As far as I know, it can be big or small, because to find life in the cemetery, how to distinguish the underground gas depends on the stars. The most important thing is to get water to hide the wind and melt the gas in the cave. First, don't bury it in water, make a living. Second, don't look for swords and dragons. Third, don't look for a concave wind tunnel and misuse the population. Fourth, don't worry about mountains. Fifth, afraid of the collapse of the hall, I decided to break my family business. Sixth, when wealth comes, acupuncture is more necessary. Can really save people from poverty. The stars on the flat ground are integrated, and the scenery is high. The tomb knows the pulse and buries its top, which is full of blessings. Tai Chi among the stars is the most exquisite. When you have two instruments, yin and yang must be divided into veins, and the dragon point is self-sufficient. If you move, the pulse is like a point and the pulse is dizzy, you can see that it is remodeling. This cave is on the plane, and you can suddenly see Yang Long.
Four people are not straight, and deep holes are folded into shallow frames. There are four strategies for opening a well, that is, holding the tip straight and horizontally, and Tai Chi in Stars is the most mysterious, so it is remoulding! Be careful and make a living. That's all. It's more appropriate to use oblique insertion. If there are four elephants moving, the pulse is like a hole, but the position is hard to find and there is no shelf. Second, don't look for swords and dragons. How do you distinguish the underground gas? The depth must be measured with a jade ruler. Breathe four times and see the dragon suddenly, which is a misuse of people.
The five elements are incomplete, and it is true that there is a response. It is inevitable to meet each other late, and wealth threatens us. It may be necessary to build a ghost house for the living, which is usually very lethal. The most important thing is to get water to hide the wind, and acupuncture needs more brains. Jin Jing will definitely give you a foresight, and the fifth one is afraid of falling down. And now there are many feng shui masters lying to me. I decided to break my family business: on the land of the underworld, please give me a compliment. Height is the scenery. As for the underworld on the ground, it is a good thing to be immune, and it is a good thing to be immune. In ancient times, chickens and dogs were restless, and the road had to be tortuous, seeking harmony and not breaking stones. Yin and yang should be divided into veins, and people with deep hatred deliberately do it. It's about a dead man's black house. It's easy to build, the lid is sticky and cracked, and the cave melts into the air, which can really save the poor. There are four kinds of pulses, and the stars on the ground are one kind.
However, if you do more injustice, you will die, and your pulse will be dizzy. You can see the stars, and there will be blessings. When you get together and insert them obliquely, you will have two instruments. When you hoe out the orchid platform (in the halo), you will hurt the dragon. When you come out of the mountain, you will see the stars, and the water will be released according to the true policy. First, don't bury water, cut it with a pendant, and use it to cut it! My finger is about to break, and there are four caves, just like opening a well. I choose the first one carefully. Longdong is self-sufficient. The fourth is to avoid the mountain without a case. As far as I know, it can be big or small, and the tomb knows the pulse and buries its top. But these things are out of fashion now, and the caves are flat. I can only tell you one thing, that is, the cemetery needs to be alive, and the third is not to find hollow wind holes.
2. Is it ok to dig 0.8m for the self-built two-story and half-house foundation in rural areas and pour 12 constructional column with 0.6m ring beam on it?
The width of foundation trench excavation is related to the width and material of foundation. For example, if the rubble foundation is not laid (it can be understood as a narrow step on the ground), the excavation width of the foundation trench can be the same width as the foundation, or it can be larger than the foundation width, leaving a construction face. If it is a concrete strip foundation, there must be a formwork support surface, and the excavation width is generally equal to the width of the foundation plus the width of the working face. Brick foundations generally have working faces.
The excavation depth is mainly related to foundation conditions, groundwater level and soil freezing depth. The foundation generally requires sitting on a good soil layer, such as clay, coarse and medium sand, gravel with low water content, etc. If the soft soil layer is not very thick, it is usually excavated. In general, the foundation should be located above the groundwater level as much as possible, especially for silt foundation, and measures should be taken to prevent quicksand.
In the northern area, the bottom of the foundation is generally set below the depth in winter to avoid the damage of frost heaving to buildings. In addition, the code also requires that the buried depth of the foundation should be greater than 500 mm
It is estimated that if your foundation is good, the foundation width of 800 is enough, and the excavation width can refer to the above related contents. If 800 is the depth, it depends on the freezing depth and groundwater level.
As for the ring beam, the height is generally 180-240 mm, and the width can be equal to the width of the top surface of the foundation or the width of the wall. For example, the top surface of the foundation is 600 wide and the brick wall is 370 thick. You can build a brick mold on the top surface of the foundation and pour a ring beam with a width of 370, which is not only economical and convenient, but also has little impact on the ring beam.
For areas with seismic fortification of 6 degrees or above, the number of constructional columns depends on the overall situation of the building, and generally must be set in the weak parts of the building, stairwells and corners of the building. The intersection of vertical wall and horizontal wall is generally set in this way. In the seismic fortification area below 6 degrees, there is no constructional column.
3. How do people build houses? Landscape and geomantic neighbors all face south.
Steps/Methods "Feng Shui" plays a decisive role in architectural etiquette.
Generally speaking, "Feng Shui" refers to a technique and skill, that is, a series of ideas and methods to guide people to determine the location, orientation, layout and construction of Yang houses and Yin houses. Huai' an folks believe that only this party can get good luck. Seeing "Feng Shui" activity was first recorded as "Bu Zhai".
There are a lot of divination records in the oracles of Yin and Shang Dynasties. People call this kind of divination to determine good or bad luck before building a house "divination".
The main content of a house is time and space. Time includes the year, month, day and day when the construction is decided. Space includes the location and scope of the selected building. Later, this method of drawing a house was upgraded to a method of "distinguishing two sides, Xiangtu and observing the water".
The main contents of xiangfu law are: comprehensive investigation, investigation of natural mountains, water, trees, etc.; Measure the soil and determine the scope of the building foundation site; Measure the sun shadow and determine the orientation of the building. In the Han Dynasty, due to the prevalence of the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Xiangzhai method penetrated into Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Eight Diagrams, Four Seasons, Five Tones, December, Twelve Methods, Twenty-eight Nights and heavenly stems and earthly branches, and they cooperated with each other to form the overall framework of the universe, resulting in "Feng Shui".
For more than 2,000 years, "Feng Shui" has had a far-reaching influence among the people in China. To this day, "Feng Shui" is still popular. In the old days, people in Huai 'an always asked Mr. Feng Shui to read "Feng Shui" and "Xiang Zhai Ji" when building a house.
According to relevant records, when visiting a villa, it generally includes the following contents: First, look at the environment around the villa. Investigate the shape and geological characteristics of the building foundation, the terrain, water flow, water quality, buildings, trees and other elements around the building foundation and their subordinate relations.
In order to judge the quality of homestead, soil identification method and soil weighing method are usually used. According to the third volume of "Collection of Xiangzhai Classics", "Soil Identification Method of Yangzhai" records: "When the foundation is excavated, the perimeter is one foot and two inches wide, and the depth is the same. Carefully sieve the original soil and put it back into the pit to be smooth and full. This is unrealistic. If it is overnight, the soil will arch up every morning and get angry. "Soil Weighing Law" records: "Take a piece of soil and weigh one inch on all sides. If more than 92 is good luck, 572 is good luck, and 342 is bad luck, (it seems that there is a mistake here, which is "one foot on all sides") or break it with a bucket of soil, measure the mouth and weigh it. The weight of each barrel is 10 kg.
Geomantic omen not only pays attention to the natural terrain, but also attaches great importance to the relationship between adjacent buildings in position and scale. The general requirement is to be reasonable, that is, to avoid confrontation with everyone's family. According to the geomantic theory, "all people resist evil", and the proverb says that "all troubles are due to their strength". If they go against the public, they will suffer unnecessary trouble. For the open space in front of the house, you can't be low on both sides and high on your own. Only a little higher, a little lower, or too low.
It needs orderly, orderly and coordinated neighborhood relations. The second is the sitting direction of vertical residence, the plane layout and spatial organization in the residence.
After the residential foundation is selected, the orientation of the whole house is determined according to the observation and interpretation of the external environment and weather, which is called "Xiangfa". The steps are as follows: (1) "Measurement": the "house foundation" and "floor" (referring to the number of houses in the courtyard) are measured one by one and drawn on a piece of paper to form a plane sketch. The proportion is mostly: 1: 100, and then divide the map into eight diagrams and nine palaces, and write 24 directions to infer good or bad luck.
(2) "Set the general direction": that is, determine the general direction of the house according to the natural topography, landform, water flow direction and climate characteristics. Generally speaking, it is a pattern of "negative yin holding yang", and it only faces east or west under special circumstances.
Sitting south facing north is less. (3) Accurate compass orientation: The compass, also known as the "steering wheel", is divided into four directions: southeast, northwest and northwest, with twelve scales of Yin, Shi Wu, Shen and Hai Zi Ugly arranged in turn, and its pointer points to good or bad luck in other places.
In terms of space construction, Feng Shui pays special attention to the height of the main hall ridge, and thinks that the size of the ridge has a direct causal relationship with auspiciousness. Generally, the height of the midrib is slightly larger than the width of the main hall.
There is also the practice of yin and yang sides, that is, the water surface lengths of the two slopes before and after the roof are not equal, and the cornice height in front is higher than that in the back. In short, the general requirement of geomantic omen for residential layout is: "The four corners of the house should be straight and tidy, not sharp, partial or oblique;" No matter how many rooms there are, the incense should be in the central hall, and there should be no skylight in the incense hall.
"This requirement is consistent with the feudal ethics. The third is doors, walls and roads.
The door is a sign of separation between inside and outside, and it is the first pass to enter the room. The book "Xiang Zhai Jing" says: "The good or ill luck of the house lies in the door, and the house is subject to the gas of the door, so the door is called the gas port, and the convenient door is called the palace." "Geographical practice is all about the wind and the Tao, and the sky is connected to the bottom, and the qi is introduced layer by layer to determine good or bad luck." Therefore, people attach great importance to the arrangement of doors.
Gate: the main entrance of the compound. Generally, houses face south, which is called East in geomantic omen. The gate should be in these three places, the southeast is the best, commonly known as "Qinglong Gate". Compared with the gate position of traditional houses, it is more in line with this point.
Middle door: inside the door and outside the hall, also called "instrument door", is not as important as the door. Except for the earthquake room and the main door, the rest can go out of the hall directly. General's Gate: a common way to stay in bed in the hall of each building. When there are few rooms, the position of this door can be ignored. When there are many rooms, it is good to set up a single room with three squares, and the door is located in the set three squares.
Doors: the front and back of each bedroom. Feng Shui believes that the bedroom is a very important part and a hotbed for the offspring of a house. So pay special attention to the door, which is located in Sanjifang. Convenient door: three rooms in the western suburbs should open small doors connecting the house with firewood and water.
In addition, from the gate to the side door, the door cannot be located in the same straight line. Generally speaking, if there is a straight line, the "qi" will be too strong to be missed, which will affect the "luck" of the main house and be unfavorable to the owner.
For two families, the doors cannot be opposite. If they are opposite, then a shadow wall should be built between the two doors. The gate can't go straight into the lane, but we should set up various things to help the town, such as "Taishan Shi Gandang", "Zhenshanhai" and small mirrors. The door can't rush to the neighbor's house and the mountain, and can't rush to other chimneys and pigsty.
In the old society, in real life, pigs (nicknamed "black-faced lang") and chimneys were often attached with "black devils". People think that "opening the door and bumping into the black devil is a big murderer." The door should not rush to the road, but also to the road.
4. The size of the civil door: official, righteous, financial and land.
How to use the Feng Shui ruler:
Lu Banchi is divided into four lines from top to bottom, which are the traditional four scales of inch, Lu Banchi, Ding Lan ruler and centimeter. This feng shui ruler is very convenient to use. Many people have this geomantic omen, but they just don't know what it means and how to use it. Here are some related knowledge for your reference.
The upper part is meters: used to indicate the size of palaces, shrines and Buddhist instruments.
The lower part is Ding Lan ruler, which is mainly used in Yin houses and ancestral temples.
On the ruler, red represents auspiciousness and black represents evil.
Door plan: commonly known as Lu Banchi, 50.4 cm long, it is divided into eight grids, followed by wealth, illness, divorce, righteousness, official, robbery, harm and inheritance, with wealth, righteousness, official and inheritance as auspicious and illness, divorce, robbery and harm as evil. Each cell is 6.3 cm, and each cell is divided into four cells, and each cell is marked with different good or bad words. The size of Jidu also has different uses. For example, Yimen is mainly used in schools, and closing doors is mainly used in government offices and officials. The words "Ben" and "Cai" are commonly used by ordinary people. Mainly when carpenters make doors, they measure the height, width, threshold and so on. In ancient times, it was emphasized that the dark room in the bright hall and the windows were generally small, so the door was used as the air inlet, regardless of the air intake in the window. Some windows in modern layered houses are larger than doors, but the main entrance and exit doors are not often opened, so we should not only pay attention to the size of doors, but also consider the air intake function of windows (especially floor-to-ceiling windows). For doors and windows that are often opened, the size should be controlled so that the height and width of doors and windows (both refer to clearance) are controlled within the size of Kyrgyzstan. See the table below for the specific meaning of each word.
Ding Lan ruler: It is a necessary tool for today's Feng Shui masters. It is mainly used to measure and judge good or bad luck when building tombs or placing ancestral tablets and shrines. Some introductions say that door meters measure doors, and Ding Lan ruler measures furniture. However, the author has measured a lot of old-fashioned furniture, all of which hit the auspicious place of Lubanchi, so everyone should pay special attention in the future.
The author's teacher also told me that the ruler below is used to see the gods and the netherworld. Of course, luck is best up and down.
5. What are the basic common sense of architecture?
Here are some basic concepts that I hope will help you. 1. What is the plot ratio? A: The plot ratio is the proportion of the total construction area of the project to the total land area.
Generally expressed in decimals. 2. What is the building density? A: The building density is the ratio of the total base area to the total land area of the project.
Generally expressed as a percentage. 3. What is the greening rate (green rate)? A: The green rate is the proportion of the total green area of the project to the total land area.
Generally expressed as a percentage. 4. What is the sunshine interval? Answer: The sunshine distance is the distance between the front and rear buildings according to the sunshine time requirements.
The calculation of sunshine spacing is generally based on the height of the wall above the window sill at the bottom of the house at noon from winter to Sunday. 5. What is the difference between architecture and structure? A: All houses or places where people can produce, live or engage in other activities are called buildings, such as apartments, factories and schools. Buildings that people do not produce or live in are called structures, such as chimneys, water towers and bridges.
6. What are the "three major materials" of architecture? A: The "three major materials" of architecture refer to steel, cement and wood. 7. What are the three parts of the construction and installation cost? Answer: The cost of construction and installation consists of three parts: labor cost, material cost and machinery cost.
8. What is a unified modular system? What are basic modulus, extended modulus and fractional modulus? A: (1) The so-called unified modular system is a set of basic rules formulated to realize the standardization of design, so that the dimensions of different buildings and branches can be unified and coordinated, making them universal and interchangeable, thus speeding up the design, improving the construction efficiency and reducing the cost. (2) The basic modulus is the basic size unit selected in modulus coordination, expressed in m,1m =100 mm.
(3) The expansion modulus is a derivative modulus, and its value is a multiple of the basic modulus. Expansion modulus * * *, including 3M(300mm), 6M(600mm), 12M( 1200mm), 15M( 1500mm), 30M(3000mm) and 60m (60000mm).
The larger dimensions in a building, such as width, depth, span and column spacing, should be multiples of a certain expansion coefficient. (4) Fractional modulus is another derived modulus, and its value is a fractional multiple of the basic modulus.
There are three kinds of modulus * * *, namely110m (10mm), 1/5M(20mm) and 1/2M (50mm). Smaller dimensions in a building, such as cracks, wall thickness, structural joints, etc. , which should be a multiple of a certain modulus.
9. What are the mark size, structural size and actual size? Answer: (1), the mark size is used to mark the distance between the building positioning axes (width and depth) and the size between the position boundaries of building products, building components and related equipment. The marking size shall conform to the provisions of the modular system.
(2) Structural dimensions are the design dimensions of building products and building components. The structural size is less than or greater than the sign size.
Generally speaking, the structural size plus the reserved gap size or minus the necessary support size is equal to the sign size. (3), the actual size is the actual size of building products and building components.
The difference between the actual size and the structural size shall be the allowable building tolerance value. 10, what is the positioning axis? Answer: Positioning axis is a line used to determine the position of the main structure or component of a building and its dimension.
1 1, what is horizontal and vertical? What are the horizontal and vertical axes? Answer: (1), horizontal, refers to the width direction of the building. (2), longitudinal, refers to the length of the building.
(3) The axis set along the building width direction is called the transverse axis. The numbering method uses the * * * sign from left to right in the shaft circle.
(4) The axis along the length of the building is called the longitudinal axis. The numbering method is to write in the shaft circle with capital letters from top to bottom (the letters I, O and Z are not used).
12. What is the width and depth of the house? A: A studio refers to the width of the house and the distance between the two horizontal axes; Depth refers to the depth of the house and the distance between the two longitudinal axes. 13. What is the height of the story? What is clear height? Answer: The height of a building refers to the height of the building, from this floor or ground to the next floor or ground; Clear height refers to the clear height of the room, the height from the ground to the lower skin of the ceiling 14. What is the total height of this building? Answer: The total height of the building refers to the total height from the outdoor terrace to the top of the cornice.
What's the altitude? What are absolute elevation and relative elevation? Answer: (1) The height difference between a certain part of a building and a certain water reference point is called the elevation of that part. (2) Absolute altitude is also called altitude. In China, the average sea level of the Yellow Sea near Qingdao is set as the zero point of absolute elevation, and the elevations all over the country are based on this.
(3) The relative elevation is zero (+0.00) based on the ground of the indoor main room on the first floor of the building, indicating the height of a place from the ground on the first floor. 16. What is the building area, usable area and utilization rate? What are traffic area and structural area? Answer: (1), the building area refers to the product of the length and width of the building multiplied by the number of floors.
It consists of usable area, traffic area and structural area. (2) The usable area refers to the net area of the main building and the auxiliary building (the net area is the product of the net size obtained by subtracting the wall thickness from the axis size).
(3) Utilization rate, also called occupancy rate, refers to the percentage of usable area in the construction area. (4) Traffic area refers to the net area of traffic facilities such as walkways, stairs and elevators.
(5) Structural area refers to the area occupied by walls and columns. 17, what is the red line? A: The red line refers to the construction area granted by the planning department to the construction unit. Generally, it is circled on the drawing with a red pen, which has legal effect.
18, how to classify buildings? Answer: The grades of buildings are classified according to the durability grade (service life) and the fire resistance grade (fire resistance life). (1), according to the durability grade, * * is divided into four grades: Grade I, the durability exceeds 100 years; Grade ii, durability of 50~ 100 years; Grade III, with durability of 25-50 years; Grade 4, with durability below 15 years.
(2) According to the fire resistance grade, * * * is divided into four levels: from the first level to the fourth level, the fire resistance limit of the building gradually decreases. 19, what is a brick-concrete structure? Answer: The vertical load-bearing components of the building are brick walls or brick columns, and the horizontal load-bearing components are reinforced concrete floors and roof slabs. This structure is called brick-concrete structure.
20. What is a frame structure? A: Frame knot.
6. The method that the height is lower than the foundation part of the inclined shoulder wall
The design requirements for the foundation part of inclined shoulder wall are as follows:
1, we must fully grasp and understand the gravity, compactness, cohesion and internal friction angle of the soil where the retaining wall is located;
2. Through the design parameters, the bearing capacity, settlement and collapse of the wall toe foundation, the possible influence range and foundation depth are investigated;
3. Requirements for the depth of foundation investigation: If the shear parameters of soil are obtained, the depth of investigation is 1.5 times the height of wall toe fill; If the settlement is calculated, the investigation depth is 3 times of the height of the wall toe fill; If it is a soft soil foundation, or uneven settlement and collapse may occur, its investigation scope will be further expanded.
According to the above foundation conditions, the plane size, single-layer foundation thickness and wall of inclined retaining wall are preliminarily determined. Then, through mechanical calculation, the detail size and reinforcement are further accurately determined.