In 700 BC, an ancient tribe in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province built a city in the Yellow River valley, set up officials and led troops, and then established the Zhou Dynasty. After thousands of years of development, many emperors appeared in Shaanxi, who not only created brilliant aboveground culture before their death, but also created brilliant underground culture after their death.
Site selection of the imperial tomb
The geographical location of a country's capital is very critical. First of all, the economy of the region must be good, the traffic should not be too bad, and it is best to have dangerous terrain and be easy to resist foreign enemies. Guanzhong Plain is located between Hanguguan and Xiaoshan with fertile soil and convenient transportation. The terrain is dangerous, easy to defend but difficult to attack. During the nearly 2000 years from the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the demise of the Tang Dynasty, 14 dynasties established their capitals here.
Geographical location of Guanzhong plain
Follow? Ling moved the capital? The imperial tomb is an important part of the ancient capital. The capital is in Shaanxi, and the emperor will naturally build his own tomb in Shaanxi.
The Mausoleum is a national key project, which is generally presided over by important officials of the dynasty and completed by the best architects, etiquette experts and artists, among which the site selection is the most important project.
Including the surrounding natural environment, geography, geology, soil, hydrology and other factors, as well as the long-term impact of mausoleum sites on the country and the nation, as well as political, military, transportation and other multiple factors, the back of the mountain and the water, high terrain is the first choice for imperial tombs.
For example, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, with Mount Li in the south and Weihe River in the north, has excellent landscape and topography, so the Mausoleum is no longer called? Ling? Or? Tomb? , completely beyond all the mausoleum system, but directly called? Lushan? It is much higher than the previous tomb, which fully embodies a highly centralized and royal majesty mentality.
The most prosperous imperial tombs in history.
The talented people in the south of the Yangtze River and the generals in the north buried the emperor in the loess of Shaanxi, which is enough to show the great influence and quantity of the imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
There are seventy-two tombs among the people. According to current statistics, there are 44 imperial tombs in Shaanxi:
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (6): Qin Jinggong, King Huiwen of Qin, King Mourning Wu of Qin, King Qin, King Xiaowen of Qin and King Xiang of Qin Zhuang.
Qin Dynasty (2): Qin Shihuang and Qin Ershi.
Western Han Dynasty (1 1): Changling of Emperor Gaozu, Baling of Wendi, Yangling of Jingdi, Anling of Huidi, Ling Du of Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, Maoling of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, Ping Ling of Emperor Zhaodi of Han Dynasty, Yanling of Emperor Hancheng, Ling Wei of Han Dynasty and Yiling of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty;
From the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Dynasties (V): Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty, Helian Bobo in the Summer, Yuanbaoju in the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuwen Yong, the Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Yuwen Chan, the King of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Sui Dynasty (2): Sui Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Wendi and Gong Zhuang Mausoleum of Emperor Wendi;
Tang Dynasty (18): Tang Gaozu Liyuan Mausoleum, Tang Taizong Zhaoling, Ganling, Tang Zhongzong Li Xian Dingling, Tang Ruizong Li Danqiao Mausoleum, Tang Xuanzong Li Longji Tailing, Tang Suzong Jaz Li Jianling, Tang Daizong Li Yuyuan Mausoleum, Tang Dezong Li Shichong Mausoleum, Tang Shunzong Li Songfeng Mausoleum, Tang Xianzong Li Chunling Mausoleum, Tang Muzong Guangling and Tang Jingzong Guangling.
And seven of the Western Zhou 13 emperors, 23 Qin Gong in the Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian, the great-grandfather of the former Qin Dynasty, Yao Chang and Yao Xing, the filial piety emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiu Yuan, the filial piety emperors of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuan Kuo, Yu Wenyu, Ming Di, Yu Wenyun, 38.
There are 82 imperial tombs in all.
A grave where things die as they happen.
The ancients thought that the other world after death was rich and had everything, especially as an ancient emperor.
Imperial cemetery is based on? Things die as they happen? The ritual system was built, so there are both in the city and in the cemetery. Including sleeping halls, toilet halls, city gates, palace walls, ritual buildings, burial pits and tombs. During the Qin and Han dynasties, a mausoleum was set up outside the cemetery as an annex to the mausoleum, so that the emperor could rule after burial and extend his rule before his death.
For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, five emperors set up tombs, so Xianyang was also called? Wulingyuan . The residents of these five mausoleum cities are all rich people or people with high status in the world. They moved to Guanzhong from all over the country. Taishi Gong Sima Qian moved from his hometown in Longmen, Hancheng to Maoling City with his father. Most of the residents in Wuling City are rich officials, so their children often loaf around and make trouble. Wuling teenager? This is where it came from.
There are sacrifices in the cemetery? Bedroom, toilet, temple? .
Hanshu? Wei Xianchuan contains:? Shi Jing went down from Gaozu to Xuan Di, and built a temple next to the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor in memory of Emperor Gao.
The mausoleum temple is large in scale, surrounded by walls, main halls, doors and pavilions. The location of the mausoleum temple is not consistent, and the mausoleum temple in the early Han Dynasty was not built near the cemetery. For example, Liu Bang's high temple was built in Chang 'an, Hui Di's mausoleum temple was built in the west of Gaozu Temple, and Wendi's ancient city temple was built in the south of Chang 'an. Later, the mausoleum temple was built near the cemetery, and the distance between the mausoleum temple and the mausoleum was different. The way of clothes? .
Zhou Li records:? Take Jue as the degree of mountain closure, and the number of trees. ?
The ancients believed that the soul could not die, so they had to pray to their ancestors first. At that time, temple sacrificial activities were very frequent. Except for the Moon Festival, all major solar festivals are held with ceremonies, and sacrifices are also held when major national events occur. Instead of praying in the temple, it is better to pray directly at the grave. In order to identify the location of ancestral graves, soil or trees were built on the graves as signs. Later, it became a symbol showing the identity of the tomb owner. The size and height of the enclosure and the types and quantities of trees planted are determined according to the level of official positions.
The imperial tomb was built at the beginning of the succession.
Jin Shu? Biography of Suo Jing said: Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne for one year and became a mausoleum. One third of the world's tributes are given to the ancestral temple, one to the guests and one to the mausoleum.
Generally, the mausoleum was built in the second year after the new emperor ascended the throne, which consumed one-third of the country's annual fiscal revenue.
Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, began to build a mausoleum when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. As many as 700,000 people participated in the construction. It has not been completed for nearly 40 years, and the cemetery area exceeds 56 square kilometers. The scale of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum would have continued to be built and expanded had it not been for the rapid demise of Qin.
For example, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reigned for 54 years, and his mausoleum was built for 53 years. In his later years, although some people were still alive, the funerary objects in the mausoleum were full, and the cemetery area reached 60 square kilometers.
The Tang Mausoleum is the peak of the development of ancient imperial tombs in China. The Zhaoling area of Emperor Taizong covers an area of 200 square kilometers, with rigorous architectural layout and rich funerary objects, which contain extremely high historical, cultural and scientific values.
It is precisely because the ancient emperors paid so much attention to the mausoleum project that the world cultural heritage, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and 37 national key cultural relics protection units appeared in many imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
References:
"String together the mausoleum with one road? Investigation on Planning and Construction of Tongling Road in Shaanxi, Shaanxi Daily, 20 14 12.8.
Archaeology and cultural relics
the Book of the Han Dynasty