I have an article here that introduces the Wang family courtyard. Please have a look.
Interpretation of Wang Family Courtyard
Wang Family Courtyard is an outstanding representative of Shanxi Merchants Courtyard, and it is also the only fully enclosed castle-like building complex built on the mountain in Jinzhong Basin Courtyard. Known as "China Folk Forbidden City", "Shanxi Forbidden City" and "the first residence of China folk houses". Among the people, there is also a saying that the Wangs will not go to the hospital when they return.
The Wang Family Courtyard is located in Jingsheng, a famous historical and cultural town, which is 0/2 km east of Lingshi County, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province. It is a super-large residential community left by the Wang Jingsheng family, one of the four families in Lingshi County in history. At the end of 1990s, with the restoration and opening of two castle-like buildings, this local residential community, as the general name of the Wang Family Courtyard, quickly became famous at home and abroad and won various cheers from tourists from all directions. Won the highest title of the national cultural relics tourism industry, was listed as "national key cultural relics protection unit" and "national AAAA-level tourist attractions", and became one of the most attractive tourist attractions in the minds of domestic and foreign tourists. Because of this, the author is very willing to encourage the vast number of tourists to open the masterpiece in the long river of history-the Wang Family Courtyard, and make a shallow interpretation of its architectural culture and family rise and fall, so as to attract jade.
Building scale
Anyone who has visited the Wangs' Courtyard thinks it is big and imposing. In fact, three groups of buildings, namely Hong Men Fort, Gaojiaya Fort and Wang Shi Ancestral Hall, which are now open to tourists, account for less than a quarter of the total area of the Wang Family Courtyard. According to the historical data of the Wangs and the existing textual research, from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the 16th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, with the continuous prosperity of the Wangs' family business, the houses in Jingsheng have been gradually improved from west to east, from low to high, forming a huge building complex with a total area of 250,000 square meters, far larger than the Royal Palace Museum in Beijing, which covers an area of 6.5438+0.5 million square meters. In Jingsheng Village, the Wangs occupy at least five ditches, five lanes and five castles on the sites of "Wuli Long Street" and "Jiugou Eight Castles and Eighteen Alleys". Among them, five completely castle-like residential groups show their majestic momentum within the scale of the site. According to Wang Jiazhi, when the Wangs built five fort groups, namely Hong Men Fort, Gaojiaya Fort, Xibaozi Fort, Southeast Fort and Xia Nanbao, they built five spiritual images of "Dragon, Phoenix, Tiger and Turtle Forest" to cater to the secret realm. That is, Hong Men Castle is the dragon in China, Gaojiaya Castle is the phoenix in the east, and Xibaozi in the west is the tiger. Three people lying on the high slope, lined up, the potential is heavy, arrogant. The southeast fort is a "turtle" and the lower south fort is a "forest". Both of them are manifested in attracting wealth to ward off evil spirits, which are rich in metaphors of stabilizing families and consolidating industries. Today, people visit the Red Gate Castle and the Gaojiaya Castle, which can be regarded as "Dragon and Phoenix in Prosperity" or "Dragon Tour in Fengxiang". These two castles and the restored and opened Wang Ancestral Hall (namely Xiaoyi Ancestral Hall) were built in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, with courtyards 123 and houses 1 18, covering an area of 45,000 square meters, which is the best preserved architectural essence of the Wang Family Courtyard. In this respect, although it has not returned to the momentum of the five kinds of auspicious beasts of the Wangs, its preservation so far should be regarded as a miracle in China at present. As the famous scholar and Professor Tsinghua University lamented after the visit, "Wang is a surname, and his surname accounts for half of the country. Home is a yard, and the yard is half the city. "
Architectural art
The building of the Wang Family Courtyard has the characteristics of "exquisite but not beautiful, novel and elegant, not exquisite but elegant". And embodies the natural simplicity, fresh and elegant, bright and simple local flavor. In the category of ancient architecture, its artistic connotation is all-encompassing.
Let's take a look at the location of the Wangs' compound. First, condescending, negative yin and yang. Occupying the loess plateau on the northern slope of Jingsheng Village, the shade can block the north wind, and the sunshine can be sufficient when facing the sun; Second, by virtue of the natural drainage ditch between slopes from north to south, the community is guaranteed to be "high but not near drought, full but not waterlogged and not short of water"; Third, the mountain faces the water and can be seen from a height. Looking into the distance, the countryside is long and the river is gurgling; Looking around, the mountains are continuous and the weather is myriad. In summer, the mountains are green and the water is green, and in winter, a wonderful natural landscape painting is in full view. It can be called an ideal house to live in. Its architectural structure is a combination of history, philosophy, mechanics and aesthetics. The front yard is made of wood structure, and the back yard is made of two-story cave building, the bottom floor is a cave building with veranda, and the second floor is a beam-column wood structure building, which constitutes a typical reasonable architectural form combining beam-column wood structure building with masonry cave building, and the structural accessories are beautifully decorated. For example, the wood carvings on the top of the corridor, such as Dougong, Goose House, Queti and Fangtou, as well as the stone carvings on the pillars and walls, have various forms and excellent workmanship, which fully embodies the architectural characteristics of "firmness, practicality and beauty" in ancient northern China. Although its courtyard layout is mostly multi-entrance, its style is changeable and its combination is proper. The whole architectural system, which integrates officials, businessmen, people and Confucianism, not only follows the traditional theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in ancient China, but also accords with the order of respect and inferiority. There are other ethical and moral etiquette systems inside and outside. At the same time, it absorbs the design style of southern garden architecture in the local and subtle aspects of the building, and organically integrates gardening skills and gardening art, forming another major feature of the architectural art of the Wang family courtyard. All these have stitched this compound into a multicultural art palace. Appearance, the castle wall is high, suitable for the situation, and physically and mentally healthy, extraordinary. Entering the castle, you can see the deep alleys in the courtyard, which are quiet and changeable, cleverly connected and beautifully composed, just like a maze. It is really profound and spectacular, with natural workers and geographical advantages. While maintaining the * * * character of the traditional folk houses in the north, it also shows its outstanding personality, which is worthy of being a masterpiece of China folk houses.
"Three Carvings" Art
The "Three Carvings" of the Wang Family Courtyard (namely, brick carving, wood carving and stone carving) is an important part of the overall architectural art and one of the most representative features of the Wang Family Courtyard. The so-called "architecture must have a picture, a picture must be intentional, and an intention must be auspicious" is a true portrayal of the carving art of the Wang Family Courtyard.
The architectural decorator pattern of the Wang Family Courtyard is mainly reflected in the form, implication and configuration of the "Three Carvings" art. Exquisite carving, vivid and lifelike, all pieces are top-notch works. His brick carving works are mostly expressed by high relief carving, through carving and convex carving. For example, the lifelike "lion rolling hydrangea" on the front wall, the exquisite "Phoenix Peony" and "Songzhu Meilan" on the lintel of Songzhu Academy, the vivid "Eight Immortals" pattern under the doors and windows, and the flowers of the four seasons inlaid in many places are all ingenious works. Moreover, in many themes, there is a good will of the host to live and work in peace and contentment. Its wood carvings are not inferior, and most of them use various techniques such as round carving, relief and carving, showing patterns with different themes in hanging, window lattice, curtain frame, partition fan, hanging door and beam Fang. And everything is freely carved, with profound implications. For example, the woodcarving "Full Bed of Water" hanging in the corridor of Green Gate Academy is a representative work. It congratulated Guo Ziyi, the 60th birthday general of the Tang Dynasty, as seven sons and eight husbands, and pinned his hopes on Fu Lushou, the owner of the hospital, to be an official for future generations. Its stone carving art is even more exquisite. Someone once praised in the article: "The Wangs' stones can sing", which refers to the works of stone carving art. Although anthropomorphic metaphor is used, it also points out the special proportion and extraordinary of stone carving in the three-sculpture art of the Wangs' courtyard. In large and small courtyards, no matter where you stay, those stone carvings that can be seen everywhere will lock your eyes. Or pillar cornerstone, or wall cornerstone, or stone door frame, or stone window frame, as well as stone carving, door stone, slate, stone lion ... In terms of artistic expression, they are either yin or yang, or floating or carving, which combines many carving techniques and techniques. No matter what theme expresses what intention, their shapes are unique but not weird, the carvers are fine but not gorgeous, and the painters are full but not vulgar. Among them, the bamboo carving stone door frame of Zhu Lin Academy is the best stone carving art in China. It is composed of four large bluestones, with Shoushi stuffing at the bottom, rising bamboos on both sides, and the criss-crossing branches and leaves around magpies at the top to announce good news, which gives profound learning principles and good wishes to future generations. Outstanding image, full of philosophy. No wonder a southern businessman was willing to exchange the high price of a red-flag car in the early 1980s!
Brick carving, wood carving and stone carving in the Wangjia Courtyard have a wide range of themes, rich connotations, different allusions and exquisite craftsmanship, which embodies the typical "fine and dense" artistic style of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the tacit cooperation of literati, painters and sculptors brings out the best in each other, which integrates the rigorous order of Confucian culture, the natural selection of Taoist culture and the ethereal realm of Buddhist culture into an exquisite artistic masterpiece, making it a logical carrier for the inheritance of ancient civilization and culture in China.
Residential pattern
The architectural pattern of Wang's courtyard inherited the quadrangle style formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The layout orientation of the residential buildings in the courtyard is set according to the feudal hierarchical concept of "hierarchy of honor and inferiority, hierarchy of honor and inferiority, order from top to bottom, harmony between the old and the young, and differences between inside and outside". In a huge building, the design idea that the front of the house is low and the back is high not only provides enough space for external communication, but also meets the requirements of internal private atmosphere, and has various living functions, which fully embodies the majesty of the official family and the regularity of the patriarchal system. Its two main courtyards, Gaojiaya Dunhoufu and Ningruiju, are typical examples, that is, both of them are multi-purpose quadrangles. The north and south halls of the front yard (Dunhou Mansion only, Ningrui Mansion has no south hall) are reception places, the north is the main living room for receiving distinguished guests, and the south hall receives ordinary guests; The east wing and the west wing are the residences of the accountant and the housekeeper. Go through the courtyard behind the main hall and enter the hanging flower gate, then enter the master's back bedroom. There are five holes in the north, and there are eaves galleries, which form the depth where the elderly live; At the top of the main kiln is the ancestral hall, which is a place to worship ancestors. There are two rooms in the east and west, the bottom floor is the residence of children and grandchildren, and the upper floor is the boudoir for young ladies (that is, the embroidered building). On the east side of the main courtyard, there are seven doors and three hospitals, which are the dining places of the kitchen courtyard. The servants in the yard are divided into upper, middle and lower classes. People of different levels walk through different levels of doors and eat in different levels of restaurants. South of the kitchen, there is an independent bookstore. In addition, there are * * * Tong Garden, Academy, Changgong Garden and Courtyard (home of nursing home). Due to the different official positions of the master and brother, there are some differences in height, decoration and door setting between the two main courtyards, but the living pattern is basically the same. Beauty lies in courtyards, large and small, which are both perfect and independent. There is a courtyard in the courtyard, with doors inside, with as many as 65 doors. In such a complex and changeable deep house compound, there are many rules and regulations in the life customs of master and servant, which are insurmountable. It fully shows the times, sociality and nationality of the feudal pattern, and at the same time shows its three trends of variability, balance and conservatism on the basis of tradition.
Couplet plaque
The antithetical couplets of the Wang Family Courtyard, like the outstanding and dazzling "three sculptures" in the courtyard, are profound, eye-catching and memorable, which is another major feature of the decorative art of the Wang Family Courtyard. The whole compound, every hall should have couplets and every door should have plaques. Most of its materials are made of wood, and a few are carved with bricks and stones. His poems and books are colorful and similar, with few words and long artistic conception. It not only adds elegance to the house, but also endows each house with wonderful spirit and charm. It's amazing to stop and taste. His writing includes running script, official script, seal script and Cao Zhang; Its shapes include bamboo couplets, autumn leaves, scrolls, folding fans, etc. Its content, or praise virtue, or express ambition, or teach. Such as "Ying Kui" and "Gui Xin", I hope that the scientific research will be smooth and the results will be outstanding; "Look at me" and "Look at my shoes" warn individuals to regulate their behavior at all times; "Looking at the clouds from the sun" boasted about the glory of the emperor and so on. These small decorations, like ubiquitous spirits, have been quietly dotted in this quaint and magnificent compound in different forms for many years. As a symbol of culture, they have made the Wangs who have made a fortune in business taste, subtly influenced generations of future generations to thoroughly remould themselves, obey the rules and regulations, and guide them to make a difference on the established road, which is different from the literati temperament of ordinary people's homes and constantly casts a family. However, time flies, contrary to expectations, Wang Jia's ideals and ambitions have become history with the changes of the world. Nowadays, people have gone to the empty building, and the surviving couplets and plaques are still stuck in the deep courtyard, overflowing with silent and audible brilliance, and "moistening things and being silent" has become a highlight of the historical and cultural connotation of the Wang family courtyard.
Treasure collection
The treasures of the Wangs mainly include the calligraphy couplets of Zheng Banqiao, a famous painter in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the door plaque of Qi Juanzao, the banners of Fu Shan and Liu Yong, the paintings of He, the stone carvings and wooden plaques of Weng Fanggang, etc. The original works of these celebrities can be seen in the Wang family, which is closely related to the historical background of their families. According to historical records, in the heyday of Kangganjia in Qing Dynasty, the Wangs were foreign officials who had more contacts with the upper class and famous painters and painters, and their relations were very close. Therefore, at that time, it was reasonable to get several famous Mo Bao. At present, some of these collections are inlaid with wooden plaques and stone carvings, and some are stored in display cases for tourists to visit. What is commendable is that the movable wooden couplets in the cupboard and the original works of ancient calligraphy and painting were donated voluntarily by the descendants of the Wang family after several generations of preservation. In terms of value, although they have been eroded for two or three hundred years, their charm remains and their value is higher. It often attracts many painting and calligraphy lovers among tourists to stop and taste, and they are reluctant to leave for a long time. In addition, there are two rare treasures in the Wang Family Courtyard. The first is "The Whole Map of the Great Qing Dynasty Unifying the World in Ten Thousand Years"; One is the mahogany combination carving "Dragon and Phoenix Bed" left by Cixi when she fled to the west during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. According to relevant experts' research, the former has not been found in China except the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Wangs. The latter was identified as a top-grade key cultural relic by the national cultural relics department, and now it has been regarded as the treasure of the Wang family courtyard.
Family calendar
Through the existing Wang genealogy, it is not difficult to understand the family development history. In his early years, his ancestors moved from Taiyuan to Gouying Village between Fenhe Canyon in Lingshi. During the Qing Dynasty, the sixty-seventh grandson of the Wang family in Taiyuan was honored as the founder of Jingsheng, and left Gouying Village to settle in Jingsheng Village. It has been more than 690 years, and it has been passed on to the 28th generation. Jing Wang was born as a tenant farmer, and started from agriculture and commerce. The family business gradually grew, and the family assets gradually became rich. From business to official, both officials and businessmen had talents, and it became a prominent local family. According to the "Inscription on the Origin of Wang in Jingsheng Village", during the Apocalypse period in the late Ming Dynasty, the Wang family was already a "scholar who passed on the classics and history, and the English generation came forth in large numbers; After the farmer's inheritance, he enjoys abundance; Workers are proficient in all kinds of arts, and they are exquisite and harmonious; Businessmen seek the benefits of lakes and seas, and they have tens of millions of funds. " It can be said that great achievements have been made in scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce, which has laid a solid foundation for the steady development of family businesses.
The Wangs entered the Qing Dynasty from 13. Kang Ganjia was in its heyday. At that time, in addition to building large-scale construction in Jingsheng, building houses, ancestral temples and tombs, and expanding business abroad, it also often benefited the people of the family and the village, and the righteous acts continued. First, give relief to lonely people and be considerate; The second is to help the villagers who have difficulties in the village, and to open warehouses to relieve food every year; Third, I am willing to do public welfare, run voluntary schools, build halls, build bridges and roads, store water and open canals, and donate money to repair Confucius temples and palaces. These good deeds have been handed down from generation to generation among local people and are widely known. During this period, there were many people in Wang Jiagong's official career who took exams, donated insurance in different places, or were attacked by Zude. There are only 10 1 officials in the second and fifth grades, and there are more than 30 officials listed as Jinshi, and more than 300 people have,, and sheng.
After Daoguang, due to the influence of social atmosphere and children's struggle for power, the Wang family gradually declined. Since then, as a prominent family, the glory of the Wang family's achievements for hundreds of years has quickly become a thing of the past, and it has only become a historical topic that people talk about on one side of the land.
After the founding of New China, the descendants of the Wangs worked in all walks of life, each with his own merits.
Concluding remarks
The above is an interpretation of the name of the Wang Family Courtyard, but it is actually an outside knowledge. What I read is superficial and rough, and most of it is ignored; Solution, prejudice is inevitable, and each other is wrong; Feeling, surprise or sigh, is purely a hobby; Due to the lack of knowledge and knowledge, it is difficult to make an accurate and appropriate evaluation of this historical masterpiece of architectural culture! Therefore, the author wants to end this article with the words of famous scholars and professors after visiting the Wang family courtyard. Namely:
Wang Family Courtyard-
It is a typical representative of China culture.
It is the epitome of auspicious culture in China.
It is an excellent embodiment of China family training culture.
It's a specimen of a gold medal building in China.
He is a practitioner and deviant of China feudal etiquette culture.
It is a combination of farming and reading culture and official and business culture in China.
I don't have any articles about Joe's compound at hand.