Westerners will never understand our "tomb-robbing" culture, because their funeral custom is just a kind of burial.
Similar to the meaning of tomb, there are grave, mound, mound, ridge, earth, culture and mound.
"Tomb" is probably the most primitive and authentic concept. Generally speaking, a grave is a fixed facility for placing a corpse or its remains. In archaeology, "tomb" is often compared with "burial" and is called "tomb", which shows the antiquity and importance of the tomb.
However, in ancient times, there were considerable differences between "tomb" and "grave" and "mound" and "mausoleum".
Anyone who digs a pit for burial, covers the soil and piles it flat, and does not plant trees is called a "tomb". What is revealed in the "Tomb" is the simple early funeral concept of China people-"No tree is sealed".
"grave" is the antonym of "tomb" Although people usually use "graves" together now, before the pre-Qin period, the difference between them was obvious: the buried caves were called "graves" because of piling up soil. The original meaning of a grave is a mound, which is what the Book of Rites on Tan Gong said: "Although it is ancient, the grave is not grave".
The original meaning of "burial" is called "uncle" in Baihutong. Later, the meaning was changed to grave, but Shuowen said that "the grave is also high", that is, the grave with high soil was closed. The above means underground covering, that is, covering the dead in the tomb, so it came down from the ground.
"Hill" originally refers to the mound, that is, the sealed soil piled on the burial pit, and there is also a "ridge" with the same concept, which is connected with the "ridge". "Biography of Han Shu Chu Yuan Wang" said, "Yao was buried in the shade, but the hill was small." This means that Yao is buried in, his grave is sealed with little soil, and the grave on the ground is not big.
The differences in meaning between "tomb" and "grave" and "tomb" and "mound" reflect the hierarchical differences of early human beings in ancient China. The burial place of ordinary people can be said to be tombs or graves, but "mounds" are not available to the lower classes. "Zhou Li Spring Palace" said, "With the title as the height, the number of trees is also." It probably means that after the deceased is buried, the level of soil sealing on the tomb and the number of trees planted are consistent with his identity before his death, otherwise it is a ceremony. The princes called it "Qiu", such as the famous leaning tower of Tiger Hill in Suzhou, which was named after the tomb of He Lv, the king of Wu.
The higher-ranking tombs are "Mountain" and "Tomb".
Wei Shui (Volume XIX) written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty has the following words: "The Qin emperor was named' Mountain' and the Han emperor was named' Mausoleum', so it was called' Mountain Mausoleum'.
The original meaning of "Mausoleum" refers to tall and abrupt hills, and later it gradually became a special term for royal tombs. Its evolution process is that the enclosure of the tomb is getting bigger and bigger, and finally it reaches the point of piling into mountains, which must be done by the emperor, so only the emperor can make the tomb as high as the mountain.
But the early "mausoleum" can also be the tomb of princes. "Historical Records Zhao Shijia" (Volume 43) said: "In the first year of Su Hou, the Duke of Jin was captured and moved to the mausoleum for fifteen years." Accordingly, scholar Gu of Qing Dynasty discovered that the tomb of Suhou was Gaoling, also known as "Ling". It can be seen that "Ling" appeared in the Warring States period and was used by governors.
Some scholars even verified that in the previous Spring and Autumn Period, the concept of "Ling" already existed. However, after Liu decided that the Han family belonged to the world, especially after the tomb of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang was called "Changling", "Ling" could not be used indiscriminately. Even today, the graves of ordinary people cannot be called tombs. After Chiang Kai-shek died in Taiwan Province Province, China, his burial place was called "Jiangling".
"Bedroom" is the highest level of the mausoleum. The bedroom itself is not a place to hide the body, but an annex, which is generally considered as "the main hall on the mausoleum".
The "bedroom" originally refers to the conventional bedroom, that is, the "bedroom" in the idiom "death" takes this original meaning. The place where the emperor lived was called the "bedroom". After the emperor died, he went to the underworld or wanted to be an emperor. Naturally, the place where his soul was attached to his body should have been built like a palace before his death, so there is a "mausoleum", which refers to the specific name of the emperor's tomb.
From the "tomb" to the "mausoleum", we can see the progress of mankind from barbarism to civilization. The main line of this process is the emergence, confirmation and strengthening of the concept of "death is like life".
The tomb is "without trees and seals", and there is no trace on the ground, so children and grandchildren can't find it. Therefore, there was no concept of grave-sweeping sacrifice in the early days. This custom has always been reflected in Mongols. /kloc-When Genghis Khan died in the third century, he was buried in secret, leaving no trace on the ground, so that until now, Genghis Khan's burial place has not been discovered.
The other side of "no tree, no seal" shows that early human emotions were relatively indifferent or cruel.
In an environment where the level of productivity is low and it is quite difficult for the living to survive, the care for the dead will naturally be ignored, and it is impossible to think more about feelings and life and death. Later, with the development of productive forces and the accumulation of material wealth, the living began to "miss" the deceased and their feelings became deeper and deeper.
This "nostalgia" is a sublimation of feelings and the progress of human civilization.
In addition to the change of the concept of "tomb", the shape of the tomb has also been emphasized. For example, the Mausoleum has gradually developed from "closing the land for the mausoleum" to "the mausoleum because of the mountains".
The choice of tomb site is no longer like in the early days, just looking for a place to stay, but paying attention to "Feng Shui".
Guo Pu, a master of the Jin Dynasty, said in the Book of Burial: "When the husband was buried, the left was a dragon, the right was a white tiger, the front was a suzaku, and the back was Xuanwu." This "geomantic view" has a great influence on later generations, especially on the location of imperial tombs. Even ordinary families should ask Mr. Feng Shui to take a picture of the tomb and find an auspicious place for their children and grandchildren to flourish and be buried together.
Graves are no longer hastily dug after death, but built before death.
For example, the Qin Mausoleum in Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, was not finished when he died on his way to the east. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" said, "At the beginning of the emperor's succession, Mount Li was ruled and merged with the world, sending more than 700,000 people." There are more than 700,000 prisoners involved in grave robbery, and its scale and complexity can be imagined.
"Bury" is a familiar word. From the perspective of "death", it means that a person builds a straw mat and buries it in the grass after death. It can be seen that after the death of the ancients, they simply covered them with grass and buried them, and did not use coffins.
Wang Zhongshu, a famous archaeologist, believes that "human beings put the bodies or remains of the deceased in a certain way in a specific place, which is called' burial'." Later, burial generally refers to different ways of handling corpses, such as burial, cremation, celestial burial and secondary burial.
The sound of "burial" is similar to that of "Tibetan", and the ancient meaning of "Tibetan" is similar to that of "Tibetan". Therefore, some scholars believe that burial is to accept the body, and Shuowen is this view. "Book of Rites Talking about the Public" says, "Those who bury will hide." "On Xun Gigi Lai" said: "When you bury it, you should bury its respect and hide its shape." They all mean it.
There are differences between burial, thin burial and thick burial, which constitute the whole attitude of the living towards the dead.
Humans may not have the concept of burial at first, but later they dug a pit and buried it, covered with some weeds and straw mats, and had the initial "burial" This primitive "burial" has been running through human life, and it is still this way for those who are poor and unable to handle the funeral of their loved ones.
Before Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, his family was poor. After his father died of the plague, he wrapped it in a straw mat and carried it with his brother to the wasteland given by his fellow villagers and buried it hastily. Because of this, it was inconvenient for Zhu Yuanzhang to move to the grave for burial later. Finally, Liu Ji said that moving the grave would affect the geomantic omen in Long Mai, so Zhu Yuanzhang gave up.
Judging from archaeological discoveries, it is true.
During the period of 1977, archaeologists first discovered and excavated the Peiligang culture, the representative of the early Neolithic culture about 8000 years ago, in Peiligang Village, xcz, Henan Province. In a clan family cemetery, * * * discovered 1 14 early human tombs. The tombs were simple in shape, with no funerary utensils and few or no funerary objects. Even a little funerary objects are just early production and daily necessities such as millstones, grinding rods, stone axes, shovels, stone sickles, pottery bottles and pots.
This kind of early human funeral can be regarded as a "thin burial".
Consistent with the change of the concept of "tomb" in the future, after "thin burial", with the progress and development of human material civilization and spiritual civilization, the worship of the noble dead appeared, especially the appearance of "country" and emperors in the later period, and funeral began to be complicated.
Just as a tomb has a hierarchy, so does burial-the popularity of burial thickness is a reflection of the hierarchy, the embodiment of imperial power, and the embodiment of the concept of "treating the dead as if they were living".
The first recorded dynasty in China was Xia, followed by Shang and Zhou. The noble tombs of this period are very unusual. The archaeological discovery of various exquisite funerary objects proves how exquisite the funeral is and how serious the thick burial is. 1976 The Muhao Tomb found in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province is very luxurious and is one of the representatives of reburial in this period.
It has been proved that Fu Hao recorded in Zhou Yixin Oracle Bone Inscriptions is Wu Ding's lawful spouse Yan Xin. This tomb has not yet been excavated, and as many as 1928 funerary objects have been unearthed, including 468 bronzes, covering almost all kinds of bronzes unearthed in the Yin ruins in the past. There are two generous Ding, the size of which is second only to the largest and heaviest bronze ware "Simuwu" Ding found in China. There are also 755 pieces of jade funerary objects with high technology in the tomb, as well as various precious stones such as turquoise, agate, crystal and ivory.
After the Spring and Autumn Period, "the country is big, the family is rich, and the burial is thick". At that time, "rites and music collapsed", people were proud of thick burial and ashamed of thin burial. In history, the funerals of Qi and Song were out of control at that time, which led to the prevalence of thick funerals.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, thick burial was fully exerted.
The tomb of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, contained too many funerary objects to hold. It is said that the wealth buried with him was one-third of the national fiscal revenue at that time. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, when the Red Eyebrow Army of the Peasant Uprising Army captured Chang 'an, it burned down the palace and "dug the grave for treasure". The funerary objects in the mausoleum have been moved for dozens of days, but "the objects in the mausoleum still cannot be halved."
Many people of insight in later generations, even the emperor himself, opposed such a thick burial. For example, Cao Cao, Wei Wudi, Liu Heng, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang all advocated thin burial. Cao Cao also practiced. After his death, he did not bury gold and silver treasures, but buried them with pottery utensils. Even the "old clothes" were worn by him before his death, which is the so-called "clothes have years, but no treasures."
2. royalty and language
China people like infighting, and their thoughts tend to infighting! Especially the royal family, just look at that flattering sentence, we orientals are so tough ~ ~ that you are comfortable without leaving a trace. It is much better than the "greatness", "strength" and "heroic" in the west.
3. Mysterious location
Shennongjia Sanxing Cultural Relics Pile Changbai Mountain
Forbidden area of Chongdala Palace in Tibet (it is best not to steal this entrance, which will kill those Tibetans)
These places may not be clear to China people now, let alone westerners ~