(Zhejiang Gongshang University)
First, Dayu's water control is a historical fact, and his words are true.
Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in China, and its founder was Dayu, who achieved the position of ruler by his own efforts and successful achievements in water control. Therefore, Dayu has a long history of water control, which has been widely circulated before Sima Qian. It is an orderly "plain land", including the lower class. Moreover, it is an indisputable fact that the Xia Dynasty, as the first unified dynasty in China, was recorded in Sima Qian's Historical Records Xia Benji. However, as a precious historical document of Xia Dynasty, the records of Dayu's flood control were first found in Shangshu Gong Yu and Dayu Mo. In addition, there are many records in other articles. For example:
"Shun Dian" said: "The emperor said:' Yu, please consult! So, you can level the soil and water, but it's time!' Yu bowed his head and met Ji, Qi and others. "
"Yao Dian" said: "When Tang Wei was flooded, it was magnificent when Hu Aishan Xiangling was swinging."
"Hong Fan" said: "Ji Zi said:' I heard that there was a flood in the past, and five elements flowed in Chen Qi. The emperor was furious, but he didn't hate Hongfan Jiuyu. Yi Lun made a fuss. The gun is dying, Yu Naisi is thriving, the sky is Xi Yuhong Fan Jiuchou, and Yi Lun Xu You'. "
He praised his soldiers' achievements in Yu, but he was not satisfied with the sea.
"Mr. Lu Xun" said: "The emperor asked the widowed person to resign. Virtue is only awesome, and virtue is only bright. After III, I will benefit the people. Boyi reduced the code, and the people were only punished; Yuping soil and water, the main name is mountains and rivers; Millet is sown and crops are cultivated. Success is the last three, but Yin is in the people. Scholars punish the people and teach morality. "
Because Dayu's flood control is a real historical event, which is recorded in ancient books. For example, "Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing" said: "Yu Yun laid the soil first, all of which were located in Kyushu." "The flood is monstrous. Gun stole the emperor's land to fight the flood. Before the emperor gave an order, the emperor ordered Zhu Rong to kill Gun in the feather suburb. The gun revived Yu. The emperor ordered his ancestors to pave the soil for Kyushu. "
In addition, there are many records about Dayu's flood control in the handed down Book of Songs. For example:
"Xin Nanshan" said: "Xin Nanshan, Wei Yudian."
"Wang Wen has words" says: "Fengshui Dongzhu, Wei Yu achievement."
"Hanshu" said: "Yiyi Liangshan, Wei Yu Dianzi."
Tang Palace said, "It is a blessing to be born in Hou Ji. The election has soil, hehe. "
"Long Hair" said: "The flood is terrible, and I have laid the earth."
"There are many fates, all based on our achievements," he said.
There is also "Chu Ci Tian Wen": "Preface, the exam will be successful. Why do you continue to start a business, but you are different? Hong Quan is extremely deep. Why is it embarrassing? There are nine places. Why graves? What are Ying Long's paintings? What is the jianghai calendar? Which camp are you from? What did Yu accomplish? ..... The efforts made in it have contributed to the whole province. " There are Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, History Book, Bamboo Chronology, Warring States Policy, Mencius, Guan Zi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, hundred schools of thought, Liezi and Xunzi. For example:
"On Mencius Teng Wengong" said: "I left home for eight years and didn't go in three times."
The "dead son" said: "Dredging the river determines the river course, and I haven't visited his home for ten years."
"Zhuangzi Tianxia" says: "Those who suffer from it will be flooded, rivers will be broken, and four waters will be poured into Kyushu. There are three hundred famous mountains, three thousand literary works, and countless small ones. "
"Xunzi flies like an elephant" says: "The shin is too dry, the disease is too dry, and the steps are endless."
As for the classics after Qin and Han dynasties, there are too many to mention. For example, "Huai Nan Zi Yuan Dao Xun" records: "I definitely blaspheme, based on water." "Shuchuan leads to stagnation", "Water flows from the ground, and then people can live in it". In particular, the book Huainanzi is not systematic about Dayu's record of water control, but it is very rich in content. Liu An (180 ~ 123 BC), the author of Huai Nan Zi, is the grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu. When Liu An died, Sima Qian was just in his early twenties. It can be seen that the basic information sources about Dayu's water control in Huainanzi and Shiji are the same. So many ancient books record Dayu's deeds of water control, which shows that Dayu's deeds are by no means fabricated. Sima Qian chose the most representative materials and accepted sayings in the rich classics, and combined with his own investigation, he finally completed the masterpiece Dayu, which has become a rare and precious material for us to study Dayu today.
Sima Qian especially praised Dayu, especially his achievements in water control and his general plan of governing the country by virtue. He first paved the way for Dayu's achievements in water control in A Record of Five Emperors, saying:
These 22 people have made great achievements: Hao Tao is Dali, peaceful and the people are real; Boyi presided over the ceremony, and the salt was given up and down; Hang up the chief engineer and strive to make contributions; Benefit the main danger, mountain ze monarch; Abandoning the main millet, a hundred grains are full; Master Stuart, who is very friendly; The dragon is the guest and the host, and people are far away; Twelve pastoral Kyushu dare not break the law; Only I have made great contributions, so I should go to Jiusan, Tongjiuze, Jiuhe and Kyushu, and do my job. Five thousand Li, as for clothes. South Fu Jiaodian, North France, Xirong, Keyan, Qudu, Bian, Qiang, Beishanrong, Fa, Shen, Dongchang, Niaoyi, merits of Xi 'an Shun. So Yu Naixing's joy in nine strokes caused foreign things, and the phoenix emperor came to photograph.
All the world's fame and virtue began in Yu.
The so-called "twenty-two people" in Xieji are as follows: Ma Rong said: "Ji, Qi and Ji have been officials for a long time, and they have all made achievements, but their descriptions are beautiful, and there is nothing to recommend them. Jade and jade are born, with six people, twelve grazing mountains and twenty-two people. " Zheng Xuan said, "Wen Zu ordered them all. Respect, but the time is the same. " "Justice": "Phase, depending on also. Twenty-two people respectfully perform their duties, but then they act according to circumstances. " Here refers to 22 people who contributed to society at that time, and Dayu was the one who contributed the most. Later, Sima Qian recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji: "Yu Wei is virtuous, Kyushu has access, Tang Guang has economic benefits, and Liu De has seedlings; Xia Jie is arrogant, but she sounds very attentive. Make Xia Benji the second. "
It is described in many articles to show the contribution of Dayu's Historical Records of the Rivers and Channels to China.
Its length is rare in the whole historical records. More concentrated are:
"Yin Benji" said: "After a long time, Yu made great contributions to water control", so it was sealed in business.
"Qi Taigong Family" said Lu Shang: "The ancestors tasted four mountains, and Zuo Yuping made great contributions to the soil and water."
"Song Weizi Family History" said: "When the water overflowed, the son of heaven was furious and didn't wait for the flood, so he greeted it with Chang Lun. The gun is dead, and Yu Naisi is happy. Heaven is the order of Xi Yuhong, Fan Jiudeng and Chang Lun. "
"Goujianzan, King of Yue" said: "Yu has made great achievements and gradually made nine rivers, which will be set in Kyushu. As for Ian in summer. "
The Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing said, "China is called Chixian Shenzhou. There are Kyushu in Chixian Shenzhou, and the order of Kyushu is also. "
"Biography of Lisi" said: "Yao and Yu were also respected by their Sui Dynasty."
"The Biography of Duke Ping Jin" said: "Yu Xia's humble palace, tired of clothes, the post-saints did not follow."
"Preface to Taishi Gong" says: "Biography of Yu Weijun, Kyushu Youning" and so on.
In addition to the documentary records, the recent appearance of the handed down Sui Gong Cup, Qin Gong Gui and Qi Hou Zhong Luo, the important archaeological discoveries over the years, the rich Dayu relics and folk customs all over the country, especially the efforts of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties dating project, make us further realize that the records in Xia Benji about Dayu's flood control and Shi Xia's rule of virtue are credible. We can see that Dayu himself, as an "ordinary worker", not only has the experience of being in charge of the Baigong project, but more importantly, Dayu's "beauty and glory success". I really lived up to expectations. After he took over the heavy responsibility of water control, he first summed up his experience and looked for the reason why his father failed to control water with his gun. He believes that "the river is never high, the water is fierce, and the flat land is difficult to level", which is the reason for "several defeats".
, the so-called "Bo Yu Nian before the non-degree, the amount of reorganization ... the heights are too cold, the sparse Sichuan leads to stagnation" "Mandarin Zhou".
. That is, we started the investigation work of mobilizing the masses to "look at the mountains and see the trees and decide the mountains and rivers". To say "walk the mountain to show the wood" is to use carved wood as a stake. "It shows that the tools of norms and rules were used in water control", Li Yan and Qian Baoyu. A complete history of science: Volume III. Shenyang: Liaoning Education Press, 1998.8.
And apply mathematical methods to make it more accurate. On the basis of accurate survey, Dayu formulated a method to change the blockage of "enclosure", so as to "dredge" the water control method based on drainage and wash away the shame of his ancestors. "Because I have been away from home for thirteen years, I dare not enter." Since Jizhou, he has led many people to "cut Longmen, open summer, dredge nine rivers, bend nine defenses, and definitely break the sea caused by water" and "Biography of Historical Records and Lisi".
, all over Kyushu, diverting mountains and dredging rivers, digging rivers such as Ji, Luo, Huai and Si, fighting against the law naturally, staying out of it for thirteen years. It is reported that four days after his marriage, he "returned to harnessing water" and "Shui Jing Zhu Huai Shui".
, went through all kinds of hardships, even "no shares, no hair on the shin, calluses on the hands and feet, black face" and "Biography of Historical Records and Lisi".
Finally, the flood was subsided and achieved great success. Historians' narratives paint us a magnificent picture of China people conquering nature, and the implication is clear and self-evident. In the stone relief of the Han Dynasty in Wuliangci, Shandong Province, there is a moving image of Dayu wearing a hat, coarse clothes and tools in his hand to control water in a hurry.
This is a true portrayal of China people's worship of Dayu in the early days of Tai Shigong's works.
There are floods and civilizations all over the world. According to the book "The Lost Ancient Country" edited by Mr. Mahon, there are stories of the destruction of civilization in ancient Babylon, Greece, India, Mexico and Colombia. The lost ancient country edited by Ma Hong. Beijing: China City Press, 1999.389 ~ 403.
. The flood that happened in China 4000 years ago was only a part of the world catastrophe, and the result was handed down like other parts of the world. After textual research by historians, it is supported by unearthed cultural relics. For example, in the Sui Gong Cup in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was recorded that "Yu's destiny is to fill the earth, and the river is deep with the mountains", "everyone knows that he cares about the world" and "Jue Gui". On Duke Sui and Li Xueqin
. It is particularly necessary to carry forward Dayu's national spirit in building a harmonious society today.
Second, Dayu is the spiritual aggregation of the Chinese nation.
Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture, and the development of agriculture cannot be separated from water conservancy. Dayu attached great importance to the role of irrigation while controlling water. One of the purposes of Dayu's water control is to use water resources to serve agricultural production and carry out some reforms. The two are interdependent. In my opinion, why future generations worship Dayu so much is not only a simple water control, but also closely related to the development of agricultural production.
Xia Dynasty was founded in the Central Plains, which represented the highest level of productivity at that time and established the basic national policy of taking agriculture as the foundation. Dayu is not only a hero of water control, but also a famous monarch who founded the country by agriculture. In order to solve the problem of people's eating, Dayu also adopted immigration measures similar to today's, such as "sparing food with Su Cimin". Eat less, adjust more, and move. The people are determined and all countries are governed. Historical Records Xia Benji.
. Through the flow of population, the pressure of food has been alleviated to some extent and the people's living problems have been solved.
History is called "Yu Ji bowed his head and won the world" and "The Analects of Confucius, a wise man".
. "Cropping down and planting crops" means attaching importance to agricultural production. In order to develop agriculture and improve the production level, a calendar, Summer Calendar, was promulgated. The implementation of the summer calendar is not only a revolution in astronomical calendar, but also shows that agricultural production at that time entered a new historical level. Therefore, since the Xia Dynasty, the political system and economic system of building the country through agriculture and rejuvenating the country through agriculture have been formed in the Central Plains, and agricultural production has become the most important production department.
Because agriculture is the lifeblood of the country, the national economy and people's livelihood related to agriculture have become very important in Dayu. Dayu is regarded as an example for the king to learn, because his noble character is a virtue to the people and their parents. Judging from the combination of Sui Gongming and Lu Xing, as early as the Dayu period, the idea of "morality dominates punishment" was formed and has been implemented as the purpose of governing the country. Later, Confucianism carried forward this idea and became the standard of governing the country and ensuring peace. So Confucius said:
Hu Wei, Shun Yu's world is not prosperous ... Eating and drinking attract filial piety, bad clothes attract beauty, and trying to be humble. Yu, I am not alone. The Analects of Confucius Taber.
What do you mean "flawless"? Mr. Yang Bojun interpreted it as "Yu, I have no intention of criticizing Yu". Yang bojun Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980.84 ~ 85.
Not many people can make Confucius have no critical opinions. There are only a few people in an Analects. Why did Confucius admire Yu Xia so much? The key is to have "virtue", which is not an empty "virtue", but a "virtue" embodied in every word and deed in life. Confucius said that Yu Xia was rich in the world, not for himself, but for the people. I would rather eat badly than offer a rich sacrifice; It's better to dress yourself badly, but make the sacrificial clothes brilliant; I would rather live in a poor place than devote all my energy to governing the country and water conservancy. Thinking about people's thoughts and worrying about people's urgency is known in history as "Grain Rain, who has worked hard for a long time, relies on people for merit and people have peace" and "Historical Records Yin Benji".
Wait, this is "virtue", "benevolence" and "moral politics". Mencius said, "When you hear good words, you must worship them." Mencius, Gongsun Chou.
, "Yu, Su, Yan Hui fellow. There are drowning people in the world, and they are drowned. Ji believes that there are hungry people in the world, and they are already hungry. Therefore, it is urgent. Yu, Ji and Yan Zi are different places. " Mencius and Li Lou.
He is also "bad at being human" and "Sixteen Years of Zuo Zhuan Xuan".
And respecting teachers "Dacheng Zhi" and "Lv Chunqiu respecting teachers".
. His words and deeds conform to teaching and etiquette. So the Book of Rites says:
Etiquette and righteousness should be respected as a discipline, for the monarch and ministers, for the father and son, for the brothers, for the husband and wife, for the system, for the fields and for the wisdom and courage. Therefore, the use is the work, and the soldiers set out from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu,, and others all made such choices. None of the six gentlemen is unwilling to be polite.
As the highest standard to measure personal morality in feudal society of China, ethical codes first followed the example of respecting jade, and then "Tang, Wen, Wu, and". Sima Qian developed this idea. He believes that the most fundamental thing to meet the Xia Dynasty is to provide disaster relief and implement "moral policy" for the people, so as to win the hearts of the people and move towards prosperity. That's why he didn't hesitate to explain the historical facts of taking the world as his own responsibility.
Dayu ruled the country by virtue, which is a traditional saying, at least before Sima Qian. As a physical object, the recent appearance of the Sui Palace Cup refers to the deeds to the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty. There are 98 words in the Sui Gong Cup, with 10 in the first 9 lines and only 8 words in the last 1 line. Mr. Li Xueqin used the words "pass" and "borrow" and rewritten them as:
Heaven commands the application of soil, and the mountains and rivers follow.
It is not good to levy taxes, reduce people and supervise morality.
You deserve to enjoy the people and be parents.
Give birth to my king, be a minister, be noble and virtuous.
People are well known and care about the world.
Making good use of sleep is beneficial to a virtue, but Kang Wang doesn't like it.
Filial piety, urging Qi, good sacrifice to heaven and waste it.
If you are kind, you can only get married.
Heaven uses the test, God uses it repeatedly, and it is always used for self-protection.
Gong said: people can only use virtue, not bullying. Li Xueqin On duke's cup and its significance. China Historical Relics, 2002(6).
The 98-word inscription of the Sui Dynasty describes the important contents of Dayu's flood control and rule the country by virtue, which is an unprecedented political theory of "ruling the country by virtue". The great significance of Sui Gong's inscription lies in: ① recognizing Dayu as a "man" rather than a "god", not to mention a "worm", which is the real history that happened and the history of water control; The concept of "ruling the country by virtue" was popular in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty at least 2900 years ago, which clearly shows that the concept of "serving the people by virtue" was already implemented in the Dayu period tomorrow morning, that is, the inscriptions of "Jue Gui Wade" and "People are good and Ming De". It can be seen that people's enthusiasm for the "rule of virtue" in the Western Zhou Dynasty actually came from Dayu. Therefore, Zhou people carved it on utensils, which is the importance of not forgetting the rule of virtue.
Sima Qian recorded in Records of the Historian Xia Benji: Dayu proposed that "benevolence" and "virtue" should be emphasized in governing the country. He said: "He who knows people is wise and can be an official; If you are safe, you will benefit and CoCo Lee will be pregnant. " For emperors, it is more important to "assist morality". He himself is "thinking about the results of the day." What is breeding? Dayu said in answer to Hao Tao:
The floods are terrible, the mountains and rivers are vast, the tombs are fragrant, and all the people are in the water. By car on land, by boat on water, by sleigh in mud, by chariot on mountain and by publishing wood on mountain. Benefit the public. In order to solve the problem of nine rivers reaching the four seas, we will deepen the rivers. With millet, it is a rare food for everyone. Eat less, adjust more, and move. The people decide that all countries govern.
Hao Tao even claimed: Yes, this is your virtue. Sima Qian praised Dayu with facts, took the world as his own responsibility and publicized Dayu. He concluded: "Kyushu has the same contribution, has its own, and is Miao" "Historical Records, Biography of Taishigong".
It can be said to be a word. Therefore, Mr. Li Xueqin thinks: "The reason why I tell the story of Yu is because I am a model of a king, which shows that people who govern the people should be virtuous to the people ...' Being a parent' means that I have made great contributions to the people and am their parents, which is consistent with Yu You Kyushu, Jiu Lu, Jiu Yi and Jiu San in The Five Virtues Emperor." Li Xueqin On duke's cup and its significance. China Historical Relics, 2002(6).
Cao Zhi praised Dayu: "If you refuse to return it, you are sincere and amiable. The gentleness of virtue is the gentleness of benevolence. " The Collection of Literature and Art is the eleventh volume.
. Sima Qian also believes that the rise and fall of political power and the replacement of dynasties are closely related to personal conduct, and the rise of Xia Dynasty is the reward of Dayu's decades of "good governance" for the people, not a godsend. He said: "Last summer's trip, I accumulated virtue for decades, ruled the people with virtue, took more administrative matters, passed the exam in heaven, and then took office." Historical Records Chronology of Six Kingdoms.
. And issued: "Yaode, you can't make a career, you will win in Kyushu." And if you want to promote the holy system, you can only choose a leader! Only dating can be embarrassing! "Sigh" Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu ".
.
Dayu's flood control is a great feat of the working people fighting against heaven and earth. China people's self-confidence in conquering nature, and their "rule by virtue" is also a model admired by ancient emperors. The current research proves that Dayu's water control is a major event related to the survival and development of the nation. As a beneficiary, he has the responsibility to pass it on to future generations and remember it forever.
Dayu is the pride and symbol of the Chinese nation, and his influence on China culture has gone beyond the limitation of time and space. From a modern point of view, eastern Henan has crossed the sea, northwest to Jishi Mountain in Qinghai, southwest to Wushan, north to Hengshan, and south to Vietnam. According to the author's statistics, the famous Dayu activity sites in China are: 16 Dayu Temple, 8 Yu Temple, 8 Temple, 2 Yu Mountain, 2 Yu Cave, 1 Yuwangtai, 1 Yuxi City, 1 Yuji Mountain, 1 Mountain,/. There are 1 Yujing, 1 Yuji Cave, 1 Yumen River, 1 Yu Di, 1 Yumen Temple, etc. And almost all of them have the same content, which is expressed in the form of "God" beyond human resources. It is no exaggeration to say that Dayu has become the spiritual sustenance of the Chinese nation in fighting floods and overcoming floods.
Culture is a process, with no beginning and no end. In the process of development and inheritance, we constantly innovate and advance. I said in an article: "When a nation loses its traditional culture, it means the beginning of decline. When the country dies, it can be rebuilt. When the traditional culture disappears, the nation will completely perish. The Jewish state has been dead for thousands of years, but it can rebuild its own country. The fundamental reason is that Jews stubbornly inherit their beliefs and their traditional culture, which is worth learning from the world. " Xu rihui China tourism culture. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 20 10.86.
. Engels pointed out in "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science" that "when we carefully examine nature or human history or our spiritual activities, the first thing that catches our eye is a picture that is endlessly intertwined with various connections and interactions. In this picture, nothing is wrong and unchanging, but everything is moving and changing, producing and disappearing". This is because history is advancing and society is developing, and nothing is static. However, it will never change to carry forward the spirit of Dayu, unite Chinese people around the world and aggregate the spirit of the Chinese nation.