soldier
In ancient China, a certain social stratum with a certain status later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because learning was in the government in ancient times, only the aristocratic children above the scholar level had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science. During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives. At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further. Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han dynasty, scholars attached great importance to their fame (that is, personality, integrity and academic ability). Once a celebrity, the utilitarian position will follow, so the literati will either focus on integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, and abide by feudal ethics. Or make friends with glitz, make friends with friends, brag about each other, and seek fame and reputation. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, discussion words were very popular among scholars. This kind of personal problem belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Nine Grades System was established, and the right to judge scholars was returned to the government. People who are judged by Zhongzheng are given different grades (native products) according to their virtue and family values, and then awarded various official positions. A person who has not been appraised by Chiang Kai-shek may not be an official. So scholars have the meaning of a certain class. The opposition between scholars and ordinary people is gradually emerging. All officials with nine grades or above, those who win the first place in authentic products are all scholars, otherwise they are ordinary. Among the scholars, there is also a family, which can be an official by virtue of its parents and grandparents, and an official from generation to generation, especially for the gentry. The gentry reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and declined in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry as a specific class still existed. After the Song Dynasty, the word "scholar" gradually became the general name of ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to some of the "Pin Guandu Qin Lun":
Counselors: Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi;
Phase: Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen, Zhao Liu, Lou Slow, Zhai Jing;
Will: Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Tian Ji, Lian Po, Yue Qingqi;
Confucianism, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi.
Taoism, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.
Mohism, the representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Legalists, representatives: Han Fei and Li Si. Works: Han Feizi
Famous artists and representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
Yin and Yang, the representative: Zou Yan.
Strategists and strategists, representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
Saint, representative figure: Lv Buwei.
Stuck: Jing Ke, Zhuan Xu.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its strict discipline, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu? 6? 1 private ").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
Hanshu? 6? There are 2 1 7 legalist works recorded in1literature and art annals, and nearly half of them are still in existence, among which the most important ones are Shang Jun and Neither donkey nor horse.
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan combined the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually dependent and mutually resistant, and established the theory that "five virtues begin and end", which was the law of the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Hanshu? 6? 1 Yiwenzhi recorded 2 1 works of this school, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites, written at the end of the Warring States Period? 6? 1 month, some people say that it is the work of yin and yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to the works of Yin and Yang, Lv Chunqiu? 6? 1 It should be the same, Huainanzi? 6? 1 qi customs Xun, historical records? 6? 1 The biography of Qin Shihuang kept some information about the Yin and Yang families.
The strategists were China's advisers who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of "horizontal and vertical cooperation" during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to Hanshu? 6? According to the records of Yiwenzhi 1, the strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
Miscellaneous school was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by the gathering guests in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
"Scholar" refers to thinkers and works that reflect the interests of all walks of life in the ideological field of this period. It is also the general name of various political schools from pre-Qin to Han, and belongs to private schools that emerged after the Spring and Autumn Period. "A hundred schools of thought contend" shows that there were many thinkers at that time, but it was also an exaggeration. The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing and Gao Zi.
Andy, Gongsun Zilong, Keiko, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shenzi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan and Lv Buwei.
A hundred schools of thought contend, reflecting the extremely active situation in which different schools of thought argue with each other like bright stars. Its brilliance and color have written a dazzling page in China's academic history, cultural history and ideological history!
Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. \ husband yin and yang, Confucianism and Mohism, fame, law and virtue, this matter is also the ruler "("Historical Records? 6? 1 Taishi Gongxu). Hanshu? 6? Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in 1 Literary Annals can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, France, Ming, Mohism, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture and fiction. In addition to novelists, they are called "nine-legged and full".
In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out from the contention of a hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. Thus, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions produced from the soil of China can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, not only that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries.
Due to the split situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of the schools were regional when they were established. For example, Zou Lu (Qufu, Shandong) is the birthplace of Confucianism and Mohism; Sanjin (Yicheng, Shanxi) is a hotbed of legalism; The south is the blue of Taoism; Yan and Qi (northern Hebei and Linzi, Shandong) are the birthplaces of Yin and Yang families.
Philosophers are the general name of political schools because the basic purpose of their schools is to provide political strategies for monarchs. Confucianism advocates reforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous scholars became juexue, farmers became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into metaphysics. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.
Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests" and so on.
During the Warring States period, from Wang Ting to the bottom of society, the figure of "scholar" can be seen everywhere. Exploring the activities of this class is very beneficial to deeply understand the social life, especially the political culture, during the Warring States period.
First, the classification of scholars
According to rough statistics, there are more than 100 titles and special nouns centered on "scholar" in the Warring States literature. This not only shows the complexity of the gentry class, but also shows that their activities are all over the society. In order to distinguish different taxis, people at that time began to classify taxis. Mozi? 6? 1 Zawei divides scholars into "counselors", "warriors", "skillful scholars" and "envoys". "Shang junshu" 6? 1 Calculate the land and divide the literati into "talkers", "Chu Shi", "warriors", "craftsmen" and "businessmen". Zhuangzi? 6? Xu Wugui (1) divided scholars into intellectuals, debaters, judges, people who recruited the world, strong and brave people, soldiers who reformed, haggard and law-abiding, and so on. According to the characteristics and social status of scholars, it can be roughly divided into three parts:
(1) samurai. Among them, there are different categories. The first category is the armed forces of the country. Due to different skills, positions, arms and countries, there are various titles: Chosen Scholar, Trainee, Sharp Scholar, Elite Scholar, Good Scholar, Knight Rider, Archer, Talented Geisha, Tiger Scholar and swordsman. The second kind is chivalrous. In ancient books, they were called "Xia", "Jie Xia" and "Ranger". These people are brave and die for their bosom friends. The third category is "Lux", which refers to strong and brave people.
2 scribes. "Biography of Han Poetry" Volume 7 says: "A gentleman avoids three ends: the pen end of a scholar, the front end of a warrior and the tongue end of a debater." Here, the author is called a scribe. In fact, intellectuals, including debaters, can all be called scribes. As early as the early Warring States period, Mozi had distinguished the characteristics and different types of scribes. He said that people with virtue are "virtuous, eloquent and knowledgeable in Taoism" [1]. Morality, speech and Taoism should be said to be the classification of scholars. There were more than thirty or forty titles about scholars in Historical Records of the Warring States Period. These dozens of appellations can be roughly divided into the following categories. The first category can be called moral type. This kind of taxi aims at moral cultivation. So at that time, many people defined or summarized the characteristics and essence of scholars in the sense of moral quality. For example, Confucius said, "Scholars aim at Tao." [2] "Lv Chunqiu? 6? 1 Correct the dialogue between the directory and the King of Qi: "Yue:' Today there are people who are filial, loyal to the king, trustworthy when making friends, and caring when living in their hometown. Are you a scholar with these four walkers? "The King of Qi said,' This is really a so-called scholar.' The names of moral people include: general scholars, male scholars, Shi Zhi, Shi Zhi, monks, good scholars, believers, Shi Lian, Jinshi and Zheng Shi. The second category can be described as intelligence. These people focus on knowledge and apply what they have learned. They have the following titles: scribe, wanderer, warlock, wise man, legal person, eloquent man, lobbyist, tourist official, judge and craftsman. Hermits can be said to be attached to or combined with the above two categories, and such scholars are not officials for various reasons. Not being an official does not mean that everyone does not care about the national economy and people's livelihood, social and political events; On the contrary, some hermits have made many comments on the gains and losses of current politics, and even put forward a systematic theory, which has become a unified statement. Some hermits have a high reputation in society. The monarch sent envoys to extend their employment again and again, but they refused to be ordered. Some hermits are temporary, and seclusion is just a wait-and-see technique. There are also the following titles that are the same as or similar to hermits: laity, Chu Shi, valley man, river and sea man, cave man, man of noble birth, noble, idle man and so on. The third category can be described as skill type. These people can be divided into three parts: technicians, businessmen and alchemists. Skilled talents refer to people with one skill and special skills. "Shang junshu" 6? 1 To put it bluntly, "The talent of a skilled person lies in his hands." Han Fei? Son? 6? 1? Xian Xue said: "Today's business officials and capable people also eat without raising." A businessman refers to a person who manages industry and commerce. For example, Guan Zhong and Bao Shu were both in business in their early years. Fan Li is a typical scholar who gets rich by doing business. Zi Gong is both a scholar and a big businessman. Bai Gui was also a famous taxi and businessman during the Warring States Period. In the Warring States period, there was a saying of "merchants", "Shu? 6? 1 Say: "The talent of a businessman lies in his body. "The alchemist refers to a scholar who divines, wizards, visits fortune-teller, looks at geomantic omen and asks for fairy medicine. Like Xunzi? 6? 1 non-phase: "Liang has a Tang residence, and he knows his good or bad by watching people's shapes and colors. "During the Warring States period, such scholars were quite active, and some of them participated in national politics." Jing is kind, speaks clearly and knows the country. When Zhuang Wang saw it, he asked. [3] After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, "there are many literary warlocks who want to preach peace. The alchemist wants to practice as an imperial doctor "[4].
(3) junior officials. Some junior officials call them "scholars". Specifically, there are the following situations: one is that the subordinate officials of judicial personnel are called "scholars" and "Mencius"? 1 Hui Liang Wang Xia "contains:" Judges can't rule judges, so what? " A "judge" is a senior judicial official, and a "judge" is a junior official with a paper rank. The second kind refers to officials at the grass-roots level. Such scholars have their own places of governance, such as the saying in "No Attack": "Scholars can't govern their own affairs." "pipe? 6? The eight views of 1 call likui jy a scholar. The third type generally refers to various officials. Book of rites? 6? 1 Sacrifice method: "Ordinary people, Shu Ren has no temples." Note: "Ordinary people belong to government officials."
Some of them are difficult to classify. Such as Warrior, Kingdom of Stone, Shi Xiu, Shi Jun, Martyr, Shi Hao, Che and Du. Through the above classification, we can see the complexity of scholars and their wide distribution in society, indicating that scholars are the most active class in society.
Second, the position of scholars in society.
Because the composition of scholars is very complicated, their social status can not be the same. Therefore, the social status of scholars can only be investigated from different levels.
(A) the relationship between scholars and grades
In the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were basically the first level in the hierarchy. By the Warring States period, the hierarchy had undergone major changes. On the basis of the old hierarchy, the Qin Dynasty formulated twenty ranks, which made the hierarchy more complicated and thorough. The situation of the six countries in Shandong is not clear, but in general, it is also developing in the direction of complexity and carefulness.
Shang Yang (Wei Yang), Shen Buhai Wuqi, Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Tian Ji, Guan Zhong, Le Yi.
Yan Wu Wu Wenzhong, four sons of Su Qin in the Warring States Period (Wei Guo, New Huang Xie, Chu Chun, Qi Meng Changjun Tian Wen, Zhao Ping Yuanjun Zhao Sheng), Qu Yuan and his son (Lao Zi Mencius). . . . ) Tian Lei