), some went south to Rongshui in Guangxi, and then returned to Liujiang, reaching today's Rongjiang, Leishan, Taijiang, Shibing and other places. During several great migrations, Miao people were divided into many different branches. Among them, Liu, Shi, You and Gou arrived in Rongjiang, Guizhou almost at the same time. Because the clan moved around Rongjiang in many places, it arrived in Xijiang later than the Liu clan. About 600 years ago, the Xi clan came to Xijiang, but before the arrival of the Xi clan, the Miao "reward" clan lived here. The place name of Xijiang refers to the Xi ethnic group, and "Jiang" means "begging", that is, Xijiang is a place where ethnic groups beg from the Shang ethnic group, hence the name. After the "Xi" clan arrived and settled in Xijiang, other Miao branches moved in one after another, forming a Miao fusion with the "Xi" clan as the main body. It is said that the Xijiang River has a history of more than 1000 years. Xijiang Miao nationality has a close relationship with Chiyou, the ancestor of Miao nationality. According to the genealogy of Xijiang Miao's father's surname recorded in the tree-lined story, there are 284 generations of * * * people from Chiyou to 1732, which shows that the Miao people living in Xijiang are the direct descendants of Chiyou. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, in order to manage the Miao nationality, the Qing government registered the Miao nationality, forcibly abolished the tradition that the Miao nationality took the father's surname, and determined the Han nationality's surname by the homonym of the Miao surname. At present, the surnames of Miao people in Xijiang are Jiang, Tang, Hou, Yang, Dong, Song, Gu, Long, Lu, Li, Liang, Mao, Chen, Jin and Wu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Leishan belonged to the border between Tang and Lan, Yelang in the Warring States Period, Xiang and Lan in the Qin Dynasty, Lan and Wulian in the Western Han Dynasty, Wulian in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Tang and Lan in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the early Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, although it involved the establishment of the imperial court in Leigong Mountain area, the county system and Jimi government ruled this area very weakly, or even directly. Historically, they are often called "wasteland", "seedlings" and "living world". In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the governor of Guizhou, Zhang Guangsi, opened up a scenic spot, and set up the "Six Hall of Xinjiang" and the Danjiang Hall, under which Danjiangwei and Kaili Wei were administered, and Xijiang belonged to Danjiangwei. After three years of Qianlong (1738), Danjiangkou Wei set up a land division, including Huangmaoling Division, Chicken Division and Wudie Division. Jishi is located in Yingshang Village near the southwest of Xijiang River, which is included in the governance of the Central Plains regime. 19 14, Danjiang was transformed into a county and Xijiang was under its jurisdiction. 1945, Danjiang was removed from the county, and Xijiang was changed to Taijiang county. 1944, Leishan was established, Xijiang was under the jurisdiction of Leishan, and Xijiang town was changed. 1950, the county people's government was established in Leishan, and Xijiang was the second district office. 1954, Leishan Miao Autonomous Region was established, and Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village was located in Xijiang District. 1959, Leishan, Lushan, Danzhai and Majiang merged into Kaili County, and Xijiang belongs to Leishan District of Kaili County. 196 1 year, Leishan county was restored, and 44 communes including Danjiang, Xijiang, Datang and Yongle were established. At that time, Qianhu Miao Village belonged to Xijiang Town, Xijiang District. 1992, after the area was removed and merged into the township, thousands of Miao villages were under the jurisdiction of Xijiang Town. Thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang River are typical agricultural villages in mountainous areas. Although many villagers have gone out to work or engaged in local tourism reception in recent years, the main source of income for most residents is still agricultural production, and they still follow the production mode of small-scale peasant economy. A large area of cultivated land in the upper reaches of Miao village is the main source of livelihood for the whole village residents, mainly planting rice, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes and peppers. Thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang have merged. According to the original statistics, the basic social and economic situation of each village is as follows: the original Yangpai village: under its jurisdiction 12 villagers' groups, with 345 households 1308 people. In 2005, the GDP was 2,599,400 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 15 10 yuan, of which agricultural income was 900 yuan. The cultivated land in the village is 1.346 mu, including paddy field 1.225 mu, dry land 1.265438 mu, and the per capita grain of farmers is 4 1.2 Jin. Former Dongyin Village: There are 7 villagers' groups with 308 households and 13 18 people. In 2005, the GDP was 2.433 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1.46 yuan, including agricultural income of 8 1.00 yuan, labor income of 470 yuan and tourism income of 1.80 yuan. There are 769 mu of cultivated land, including 692 mu of paddy field and 77 mu of dry land. Farmers own 38 1 kg of grain per capita. Former Nangui Village: It has jurisdiction over 8 villagers' groups, 235 households and 899 people. In 2005, the GDP was 6.5438+0.5992 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 654.38+0.458 yuan, including agricultural income from 790 yuan, labor income from 490 yuan and tourism income of 654.38+0.78 yuan. There are 640 mu of cultivated land, including 564 mu of paddy field and 76 mu of dry land, and the per capita grain of farmers is 37 1.2 Jin. Yuanpingzhai Village: governs 10 villagers' groups with 397 households and 1495 people. In 2005, the gross domestic product was 2.309 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1.38 yuan, of which agricultural income was 750 yuan, labor income was 5 1.00 yuan, and tourism income was 1.20 yuan. The village has 824 mu of cultivated land, including 767 mu of paddy fields and 57 mu of dry land, and the per capita grain of farmers is 366.5 kg. Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang belongs to subtropical humid mountain monsoon climate, with annual precipitation of about1300 ~1500mm, annual average temperature of 14 ~ 16℃ and no severe winter. When Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities are extremely hot, it is cool and pleasant, and it is a good place for summer vacation. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a fault valley, and the crystal clear Baishui River winds through the villages at the bottom. The mountains on both sides of the valley are asymmetrical, with a relative height of several hundred meters. The mountains in the southwest are high and steep, just like a high screen, guarding the quiet pastoral life of thousands of Miao villages for thousands of years; The mountains on the northeast side are much more relaxed, and rows of diaojiao buildings are built along the mountains, showing various changes along the terrain. The southeast of Miao village is an intermountain basin formed by long-term lateral erosion of Baishui River. Although the river basin is small, it is a place where Miao compatriots in Xijiang River have been farming for generations. At the bottom of the basin is a paddy field, and the mountains in the north have been reclaimed as terraced fields and dry land. The mountain and forest vegetation around Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang River are well preserved, especially on the hillside in the southwest of Miao Village, and there are still a large area of arbor forests. Small pieces of maple trees are scattered in Dong Ye, Yangpai, Nangui and other natural villages in Miao village, which shows the harmony between Miao residents and nature. Relatively closed topographical conditions, harmonious and peaceful Miao villages, clear and attractive Baishui River, lush vegetation coverage and terraced fields constitute the beautiful rural landscape of Miao Ling, which is of great tourism aesthetic and development value. Miao architecture in Qianhu Miao Village of Xijiang River is mainly wooden diaojiao building with bucket structure. It is divided into two types: flat diaojiao building and inclined diaojiao building, which are generally three-story, four-room, three-room or five-room structures. The ground floor is used for storing production tools, raising poultry and livestock, storing fertilizer or using it as a toilet. The second floor is used as living room, hall, bedroom and kitchen. There is a unique "Meixie" outside the main hall, which is called "Buxie" in Miao language. It is mainly used for enjoying the cool, enjoying and resting, which is a major feature of Miao architecture. The third floor is mainly used to store food, feed and other production and living materials. Xijiang Diaojiao Building is not only beautiful and practical, but also shows high scientific and cultural value in the following aspects. 1, Xijiang Miao Diaojiao Building is a living fossil of ancient residential buildings in China. This kind of building has a history of thousands of years, and the dry fence building of Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, which is 7000 years ago, has reached a high level. The earliest civilization of Miao nationality originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Miao nationality in Xijiang inherited this ancient architectural style. In 2005, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Diaojiao Building was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. 2. Xijiang Diaojiao Building has a rigorous structure. The builders skillfully use the mechanics principle and adopt multiple structural combinations such as rectangle, triangle and diamond, and the columns are connected to form a three-dimensional network system. This kind of building seems empty, but it is real, practical and of high architectural value. 3. Buildings with diaojiao buildings rank first along the hillside, and thousands of diaojiao buildings are connected into a whole ring, forming a visual effect that a single diaojiao building does not have. The diaojiao building group is integrated with the surrounding green mountains and green waters and rural scenery, which is harmonious, unified and brings out the best in each other, making the Xijiang diaojiao building have high aesthetic value. 4. The Miao people in Xijiang built diaojiaolou on the sloping land and used the flat land with good agricultural production conditions for farming, which reflected the national psychology of Miao people to cherish and save land, and had positive educational significance in the present situation of China with a large population and a small land. 5. When building a house, the Miao people in Xijiang have a set of taboos about Famo, Zhongzhu and Liang Zheng, especially Shangliang's congratulations and building songs, which have a strong religious and cultural color of the Miao people. Therefore, Miao Diaojiaolou not only has good aesthetic and architectural value, but also is an important carrier of Miao traditional culture. In addition to the diaojiao building, Yufeng Bridge is also one of the important buildings in Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. In order to improve the geomantic conditions of villages and facilitate the life of residents, most Miao villages have built wind and rain bridges near the villages, which are used to store wind and gas and shelter from wind and rain. There used to be a wind and rain wooden bridge in Xijiang River, mainly the Pingzhai Wind and Rain Bridge leading from Pingzhai to Ouga and the Nanshou Wind and Rain Bridge locking the whole Xijiang Dazhai Feng Shui in Nangui Village. Because it is a wooden structure, it has been repaired several times and was washed away by the flood. At present, the only wind and rain bridge in Xijiang River is the arched cement bridge connecting Dazhai and Xijiang Middle School, which was restored and rebuilt on the basis of the previous wind and rain bridge. Due to the mixed structure of cement and wood, the stability and flood resistance of the wind-rain bridge are greatly improved. Although agriculture is still the leading industry in Xijiang Miao Village, in the past decade, a large number of tourists have come to visit one after another, which has promoted the development of Xijiang tourism. According to the survey, in addition to tourists from this province, domestic tourists coming to Xijiang mainly come from Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Beijing and Shanghai, and foreign tourists mainly come from the United States, France, Japan, Britain, Spain and Belgium. Due to the imperfect tourist reception facilities, at present, most of them are day tourists, who usually arrive in the morning and leave in the afternoon. A small number of multi-day tourists are mainly art college students who used to sketch and experts and scholars who are engaged in Xijiang research. Statistics show that in the past six years, the number of tourists from thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang has continued to grow. From 2000 to 2005, there were 7,500, 65,438+2,000, 24,000, 2 15 and 35,000 respectively. In 2006, the number of foreign tourists soared to 75,000, and the number of foreign tourists also increased from 200 in 2000 to 3,000 in 2006. At present, there are more than 0/00 Youle/kloc and more than 30 tourist goods stores in thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang. The developed tourist commodities mainly include silver ornaments, Miao costumes and embroidery series. With the development of tourism, there is still a lot of room for the development of tourist reception facilities and souvenirs.
Transportation:
1, take CMB from Kaili bus station to Xijiang town, but it turned out to be Xijiang via Leishan. In September 2008, Guizhou Tourism Development Conference was held in Xijiang. For convenience, Kaili directly opened a 36KM two-lane asphalt road to Xijiang, and the fare was still 20-25 yuan according to Leishan route. It takes about 45 minutes to get there. The traffic is smooth, but there are not many trains in the middle class. Most insiders took a taxi in 20 yuan, Kaili, and went straight to Xijiang.
2. You can also take a bus from Kaili to Leishan, which runs every half hour and takes an hour. 12.5 yuan/person, and then transfer to CMB in Xijiang at the station, which runs every hour from 7: 00 am to 5: 40 pm. From Leishan to Xijiang, you can also charter a car, opposite 70 yuan.
3. There is a route from Kaili to Paile (Kaili-Leishan route, just halfway, Kaili has a direct bus), and an asphalt road also goes directly to Xijiang. However, at present, the road surface is being repaired, and there is no sign. People who like adventure can try it, or they can go to Langde Shangzhai and other places first. Of course, taking this route will gain more and the scenery will be more beautiful.
Accommodation:
Through the continuous efforts of the government, Xijiang has been completely transformed, and many farmhouses have good accommodation conditions, which fully meet the requirements of guests. The local folk customs are simple, and prostitutes are regarded as a disaster. Foreign tourists can take it away, don't ask questions, or they will be deported. Stop!
Tips:
1. In addition, there is a famous silversmith village in Xijiang, where silver ornaments are beautifully made. The flowers embroidered by Miao village girls are very beautiful. You can choose the right purchase you like and make a counter-offer.
2.20 10, 1 1 will be a once-in-a-lifetime Tibetan festival for thousands of Miao villages, and there will be a series of celebrations, which will be very lively.
Introduction to Silversmith Village, an important scenic spot;
There is a silversmith village in Xijiang River, which is well known. Miao silver ornaments are all made by hand, and their craftsmanship is extremely high. Xijiang is a place that preserves the cultural integrity of Miao's "primitive ecology" and is the first place to appreciate and understand the long history and development of Miao in China. Xijiang Tibetan Calendar Festival and Miao Year are world famous. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village, an open-air museum, shows an epic of Miao development and becomes a stand for watching and studying Miao traditional culture. Qianhu Miao village