1, Shunzhi porcelain, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, has a thick and thin carcass, white and firm, and its shape is simple and clumsy.
2. Most of the glazes are egg blue with insufficient light, and some knives have thick glazes, which often blur the light blue and white, keeping the characteristics of applying yellow glaze to the knives in the Ming Dynasty.
3. Blue and white colors can be roughly divided into four kinds, among which turquoise is similar to Kangxi blue and white, and there are more and more colored wares without blue and white.
4, pattern decoration, novel content. Popular decorative patterns include cave stone flowers, unicorns, plantains, character stories, sentences in paintings and so on.
5. The organ foot evolved into a round loach with a spiral at the bottom. At this time, in the late Ming dynasty, there appeared the double-circle foot with wide circle foot.
6. Money is divided into official kiln money and official money, including regular script, official script and seal script.
/8b 82b 90 14a 90 f 603 fef 2c 48 e 32 12b 3 1bb 15 1 edbd？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 porcelain identification essentials in Kangxi period.
1, the shape of the device is heavier than that of Gu Zhuo, and there are many new devices. The neck of the knife is slender compared with other periods, and the round knife is mainly pier-shaped.
2, the tires are hard and thin, meticulous as jade, and the tires are repaired regularly, which generally has a heavy feeling.
3. The glaze is smooth and delicate, and the fetal glaze is closely combined. The glaze has an early bluish white color, which evolved into a medium pink and milky white color. From the middle period to the Yongzheng period, it became a hard bright blue glaze.
4, blue and white use domestic pearl material, blue and white color is mainly turquoise, which has the characteristics of dark color and close to fetal bone.
5. Multicolored isochromatic devices are thick and bright in the early stage, faded in the middle stage and soft in the later stage.
6. Early utensils were often painted with yellow glaze. Generally, the mouth of utensils is coated with a layer of white glaze containing powder, which gives people the feeling of thickening and protruding the mouth.
7. Multicolor consists of five colors: red, yellow, blue, green and purple. Multicolor in Ming Dynasty consists of red, yellow, green and purple underglaze colors and underglaze blue and white. Use underglaze blue instead of underglaze blue and underglaze white. There are also red, yellow, green, blue and black. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, some colorful pictures were filled with golden colors, which made them magnificent.
8. At this time, tricolor wares are popular, including yellow tricolor, green tricolor, purple tricolor, ink tricolor, sauce tricolor and tiger tricolor. At this time, the underglaze colors are blue and white, underglaze red and bean green, which are special varieties in Kangxi period. Kangxi painted red, its color was bright and dazzling, and its official kiln color bowl was the best. Glaze red is also excellent.
9. Lang Yaohong appeared in the late Kangxi period, and there was a "Dengcaokou" along the mouth of utensils, which appeared in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty.
10, Kangxi, painted figures, and used a blue pen to hook his face, which is very durable, and the beauty's cheeks are often faint and quite charming. People's dresses are the brightest, the trees are old and withered, and the flowers are graceful. Painting is loose and dry eggplant color, needle ink color, thick green shade, giving people a feeling of thick green.
1 1, patterns and ornamentation have a strong sense of the times, and their painting meaning, brushwork, layout and color-setting techniques have a specific rhythm of the times. Themes include historical allusions, people's stories, fishermen's music, agricultural weaving, fishing fire, firewood and farming. In addition, there are insects, flowers and birds, Yunlong, landscape, Eight Immortals, Eight Immortals' Birthday, Babel, Bo Gu, Twisted Flowers, Loutai Diange, Hehe Erxian and Samsung.
12, foot, including flat foot, wide circle foot, double circle bottom, second floor platform bottom, arch wall bottom and circle foot.
13, Kangxi has a shallow dish with two circles on the bottom and a deep ditch in the middle. This kind of double bottom platter is typical. At this time, the pen container is characterized by thick top and bottom, thin middle waist and a circle of unglazed bottom.
14. The wares of Kangxi Palace Kiln are mainly written, most of which are written on the bottom of the wares, and a few are written on the wares. Generally speaking, the "Kangxi Year System in Qing Dynasty" has six characters and two lines, and six characters and three lines. Generally, folk kilns have no utensils. Some utensils only have blue and white double circles or an autumn leaf, a plate of intestines and so on.
/9f2f 07082838 1f 304 b5 BD 560 a 20 14c 086 f 06 f 0bd？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 porcelain identification essentials in Yongzheng period.
1. The modeling features of Yongzheng porcelain are: elegant and generous, small and exquisite, mainly plates, bowls, cups, saucers and small utensils. The proportion of the device is coordinated, which has the so-called "curve beauty".
2, the tire is thin and light, and the big device is neat and not heavy.
3. There are many kinds of glaze colors, and there are orange peel lines on the glaze, which is the outstanding feature of Yongzheng porcelain.
4. The kiln turned to red glaze, which began to appear at this time. It is interwoven with red and blue, and blue is more than red.
5, furnace glaze, also started from this time, staggered by sorghum red and emerald green.
6. The colors of blue and white are blue and white and pink. There are not as many color levels of blue and white as Kangxi, generally only 2-3 shades.
7. Colored porcelain is soft but not bright. The figures and scenery painted in pastel, multicolored and French colors are obviously reduced, and the pictures are gathered. Pastel decoration is delicate, the color tone is elegant and the three-dimensional sense is strong. Around the decorative patterns of colored paintings and in the background of white glaze, you can often see a colorful circle of "color halo".
8. The design is meticulous, the characters are delicate, and the flowers are particularly delicate.
9. Compared with Kangxi, the color fight has been improved. Both the color and pattern are finer than before, and the color is thinner, and the tone is very soft and elegant.
10, since Yongzheng, enamel porcelain has been called "Guyuexuan", and its production process is more elaborate than that of Kangxi. At this time, there is a significant difference between enamel and Kangxi: Kangxi is generally a relatively regular pattern painting, using colored land. During the Yongzheng period, all paintings were colorless, with special emphasis on painting meaning, and there were many painting themes, such as flowers and birds, landscapes, pines, bamboos and plums, which were extremely vivid.
1 1. Painting was still the main decorative pattern in Yongzheng period, and the pattern was particularly neat and chic. The flowers and animals in the sketch paintings are very vivid, and the yin and yang aspects are obviously the same as those in the paper and silk paintings at that time.
12. The painting patterns include boughs, broken branches, crossed branches, pines, bamboos, plums, cones, eight peaches, flowers and birds, Hua Die, Yunlong, Yunfeng, Tuanlong, Tuandie, Babao, Zhuangdan, magpies, landscapes, figures, the West Chamber, baby play pictures, sixteen children and scholars.
13, regular foot shape, rounded foot edge, narrow and thin exposed tire.
14, the official kiln year has six characters and two lines of regular script, and there are also six characters and three lines of regular script, all of which have blue and white double circles and blue and white frames, some of which have no frames, and the seals of "Yongzheng Year of Qing Dynasty" and "Yongzheng Year".
/8b 13632762 d0f 70324 f0cd 1503 fa 5 13d 2797 c5bd？ x-bce-process=image/resize，m_lfit，w_450，h_600，limit_ 1/quality，q _ 85/4 bed 2e 738 BD 4b 3 1c 1 D6 bcc 728 CD 6277 f 9 F2 ff 8 a 0？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 porcelain identification essentials in Qianlong period.
1, the shape is regular and the proportion is appropriate. Although the appearance curve is not as beautiful as Yongzheng, it is still more exquisite than the exquisite gadgets in Jiadao period. The early model is as good as Yongzheng, but it is flat in the later stage. Since then, the modeling styles of various dynasties have declined in turn, except that they can abide by Qianlong L in the early years of Jiaqing.
2. The carcass is fine in the early stage and thick in the later stage.
3. Although there are many forms of blue and white coloring, most of them are stable pure blue. At first, there were dark brown, blue gray and light blue, with calm colors and clear decorative patterns.
4. Jun kiln glaze is different from Yongzheng, and its color is composed of emerald green and dark blue.
5. Enamel color, also known as "ancient" or "porcelain tire painting enamel", generally has the blue material of "Qianlong year system".
6. Bronze color is painted on porcelain with pastels and gold, imitating the red, green and blue rust spots of ancient bronzes. This is the invention of porcelain color in Qianlong period.
7. In Qianlong porcelain, red, yellow, blue, green and other colors are popular for painting, which can be called color painting.
8. Some color fields are drawn with a round lamp, which is called painting.
9. From Qianlong, colored raceways appeared. This kind of raceway is drawn with tools, just like rolling, so it is called raceway.
10, there is a pastel porcelain with a hundred flowers.
1 1, colored glaze, there are often even small wrinkles that seem full.
12, the production process is extremely high, exquisite and beautiful, which is rare in the history of porcelain making.
13, patterns and ornamentation, distinctive characteristics of the times, meticulous brushwork, distinct layers, and rigorous and delicate painting of Phoenix.
14, the foot is wider than the front, the foot is round, and part of it is painted with yellow glaze or black glaze. Near the foot glaze, there are many small sawtooth marks left by scraping the carcass.
15, the year of the official kiln, most of which are printed with six characters of "Qing Gan Long Year System", and some of which are also printed with four characters of "Gan Long Year System". There are fewer regular scripts. Family collections on folk kiln utensils are not popular.
/EAF 8 1a4c 5 10fd 9 f 90 1b 40 da 02 e 2 DD 42 a 2934 a 45 c？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 porcelain identification essentials in Jiaqing and Daoguang periods.
1, Jia and Dao periods, the fetal bone of the capital vessel changed little compared with the Qianlong period, but the fetal quality was a little loose. The whiteness of fetal bone is poor, and the fetal bone is slightly thicker than the previous one. From the time of Daoguang, the lines are stiff, often angular, clumsy and without mellow beauty.
2. Porcelain glaze becomes thicker, and there are generally "fine orange peel glaze" and slight "wave glaze" on the glaze surface. The color of the mortar glaze is still white and blue, but the whiteness is not as good as that in the dry period, and then it gradually turns gray. There is a pile of powder blue and white on the tofu blue and white porcelain, commonly known as "blue and white pile powder" or "blue and white add white". The firing method is: first, coat a layer of white powder on the fetal bone below blue and white, then draw blue and white patterns on the white powder according to the approximate shape of the patterns, and finally glaze and fire. The decorative pattern of piled powder blue and white is raised, with bright colors, elegant appearance and strong three-dimensional sense. This kind of powder pile blue and white was first fired in Kangxi period, Yongzheng period and Qianlong period, but the quantity was small, and it was more popular in Jiaqing and Taoist periods.
3. Painting is still the main decorative pattern, but it retains the heritage of Qianlong period. The painting plane is meticulous, and the decorative pattern painted is not as lively as that painted when it was dry and long, and it becomes a relatively rigid pattern with less freehand brushwork. Only one day after Daoguang, celebrity paintings and calligraphy can be copied into porcelain cups. One inch can draw five or six words, with vivid eyes and extraordinary works.
4. The painting themes mainly include: Yunlong, Yunfeng, Longfeng, Sanyang, Lion Ball, Flowers and Birds, Hua Die, Insects, Flowers, Four Seasons Flowers (Courage, Lotus, Chrysanthemum and Plum Blossom), Hook, Landscape, Figures (Eight Immortals, Ladies, Tianhe Match, Doll Play) and Scenery (Ten Scenes of Lushan Mountain).
5. Happy characters are often lightly decorated with blue and white on an object. This double happiness blue and white decoration first appeared in Qianlong period, and gradually increased in Jiadao period.
6. During the Jia Dao period, the iron patterns of convex carving began to increase, and although there were some dry ridges, the number was very small. This kind of iron flower decoration is generally decorated in the mouth, ears, waist and other parts of Ge porcelain, commonly known as "Ge porcelain iron flower".
7. Various decorative methods of porcelain patterns belong to shadow painting, moving raceway, colorful opening, green lining and earrings, which were fashionable in Qianlong period and widely used in Jiaqing and Daoguang periods.
8. Some changes have taken place in the shape of utensils, and the number of utensils belonging to plates and bowls has increased. There are few large three-dimensional objects such as bottles and statues. At this time, sunflower mouth, square mouth, hexagonal mouth and octagonal mouth appeared.
9. Since the reign of Daoguang, there have been five sets of objects used as dowry, namely a bottle, two general cans and two flower beds, commonly known as "five big pieces".
10, Jiaqing and Daoguang style; (1) The year of the official kiln is printed with six characters of Qing Dynasty, and there are also four characters of Qing Dynasty, and the year of regular script is less. (2) Most of the artifacts in folk kilns have no money, and only a few write the year. Its form is the six-character seal script chapter of Qing Dynasty or the four-character regular script of Qing Dynasty. Shendetang is a Daoguang kiln, and the model of three-character straight plate is better. They are all painted in red, and there are also gold models. Folk kilns are also very popular with family collections, such as "Tuisitang" and "Hanghengtang", which are mostly blue-and-white and red-colored regular script models. (4) Imitation was still prevalent during the Jiaqing and Daoist periods. Some objects are engraved with the "beans in money" of Chenghua year at the bottom (that is, after the year is engraved, it is painted on the money with sauce glaze to look like dried beans). This kind of "dried bean" is often used in porcelain and iron flower utensils.
Identification of Porcelain in Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong Period
1, the fetal bones of porcelain from Xianfeng to Xuan Tong are basically the same, but the fetal quality is not as good as that of Jiadao. At this time, the fetal quality is getting looser and looser, and the fetal bone is getting thicker accordingly.
2. Since Xianfeng, the porcelain glaze has gradually become thicker, and the combination of porcelain glaze and fetal bone is not close enough. The phenomenon of "wave glaze" and "orange peel glaze" is more serious than that in Jia and Dao periods.
3. On the glaze of porcelain, even bubbles and deglaze often appear. White glaze is not as white as it was in Jiadao and Daoshi, and gradually becomes a slightly gray color in white.
4. The kiln turned to red glaze, and then there was a great change. There are fewer and fewer blue-purple spots on the glaze, but more and more red areas, and some even turn completely red, and almost no blue-purple spots can be seen. In Guangxu and Xuan Tong, another kind of kiln red glaze composed of red and black appeared. The evolution process of kiln red glaze is as follows: during Yongzheng, blue was more than red; During the Qianlong period, blue was less than red; Jia and Dao are more red than blue; After Xianfeng, it basically turned red; In Guangxu and Xuan Tong, it was composed of red and black.
5. The color of blue and white is only 1-2. At the end of Tongzhi, a kind of blue-and-white blue and purple flowers appeared. After Tongzhi, the pile of blue and white powder was less. At this time, the pile of powder under the blue and white is extremely thin and light in color.
6. From Xianfeng to Xuan Tong, famille rose changed significantly. The material of famille rose from fine to coarse, and the color of famille rose from thick to light.
① During Xianfeng and Tongzhi years, there were more famille rose and thicker famille rose. In addition, gold is often depicted on exquisite pastel utensils, so pastel is very gorgeous at this time.
② During Guangxu and Xuan Tong periods, the powder content of pastels decreased, and the powder quality was very weak.
7. Soft colors appeared in the late Tongzhi period. It is popular in Guangxu and Xuan Tong. Soft color objects are only available in folk kilns, but not in palace kilns.
8. Watercolors that appeared in the last years of Guangxu, without powder, have the characteristics of thin color and light color. This is the color used in Xuan Tong porcelain in the last years of Guangxu.
9. The pattern is mainly painting, but the painting is more and more scribbled, lacking discipline, and extremely unattractive. Painting characters is boring and lifeless. Painting flowers and birds, animals have no sense of liveliness.
10, the decoration of the official kiln is mostly meticulous painting and regular patterns; Folk kilns are mostly freehand brushwork. Soft color freehand brushwork was popular in the last years of Tongzhi and Guangxu. It painted famous painters of Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Shen, Tang, Silla and Badashan, but the paintings were very different.
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12. The painting themes are: figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, butterflies, lions, beasts, cloud bats, Long Yun, dragons and phoenixes, Chinese cabbage, three fruits, eight treasures, eight diagrams, Bo Gu, Zhong Ding, nine peaches, lotus flowers, peony flowers, happy characters and longevity characters.
13. The happy characters in decorative patterns were very popular in Wei Feng, Tongzhi and Guangxu periods. This kind of blue-and-white double happiness character has different expressions in several periods. (1) During the Xianfeng period, the font of double happiness was neatly written and the strokes were fine. (2) During the Tongzhi period, the font of double happiness characters was not neatly written, and the strokes gradually widened.
(3) During Guangxu period, the writing of double happiness characters was extremely untidy, not only the strokes were wide, but also the fonts became blurred.
14. The earrings in this period mainly include lion ears, animal ears, elephant ears and wriggling tiger ears.
15, painting, color opening, color rolling, green lining and green background are out of fashion.
16, Xianfeng, Tongzhi period, iron flower decoration was particularly popular in Colombian porcelain, less in Guangxu period.
17, Guangxu and Tongzhi years, Xiao Ji and ancient decorative patterns were popular.
18, the golden word "Xi" and "Double Happiness" were popular in Tongzhi.
/kloc-During Guangxu and Xuan Tong in 0/9, flower arrangement, school flower, rich and bald head and scattered flowers were more common in Bo Gu and Zhong Ding.
20. From Xianfeng to Xuan Tong, except for a few porcelains, most of the artifacts are thicker than those of the previous dynasties, and they are not as detailed as those of Yongzheng and Qianlong. The shapes of utensils in this period are also different from before. Bottles, statues and other kinds of furnishings are reduced, but most of the utensils are practical articles for daily life, such as gallbladder bottles, celestial bottles, string bottles, generals' cans, porridge cans, bird food cans, incense burners, fish tanks, flower pots, narcissus pots, washbasins, tasting pots, holding, storing, oiling, tying, printing, pen washing and pen washing. In Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong periods, bottles, tea pots, lids, teapots, tea bowls and complete sets of dishes and bowls were very popular. There are not only 150 bottles, 300 bottles and 500 bottles, but also 1000 bottles.
2 1, after the mid-Guangxu period, various shapes of artifacts imitating Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods began to be popular, including blue and white, multicolored, pastel, glazed and other artifacts, but the imitations were not similar to the real ones.
22. In Wei Feng, the objects in official kilns and folk kilns are mostly blue and white or red, mainly in regular script, without borders. The regular script of "Qing Xian Feng Nian System" has six characters and two lines, the font is regular, and the seal of seal script is extremely rare. Most folk kilns have no money.
Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong official kilns are mostly borderless "Qing ×× year system" with six-character regular script. There are two calligraphy styles, namely "Tihe Dian" or "Daya Zhai" in regular script. Most of the wares in Tongzhi and Guangxu kilns have no dates. Besides regular script, there is also a dim red seal among the objects with year, which is characterized by "year system" and four-character irregular seal script, alternating with yin and yang. The official models of Xuan Tong include blue and white, red, Miao and ink models. Blue and white models are regular script, with neat and delicate fonts and bright colors. They are all written vertically, six words and two lines, without circles. Generally speaking, there is no annual pattern for folk kiln products.