When Qin Shihuang saw it, his back was on Mount Li, facing the Weihe River, with beautiful jade in Lantian in the south and gold in Mount Li in the north. This is really a good place, so he built the mausoleum here. After the civil construction began, people were cut into mountains and chiseled stones, roads were flooded, and the people were miserable. This incident alarmed the Lishan God. He thought that the people would suffer if Qin Shihuang chose Fushou Cave, so he dressed up as Mr. Feng Shui and asked to see Qin Shihuang, and told him that the Lotus Cave had just broken the lotus in Lishan and let Feng Shui go. If the tomb is moved to a place a few miles away from the mountain, and Lingdong occupies the lotus nut, it will be feng shui. After that, Mount Li turned into a white crane and flew away. Qin Shihuang saw that it was a fairy's guidance, so he changed the mausoleum site to the present position. Whether Qin Shihuang was influenced by Mr. Feng Shui or not, the location of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is really good only from its specific location and the composition of its surrounding environment: the largest alluvial fan zone among many piedmont alluvial fans at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain, with high terrain from east to west, and its two sides are arched by water, forming a semi-arch with Jiulingtou gully slightly east of Lingnan. The combination of the two is really like a lotus flower with Jiulingtou as the core.
No wonder there is a "Lotus Cave" attachment. It's just that no one can find out who made up the legend about Mount Li when. In recent years, some people believe that Qin Shihuang abandoned the "Bimo Mausoleum" and chose to rebuild Dongling in the shadow of Lishan Mountain, which has its profound political background. At the end of the Warring States period, the national strength of Qin became stronger and stronger, the scale of Xianyang, the capital, expanded rapidly, the political center of gravity shifted, and the layout of the whole city changed, so it was logical and imperative to re-plan the mausoleum area. Although the slave burial system, which strictly distinguishes the order of Zhao and Mu, has been destroyed, the new feudal system has not yet formed, and the old habits are still continuing. The west is an elder. Because Xiang Wang and Empress Zhuang were buried in the west of Yangling, Qin Shihuang could only choose the mausoleum site in the east. Moreover, through the analysis of the geographical location of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, it is undeniable that the burial place of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is indeed very suitable as a cemetery.
How many parts are there in Lishan Cemetery? According to literature and archaeological investigation, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor may be composed of the following parts: the underground palace mausoleum in the central area of the mausoleum; Tomb wall; Ritual buildings in front of the mausoleum, including sleeping hall, toilet hall, food palace and so on. Funeral facilities located on the left and right sides of the mausoleum, such as terracotta warriors and horses pit, bronze chariot pit, stable pit, garden pit and burial pit. The water retaining dike behind the mausoleum; Buried tomb; Gardens, temples, official residences and other places where the managers of the mausoleum area live. During the 39-year construction, these construction projects have been completed one after another. Due to different specific uses, the construction time is also different. Some scholars have verified that the excavation of the underground palace began in 246 BC and ended in the death of Qin Shihuang in 2 10 BC, which lasted for 356 years. According to the analysis of the extra-large tiles found in the inner city and cemetery area, the large-scale ground buildings of the sleeping hall, dining hall and cemetery must have been built after Qin Shihuang unified China in 22/kloc-0 BC.
Only in this way can we have the ability and energy to make such bold architectural decoration; It is generally believed that the construction of terracotta warriors and horses pits rose one after another in the Qin Dynasty's unification war. Large-scale development began after the reunification. In 209 BC, the peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty and was forced to stop. This is also reflected in the shape of unearthed bronze chariots and horses. Both the bronze chariots and horses in the tomb of Lingxi and the bronze chariots and horses in the chariot pit of Lingbei were before and after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries.
Comprehensive metal works of art, it can be seen that the construction time of various parts of Lishan Mausoleum is not exactly the same. In addition, all kinds of raw materials used in repairing the mausoleum are not from the local area, but from all directions. For example, the stone was collected from Jingyang Mountain in Weibei, and the giant wood originated from Sichuan and Hubei. Now archaeological exploration has found that in Lishan cemetery, the mausoleum area alone is 20,000 square meters. Its total area can be imagined. There are ten doors on the ground of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which are distributed in the east, west, south and north directions.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/964, someone found a strange bronze key in the south of Maojia Village near the north gate of the outer city of the cemetery, weighing half a catty, and the word "North Gate Key" was engraved on the key, which was recognized as the key to the north door lock of the Qin Mausoleum. This shows that the gate of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was opened on time. There are so many doors, which are distributed in all directions, leaving a puzzling question for future generations: where does the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor face? Due to different opinions, a lively scene of "East", "West", "South" and "North" was formed. Among them, the views of "East" and "North" seem more reasonable. Those who hold the theory of "eastward advance" believe that five of the ten doors in the underground palace are located in the east, and only a group of large terracotta warriors and horses pits symbolizing the mighty camp in Qin Jun are placed outside the east gate; The terracotta figures, chariots and horses, and garden pits in Makeng in the east of the cemetery and Tongche Horse Pit in the west of Lingxi are all arranged in the east-west direction, facing east. This shows that the positive direction of the mausoleum should be the east.
According to archaeological excavations, almost all tombs in the pre-Qin period are east-west, and even human bones are mostly east-west, which is obviously related to a certain religious concept of Qin people. In this case, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang should be no exception. Dongjin also shows Qin Shihuang's great achievements in dominating the west and unifying the six eastern countries. People who hold the theory of "north orientation" believe that the cemetery is a long and narrow rectangle between north and south, and the relationship between north and south is very deep. Moreover, from the layout point of view, the northern half is a ritual building with different purposes, and the southern half is the Qiushan Mausoleum, which is also in line with the mausoleum system of "facing the front and sleeping behind". Also, judging from the Shinto outside the four existing cemeteries, the remains of the North Gate are the best. This shows that this road is the most frequently used one, and it is obviously the main road in front of the cemetery. In any case, as an academic issue worth discussing, you can stick to your personal opinion until the archaeological excavation is confirmed.