According to textual research, early tombs in China had neither sealed soil nor mounds, nor trees and signs. From the Zhou Dynasty, earth-sealed tombs began to appear on tombs, and in the Warring States period, graves and tombs were widely popular. In feudal society, the size and height of a tomb are used to show the rank of the owner of the tomb. The king is the king of a country, and his tomb must be the tallest. It is as high as a mountain, and the grave has lofty significance, so it is in
According to the Book of Rites, in addition to the mausoleum, there is also a "bedroom" in the imperial tomb, which is designed for the souls of the dead to eat and drink. At that time, people were superstitious that the soul of the dead was in the tomb. At that time, the "temple" as an ancestor worship ceremony was near the outside of the cemetery, not in the garden.
Archaeological data show that this mausoleum system with a "bedroom" next to it and a "temple" has been implemented since at least the mid-Warring States period. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ming Di had made a major reform in the ritual system, established a mausoleum system with sacrifices and sacrifices as its main contents, and constantly expanded and reformed the "sleeping hall" in the royal cemetery, thus becoming the present sleeping hall to adapt to the officials and bureaucrats led by the emperor. So at this time, the nature of "sleep" is different from that of the Warring States period, and its function has changed from being a place for the daily life of the tomb owner's soul to being used for offering sacrifices to the court. Later, the temples near the cemetery were gradually replaced by "ancestral halls".
There are three main forms for the development of imperial tombs:
The first one is called "Fang Shang". This is the early form of tomb seal. The specific method is to dig a pit, build a tomb with stones, and build a bucket with loess layers. The reason why the tombs were square at this time was related to the preciousness of squares in Qin and Han Dynasties. It is said that the emperor is the master of the earth, so check the box. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty in Lintong, Shaanxi Province and the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty in the western suburbs of xi belong to the "Fang Shang".
The second is to take the mountain as the mausoleum. It uses the terrain and takes the mountain peak as the tomb. It is not only labor intensive, but also unsafe to seal the soil on a large scale like the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Taking the mountain as the mausoleum can reduce manpower, make use of the majestic situation of the mountain, reflect the emperor's supreme authority and great boldness of vision, and prevent illegal excavation. This form was adopted at the beginning of the establishment of Emperor Taizong's mausoleum. Zhaoling in Li Shimin was buried with Jiujun Mountain in Liquan County, Shaanxi Province, because the graves and stones were dug on the mountainside.
The third is Baocheng Baoding. Imperial tombs were popular in Qin and Han dynasties, but in Tang dynasty, mountains were used as tombs. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the old system of Qin and Han Dynasties was restored. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were no tombs. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mausoleum system was greatly reformed. First of all, the shape of the mausoleum was changed from a square in the Qin, Han and Song Dynasties to a circle. Secondly, the lower palace building dedicated to the daily life of the emperor's soul in Qin, Han and Song cemeteries was cancelled, and the upper palace building used for sacrifice and sacrifice was retained and expanded, thus highlighting the ceremony of going to the mausoleum three times a year; Thirdly, the wall of the cemetery was changed from a square in the Tang and Song Dynasties to a rectangle, and the cemetery was divided into three courtyards from south to north: the first courtyard consisted of a pavilion, a kitchen and a library; The second courtyard is the sacrificial hall and the affiliated hall; The third courtyard is the place where the first emperor was buried. There are memorial archways, five memorial seats, Fangcheng Minglou and Baocheng Baoding.
First of all, through the analysis of the discovered tombs, we can see that the tombs in the Tang Dynasty are undoubtedly an important turning point of the ancient mausoleum buildings in China. Tombs in the Tang Dynasty began to pursue the principle of "cutting mountains as caves and taking mountains as tombs", especially Ganling. Ganling is located on Liangshan Mountain in Ganxian County, which is divided into three peaks, mainly centered on the north peak. The main peak is surrounded by a sacred wall with a pair of gate lions, among which the turret building is quite good. All kinds of statues are lifelike. Later, there were two famous stone tablets outside Suzaku Gate. On the left is the "Seven Monuments" of Li Zhi, Tang Gaozong, and on the right is the "No Monument" of Wu Zetian. Among them, the wordless tablet of Empress Wu Zetian has aroused the association of countless people. In the southeast of Ganling, there are graves buried with her, including the graves of Prince Zhang Huai, Princess Yongtai and Prince Yide.
Tombs before the Tang Dynasty are very different from those in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient times, people did not attach importance to tombs, which may be related to the low level of production and development at that time. Later, in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, with the recent discovery of some Shang sites, it was generally believed that Shang tombs did not have graves on the ground, but only built sacrificial buildings on them. However, the tombs in Qin and Han dynasties generally maintained the same style, and tended to build large-scale tombs, often a mausoleum. After several years of work, for example, there are as many as 50,000 Changling tombs of Emperor Gaozu and as many as 60,000 Maoling tombs of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty. Another feature of these tombs is that the soil is a square vertebra, and the upper part of it is removed, which is called "square soil". The largest square soil is about 20 meters high.
Among these tombs, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is undoubtedly a masterpiece. The so-called "digging for a hole and piling up soil for a tomb" is an unprecedented masterpiece in the mausoleum.
According to historical records, "Qin Shihuang was thirteen years old (246 BC), that is, the throne of Qin Huang. Shortly after he ascended the throne, he began to build a mausoleum in Lishan. After the unification of the world, more than 700,000 people were recruited from all over the country to participate in the construction. It was not completed until Qin Shihuang died at the age of 50 (265,438+00 BC), and Qin Ershi spent nearly 40 years before and after. There is no doubt that the Terracotta Warriors have the greatest research value. Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of the Qin Mausoleum, which is located at 1, 500 meters east of the Qin Mausoleum. At present, three pits have been found, arranged in a zigzag pattern from west to east, and 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses the size of real horses have been unearthed. From the shape and structure of each pit and its terracotta warriors and horses, the first pit symbolizes the main force composed of infantry and chariots, and the second pit consists of infantry, cavalry and chariots.
In the history of the development of China mausoleum architecture, the Ming Tombs are also a group of tombs that have to be mentioned. They mainly follow some characteristics of tombs in the Tang Dynasty. The tombs are built in a centralized way, paying attention to feng shui and the environment. Each mausoleum faces a mountain peak, paying special attention to the treatment of the leading part and sequence. The building is neat and symmetrical, and the shape is rigorous. Therefore, it is still quite representative. The Ming Tombs is a natural and standardized mountainous area with Taihang Remnant Veins in the west and huanghua town in the north. It is not only the barrier of the mausoleum, but also the north screen of the capital. Gu, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem to describe the superior situation here: "The mountains are coming from the south, and the momentum is like a dragon, and the dragon leaps and leaps;" East toe in Lulong, west ridge in Taihang; Sitting on the yellow flower in the back (referring to huanghua town), facing the Shenjing; There is an old house called Kangjiazhuang. It can accommodate millions of people and open the Ming Tombs at once. " Shinto is the first building complex of the Ming Tombs, which consists of stone archway, Dahongmen, stone tablet building, stone elephant, dragon and phoenix gate, etc. , solemnly guarding the gate of the Ming Tombs. As far as Dingling Mausoleum is concerned, the internal structure of Ming Tombs is relatively complete, with a total area of 168.
In a word, after thousands of years' development and evolution, the ancient mausoleum architecture in China has its important historical value in architectural art, cultural relic value and archaeological research. Exploring the secrets of ancient tombs and studying their development are irreplaceable for us to study the ancient history of China. With the maturity of archaeological technology, modern science and technology play a more and more important role in the archaeological process. I believe that through further excavation and research of the mausoleum, we will be able to protect the cultural heritage on a broader and deeper level, prove the height of social civilization development with material civilization, and show the real Chinese civilization to the world.
If we count from Dayu in Xia Dynasty, the culture of China Mausoleum has a history of at least 4,000 years. Xia Benji, a historian, recorded: "Emperor Yudong went hunting in the east and collapsed in Huiji." There is no evidence in the archaeological excavation of the tomb that year. "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" said that before he died, Yu ordered his ministers to say, "After I die, I will bury the mountain I want to remember." Third-class burial of earth steps. " "Hanshu Geography" "Twenty-six in Huiji County, Shannan (Huiji), with Yu Tomb and Yu Well". In the first century, Yu collapsed in Huiji Mountain, where there were Yu tombs, wells and shrines, because it was buried in the south of Huiji Mountain. Huiji Mountain is located 6 kilometers southeast of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The tomb of Dayu on Huiji Mountain has become an important place to pay homage to Dayu in past dynasties. Dayu Tomb consists of Yuling, Yuci and Yumin Hall. If the Yandi Mausoleum in Hunan and the Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi are included, the cultural development history of China Imperial Mausoleum can be traced back to about 5,000 years. Of course, Yan Di, Huangdi and Dayu were not "emperors" in the later sense. The authenticity of their tombs can only be a mixture of myths and historical materials. Yandi Mausoleum, Huangdi Mausoleum and Dayu Tomb have all been announced as national key cultural relics protection units. However, due to the great changes in the architectural form of its existing tombs, it is not the original tombs thousands of years ago. From this point of view, Yandiling, Huangdi Mausoleum and Dayu Mausoleum can only be regarded as the origin of China Mausoleum culture.
First, the mausoleum of the emperor and the mausoleum of the Pingtou people.
Although the Qin Dynasty was short-lived, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was not excavated, just because the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was the first among the tombs of emperors in China, and it was called "eight wonders of the world". After the Han Dynasty, the feudal society in China, which lasted for more than two thousand years, developed due to the relative development of the feudal hereditary political system, which led to the continuous development of the emperor's mausoleum culture. However, as long as he is an emperor, he must have a certain tomb shape and a certain form of etiquette after his death. Of course, there are also some people who have to hurry back to their homeland because of regime change and war (such as Yang Di). When we come to Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, we can enjoy the weather of Han and Tang emperors' tombs by hanging Maoling and Ganling. The tombs of emperors in Han Dynasty were generally sealed with soil, while those of emperors in Tang Dynasty were generally sealed with soil. The mausoleum was built by digging holes in the mountains. In addition to emperors, some tombs of princes also show this feature. As we all know, the tombs of Chu kings in Han Dynasty, which are widely distributed in Xuzhou, are mostly nestled in the arms of mountains of different sizes, such as Lion Mountain and Guishan Mountain. In the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Tombs and the Mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, were also built on the mountain. So far, we haven't found that the graves of ordinary people are built on the mountain. In other words, even if the grave is placed in the mountains, the mountains are not unique to their surnames, but can only be regarded as public cemeteries. Throughout the history of imperial tombs, besides natural factors such as geomantic omen, the site selection should also consider the safety and spectacle of the tombs. Towering mounds or clever use of mountains as tombs are two commonly used forms of imperial tombs. The biggest difference between imperial tombs and ordinary tombs may not lie in geomantic omen.
Second, as the mausoleum of the emperor, the shape and characteristics of the Ming tombs.
The Ming Tombs are the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma Huanghou (1368- 1644), the founding emperors of the Ming Dynasty. It is located at 1 18 degrees east longitude, 5 1 minute north latitude and 32 degrees 4 minutes north latitude, at the foot of Dulong House in the south foot of Zijinshan (also known as Zhongshan) in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. It is an important scenic spot of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing. The Ming Mausoleum was built in the 14th year of Hongwu (138 1), and Ma Huanghou died in this Mausoleum the following year. Because of Ma Huanghou's "filial piety", the mausoleum was named "Xiaoling Mausoleum". In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died and the underground palace was merged with Ma Huanghou. There are 5600 soldiers guarding the cemetery. In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), the "Tombstone of Divine Virtue and Daming" was built. Therefore, it took more than 30 years to complete the construction of the entire Xiaoling Mausoleum. From the starting point to Baocheng, where Gong Xuan is located, the depth of the Ming Tombs is 2.62 kilometers. In that year, 654.38 million pine trees were planted in Xiaoling. There is a shrine supervisor who is responsible for regular maintenance and sacrifice; At the same time, Xiao also set up a mausoleum guard to protect the mausoleum. The Ming tombs face south, and the route to pay homage to the tombs is from south to north. According to the types of tombs, it can be divided into two parts. We can appreciate the elegance of this world cultural heritage along the route of visiting the mausoleum.
The first part is Shinto. From the starting point, Xiamafang to the main entrance of Xiaoling, including Xiamafang, Shenlie Mountain Monument, Forbidden Monument, Dajinmen, Monument Building (Sifang City), Shen Gong Shengde Monument, Waiyuhe Bridge, Shinto Stone Carvings (Stone Statues, Stone Columns). Among them, Xiamafang is a two-column stone archway with a width of about 5 meters and a height of 7.8 meters, sitting in the west. Embedded in a big square. On both sides of the square, six characters are engraved in regular script: "Officials from all departments dismount". Xiamafang is about 755 meters northwest of Dajinmen, which is the leading part of the Ming Tombs and located at the front end of Shinto. Its construction age is about 1400. During the maintenance of Xiamafang, Nanjing Zhongshan Garden Administration will dismantle the broken column foundation of Xiamafang. Xiamafang has been rebuilt. Therefore, the dismount workshop that people see now is not the original position. On the northeast side of the original Xiamafang, there are two later stone tablets, one is a monument to God's martyrdom and the other is a forbidden monument. In the tenth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (153 1), Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty ordered the Zijin Mountain to be changed to Shenlie Mountain, and the "Shenlie Mountain" was erected in the northeast of the original Xiamafang. The foundation of the existing stone tablet and four stone pillars still exists. The inscription is engraved with the word "imperial edict", and the body of the tablet is engraved with three Chinese characters "Shenlie Mountain". On the east side, it is engraved with the words "Ji Dan of Xin Maoqiu in September in the tenth year of Jiajing (153 1)" 13, and on the west side, it is engraved with the words "Assistant Minister He Zhao of Nanjing Ministry of Industry". The forbidden monument is 0.73m thick, which is juxtaposed with the monument of Shenlie Mountain in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen in Dongming (164 1). Emperor Chongzhen issued a letter to erect a monument in the Ming Tombs, reaffirming the protection of the Ming Tombs and prohibiting the destruction of Long Mai in Xiaoling Tombs. Offenders will be severely punished. The monument is horizontal, facing south, and the height is only 1. The monument is 0.40m high, 5.3 1 m wide and 0.52m thick. Mount Sumi is 0.65 meters high, 5.52 meters wide and 0.74 meters thick. The Great Golden Gate was originally the gate of the cemetery, with the front facing south and a three-hole ticket gate. It is 26.66 meters wide from east to west, 8 meters deep and 5 meters high. The top structure has been destroyed. According to Kangxi's "Jiangning Fu Zhi", there were 22.5 kilometers of red walls around the whole cemetery on both sides of the Great Golden Gate, and now the walls have been built.
The monument building is located 70 meters north of Dajinmen, and the original vein between them is the same. Later, it was cut off by the road leading to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, showing a "concave" shape. Therefore, if people want to reach the Monument Building from Dajinmen, they must first get off and climb the mountain before they can see the "Monument to the Shengde Tomb of Daming" built by Ming Taizu Judy who was placed in the Monument Building in the third year of Yongle (1405). It is 746 words long and is the largest stone tablet in Ming Dynasty near Nanjing. The flat building is square with coupon doors on all sides. It turned out to be yellow tile double eaves, with stone faucets at the four corners of the wall and dripping water from the cornices. Unfortunately, the top structure has been destroyed, and the surrounding walls still exist, just like a fortress, so it is also commonly known as "Sifang City".
There are three royal rivers in the Ming tombs, crossing the Waiyuhe Bridge and entering Shinto. Shinto is arranged zigzag according to the mountain. It is 865 meters long and can be divided into two sections, one of which runs northwest and is 6 15 meters long. The terrain is slightly undulating and the direction changes repeatedly. There are 6 kinds of wild animals on both sides, 12 against 24 animals, all of which are opposite, lying two times and standing two times, followed by lions. Each column is 16 feet apart, and each pair is 8 feet 5 inches apart. Shinto bypasses the southern foot of Meihua Mountain, turns north and reaches the Star Gate, which is 250 meters long. There are two stone pillars, white as jade, carved with dragon patterns and dragon patterns, followed by four pairs of stone statues, two for civil servants and two for military commanders, who are dressed in armor. The civil servant wears a crown and holds a bow. He is one foot and two feet tall.
After Shinto, you will enter the second part of the Ming Tombs, the main building of the Mausoleum. This part is from Lingxingmen to Baoding, including Lingxingmen, Neiyu River and Jinshui Bridge, Wu Wen Square Gate, Tegao Monument, Imperial Monument Pavilion, Monument Hall, Royal River, Fangcheng, Minglou and Baoshui Bridge in front of Baocheng and Shengxian Bridge (Dashiqiao). Climb up 34 steps, and the bottoms on both sides are Sumitomo-shaped. Out of the tunnel, Baocheng's south wall is in the north, with "Ming Taizu's Tomb in this Mountain" engraved on it. The front wall of Baocheng is divided into two roads, which lead directly to the Dingming Building of Fangcheng. Baocheng is located at the back of the mausoleum palace, where Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum is located, with a diameter of 325-400 meters and a circumference of about 100. In the middle of Baocheng is a tomb called Baoding. Through scientific exploration, it is proved that there is a mysterious palace inside, and it has never been excavated.
The main building of the Ming Mausoleum is located at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain, from Lingxingmen to Fangcheng, arranged on the north-south longitudinal axis. It looks solemn, square, balanced and harmonious, which accords with feudal monarch and theocracy. However, it is this part of the building that suffered the most serious damage. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the Xiaoling Mausoleum was damaged to varying degrees, and most of the wooden buildings on the ground were destroyed by the war between the Qing army and the Taiping army in 1853. At present, there are only six large stone pillars. There are only three Royal River Bridges, not members of the Ming Dynasty. There used to be five civil and military square doors, three big and two small, but now there is only one, which was built after the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and traces of the original door struggle can still be seen on the left and right sides of the door. After crossing the civil and military square gate, it turned out to be the middle gate and the five square gate, and there were two silk stoves in it, about thirty. Later, Qianlong made two expeditions to the south and inscribed poems and monuments on the east and west sides. Xiaoling's enjoyment hall used to be very large, called Xiaoling Hall, with nine rows of things, five rows of north and south, and 45 rooms in one room. At present, only more than 60 large stone pillars can be seen, which are probably destroyed in the early Qing Dynasty. Poet Qu Dajun's Ode to Xiao Ling is recorded. Worship it and ask for immunity. "Wei Shixiao's Ode to the Xiaoling Mausoleum also said:" Six pillars in the temple were cut off from the ground, or two-thirds of them were broken. There are more horses and food stored on both sides of the temple. If you find a vegetable garden outside the temple. "During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Jiangnan camp of the Qing army was located in a small place, and the Ming Tombs area was a battlefield.
Thirdly, the Ming Tombs inherited and developed the culture of China imperial tombs.
Compared with other imperial tombs in China, the Ming Tomb is one of the largest existing imperial tombs in ancient China. The site of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is 76 meters high, with a base diameter of 495 meters to 5 15 meters. Although it is the largest imperial mausoleum in China, we can't see Shinto on the surface. The Anling of Liu Ying, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, is a square system with a square earth platform with a base length of 168. Its shinto is hard to see. The Ganling where Li Zhi and Wu Zetian were buried in the Tang Dynasty was the largest, and its Shinto was 3980 meters from the first gate to the length of the mausoleum. If the section from Zhuquemen to the tunnel is 567m, it is 3413m. There are 2/kloc-0 pairs of stone carvings, including huabiao, flying horse, suzaku, man, horse, lion and monument, and 60 stone statues of foreign envoys. The largest mausoleum in the Song Dynasty is the Yongxi Mausoleum in Zhao Xuan, Song Taizong, with a total length of about 586 meters, starting from the Magpie Terrace at the bottom of the Shinto altar. There are 16 pairs of Shinto stone carvings. If we estimate the situation of Baoding again, its organizational scale is in the forefront of the national imperial tombs. If the later Ming Tombs are not included, the only dry tomb that can be compared with the previous Ming Tombs is the one where Li Zhi and Wu Zetian were buried together in the Tang Dynasty. As for the red wall of the Ming Tombs, according to the records of Kangxi and jiangning house, it is 22.5 kilometers long. From the plane, it is already a whole.
The Ming Mausoleum represents the highest achievement of the royal architectural art in the early Ming Dynasty. It not only inherited the excellent part of the traditional imperial mausoleum culture in China, but also initiated the imperial mausoleum culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The contribution of Ming Tombs to the culture of China Imperial Tombs is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First of all, the ancient philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" has been vividly reproduced in the layout of the mausoleum. The Ming Tombs were selected by Zhu Yuanzhang, Liu Ji, Xu Da, Tanghe and others as a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and the specific selection time was about two years in Hongwu (1369). Zhu Yuanzhang forcibly took away Taiping xingguo temple (Jiangshan Temple), a thousand-year-old temple originally located under Mount Everest. According to the investigation of relevant experts, from a spatial point of view, the direction to the stele building, Shinto, Shiwangzhu, Lingxingmen, Jinshui Bridge, Wenwufangmen, Xiangdian and Baocheng is the "Big Dipper": the part from Dajinmen to Jinshui Bridge is a spoon bucket, and the part from Jinshui Bridge to Baocheng is a spoon handle. From Baocheng, where the Xuan Palace is located, there are dragons in the east, white tigers in the west, and ". Qianhu Lake in the southwest is Suzaku Elephant (also called Yanzi Lake), and Mount Everest, which Baocheng relies on, is like Xuanwu. At the same time, Sun Linggang (Sun Quan's Tomb) opposite the Mausoleum Palace and Dongshan in Jiangning in the distance constitute a geomantic situation of "near case" and "far dynasty", and the layout of the Big Dipper is just between the "four elephants". This layout of the mausoleum and palace embodies China's "divine right of monarchy". This humanistic feeling is reflected in the dragon and tiger pictures in Tomb No.45 of Yangshao Cultural Site in Xishuipo, Puyang, Henan Province, and the setting of star charts in the tombs of Beidou, Qin Shihuang and many emperors in previous dynasties. Different from ordinary people, Zhu Yuanzhang embodied this humanistic feeling through the layout design of his mausoleum, thus realizing the perfect unity of the thought of harmony between man and nature in Taoist philosophy and the rule of Confucian feudal ethics.
The second is to create the imperial mausoleum palace system of "front facing and rear sleeping" and the mausoleum pattern of "front round and rear closing". The Ming Mausoleum inherited the system of "Mausoleum by Mountain" of China Mausoleum, but changed the system of square, platform, square wall and upper and lower palaces of the Mausoleum since Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, merged the upper and lower palaces into one, and built a new Fangcheng, Amin Building, a viewing hall and a palace. In the content of the mausoleum building, it is the first time to imitate the pattern that the palace is divided into front and rear bedrooms, and establish a mausoleum system of "front and rear bedrooms". This pattern not only inherited the excellent elements in the tombs of Han, Tang and Song dynasties, but also created a new mausoleum system, which standardized the architectural forms of more than 20 emperors' tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties for more than 500 years, and was a milestone in the architectural history of China emperors' tombs.
Third, the unique Shinto design concept and exquisite Shinto stone carving art complement each other. Shinto is an important part of imperial tombs. Since the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, most tombs in China have been designed by Shinto with symmetry axis, but the Shinto in Ming Tombs is tortuous and eclectic. Why the Shinto in ming tomb is curved is related to Meihua Mountain directly opposite ming tomb. This is the mausoleum of Sun Quan, the emperor of Wu Dong. It is said that when Zhu Yuanzhang used "100,000 military industries" to repair the tomb, some people advocated moving Meihua Mountain to straighten the Shinto. However, Zhu Yuanzhang regarded Sun Quan as a hero worship, guarding Sun Quan's tomb and letting Sun Quan guard the door for him. In this way, ming tomb's Shinto became an arc. This shows Zhu Yuanzhang's great talent, unconventional and innovative. At the same time, it also adds a profound and wonderful feeling to the Shinto of the mausoleum. The bending of Shinto in Xiaoling is related to Sun Quan's tomb in Meihua Mountain opposite Xiaoling Palace, but it is more reflected in the clever use of terrain to create the pattern of the "Big Dipper" tomb to reflect the design concept of "harmony between man and nature". At the end of each line of sight, the designer appropriately arranges stone carvings to control every space. The stone beasts squat or stand, and their postures change alternately, which is in harmony with the distant trees in Cangshan Mountain. It is easy to be shrouded in the atmosphere of sweeping graves. It can be said that if there is no winding Shinto, the "Big Dipper" theory of the Ming Tombs will never be established. Shinto statues in ming tomb are tall, solemn and lifelike, with unique themes, shapes and carving techniques, representing China stone carvings from the late14th century to the early15th century. The white stone pillar is 6.25 meters high; The stone carving is 8.78 meters high. The stone carving is thick and simple, the lines are round and smooth, but the details are beautifully carved, which achieves the artistic creation effect of combining overall grandeur with local exquisiteness.
Fourthly, the Shinto of the first emperor's mausoleum was created as a system for later generations (princes or emperors who succeeded to the throne) to use Shinto. In the Xiaoling Mausoleum, only 60 meters to the east is the Dongling of Crown Prince Zhu Biao. Archaeological exploration shows that Dongling does not have its own Shinto and Yuhe Bridge, but shares a Shinto and Yuhe Bridge with Xiaoling. This system was later adopted by the Ming Tombs.
Fifth, a large number of masonry structures are used, and there is a perfect drainage system. There are many buildings on the ground in Ming Tombs, and the designers mainly highlight Dajinmen, North Building, Xiaoling Hall, Fangcheng and Minglou. These large-scale single buildings generally use masonry as the foundation, the central wall uses huge stones or bricks, and the overhangs use stone. The top of the building is covered with glazed tile members with different glaze colors according to the grade. In ancient China, the transformation from wooden structure to masonry structure began in the Ming Dynasty, specifically from the construction of Nanjing Palace Wall and Mausoleum in the early Ming Dynasty. Building arch coupons with bricks led to the emergence of beamless buildings, which was a great development of building materials and construction technology in China, thus laying the basic style of building technology in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The extensive use of this building material makes the Ming tomb have considerable fire protection function. At the same time, the drainage system of Ming tombs is in harmony with the architectural space. There is plenty of rain in the south, so the drainage system of the mausoleum must be improved, but it can't destroy the feng shui of the whole mausoleum. The Ming Tombs utilize natural water systems, and set up three major water systems from east to west, namely, the outer royal river, the inner royal river and the Baocheng royal river, which are connected in space through the imperial bridge, making the whole mausoleum harmonious and perfect and full of vitality.
Fourth, we should further strengthen the protection of the "original appearance" of the Ming tombs.
196 1 in March, Ming tombs were announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The Ming Tombs (Zhongxiang, Hubei Province), the Qing Tombs (Zunhua, Hebei Province) and the Qing Tombs (Yixian, Hebei Province) in the "imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties" in China have been included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO. At 23: 56 Beijing time on July 3rd, 2003 (Paris time on July 3rd 17: 56), the 27th World Heritage Conference brought good news. As an extension project of Ming and Qing emperors' tombs, which have been listed as world cultural heritage, the Ming Tombs passed the conference successfully and were listed in the World Heritage List. As a world cultural heritage, the Ming Tombs broke through the spatial concept of Zhu Yuanzhang's Mausoleum, but took Zhu Yuanzhang's Mausoleum as the main body, covering an area of about 297 hectares and with a protection range of 3 1 square mile. Its contents can be divided into three parts. The first is the Ming Tombs, the second is the Ming Tombs, and the third is the tomb buried with Chen Gong in Ming Dynasty. According to archaeological investigation, the Dongling site in Zhu Biao, ming prince is located about 60 meters east of Xiaoling Palace, adjacent to Xiaoling. Now, as a relic park, it has become an inseparable part of Xiaoling. According to historical records, in the Ming Dynasty, the whole Purple Mountain (Zhongshan) was the mausoleum of the Ming Tombs. In this area, especially in the west and north of Zhongshan, there are more than a dozen tombs of the founding heroes of the Ming Dynasty, all of which fought side by side with Zhu Yuanzhang. These heroes' tombs are another important part of the Ming Tombs, and they played an important role in guarding Zhu Yuanzhang's Xiao Tombs. According to the records of Kangxi jiangning house and Hu Jinling Scenic Area, these heroes' tombs are: Zhongshan King. Li Wenzhong's Tomb of Qiyang King, Tanghe's Tomb of Dongou King, Qiu Cheng's Tomb of Anlu King, Wu Liang's Tomb of Jiang Guogong, Zhen Wu's Tomb of Hai Guogong, Gu's Tomb of Teng Guogong, Wang Zhi's Tomb of Xu Guogong, Sun Xingzu's Tomb of Yanshan Hou, Wu Fu's Tomb of Anlou Hou, and Hou Meisuzu's Tomb of Runan, etc. Some heroes' tombs are well preserved, such as Xu Da's tomb, Li Wenzhong's tomb, Chang Yuchun's tomb, etc., but some tombs need further repair, and some tombs have not even been discovered, but they are recorded in history books.