The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first imperial cemetery in the history of China. Its scale is huge and its funerary objects are rich, ranking first among the imperial tombs of past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. The large-scale ground buildings found in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, activity halls, gardens, temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum forms a three-step staircase with a square bottom, with a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about/kloc-0.20 million square meters, a height of 87 meters and a circumference of 2,000 meters. (Another message: The initial height of the cemetery is 65,438 meters. The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.
There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was the first batch of key cultural relics protection units announced by the people of China and the State Council; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, making it a * * for all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The largest catacombs.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world. The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization.
Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Pass the three springs, drop the bronze wares, fill the palace with officials, and move the treasures. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy above, geography below, and mermaid cream is a candle. If the degree is immortal, it will last a long time. "
Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades.
Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "Reproducing the guard of honor-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the cemetery and the underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the industriousness and wisdom of the Han working people in ancient China. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among all the tombs of ancient emperors, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial.
According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it, and the tomb is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lights in the tomb, so that it can last forever.
There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Mercury analysis
According to Records of Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, the underground palace "takes mercury as a hundred rivers". Liu Shiyi, a researcher at China Geological Survey and Research Institute, said that geophysical exploration proved that there were obvious mercury anomalies in the underground palace, and the mercury distribution was stronger in the southeast and southwest, and weaker in the northeast and northwest. If the distribution of mercury represents rivers and oceans, it coincides with the distribution of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea in China. "Qin Shihuang has been to Bohai Bay personally, so it is likely to sketch the Bohai Sea into his underground palace. If this is confirmed, it shows that the Qin Dynasty conducted an investigation and study on the geography of China, which is also a new discovery. "
Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi is a biography of Sima Qian's outstanding figures engaged in business activities, and Ba Widow Qing is the only one selected to manage cinnabar. Li Yongming, who is engaged in the research of Ba Widow's House, thinks that only Ba Widow's House could provide this 65,438+000 tons of mercury at that time.
Qin Shihuang and Ba Widow Qing had a good relationship: on the one hand, they were supreme power, on the other hand, they were "big producers" of building materials and elixirs for the underground palace, and this may be the bond of their mysterious relationship.
Nvhuaiqingtai, an ancient building built by Qin Shihuang in honor of Ba Widow Qing, marks the meritorious service and status of Ba Widow Qing's life and is a monument in the history of health care medicine development in China.
Resting temple site
Three groups of large palace architectural sites were found on the north side of Fentu of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, with a length of about 750 meters from north to south and a width of about 250 meters from east to west, covering an area of 187500 square meters, with dense buildings and large scale. According to experts' research and analysis, it may be the ritual architecture of the cemetery, that is, the remains of the mausoleum building. For the convenience of description, the three groups of buildings are divided into three groups: A, B and C. ..
Group A Palace Site is located 53 meters west of the northern part of the mausoleum. It is only 10 meter away from the north edge of the original paddock, which can be said to be close to the north side of the paddock. It is a large square ground building with a length of 65 meters from north to south and a width of 55 meters from east to west, covering an area of 3,575 square meters. There is aproll around the building, and there is an annular corridor around it. The square base higher than the annular corridor 1.2m is the main building. The upper part of the site is covered with broken tiles, stewed soil and lime soil. According to the analysis of the known situation, the building structure may be a large building with heavy floors and tile roofs, and the central building is a two-story or three-story building.
Group B palace architectural site is located in the north of Group A 10 meters, south of the northern edge of the mausoleum 130 meters, and adjacent to the west wall of the inner city in the west. This site is 240 meters long from east to west and 20 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 4,800 square meters. The six buildings in the site are distributed in a straight line from east to west, and the area gradually increases from east to west, showing a ladder shape. The largest is 1000 square meters, and the smallest is only over 60 square meters. Some buildings have high specifications and luxurious decoration, with circular corridors and aprons; Some buildings have unearthed painted figurines and fragments of weapons, such as iron rings and bronze cymbals.
The site of the palace building in Group C is only 2 meters away from the north side of Group B and 150 meters away from the south side of the mausoleum. There are four building bases in the site, which are arranged horizontally from east to west to form a building complex. A large number of bluestone slabs were unearthed at the building foundation site, including building materials such as tiles, slab tiles, ridge tiles and pipe tiles, ironware such as hammers, chisels, shovels, paving heads, bolt plates, ceramic well rings and ceramic oven doors, and remaining bronzes. The semi-cylinder behind the tile is buckled at one end of the roof, and the tile is covered on the purlin head of the roof, which not only plays the role of anticorrosion, but also has the role of aesthetic decoration.
In the north of Group C, there are a large number of building sites, and there are existing stone pavements, rows of stone sewers and a large number of broken tiles, braised soil and other relics. The distribution seems to be the same as that of Group B and Group C architectural sites, and it is also a group arrangement of multiple base sites in the east-west direction. Thus, together with the three groups A, B and C, a large building complex from south to north is formed. These buildings can be collectively called the mausoleum buildings of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were sacrificial buildings in the cemetery, including a sleeping hall and a toilet hall. Sleeping hall is the main hall in the cemetery, just like the road of life, and it is the main residence of the tomb owner's soul; Bedroom, also known as Biedian and Bian Shi, is an accessory part of the sleeping party, just like the one next to the main hall of life, which is a place for the tomb owner's soul to rest and relax, as always.
Cai Yong's "Arbitrariness" states: "Sacrifice to ancient tombs began when Qin Shihuang went to bed, and began at the side of the tomb. Therefore, the Han Dynasty has not changed, so the mausoleum is called Bedroom. " Group A is located near the northern edge of the mausoleum, with a large area and a circular corridor around it, which obviously occupies the main position and should be the main hall in the mausoleum, that is, the sleeping hall; The buildings in groups B and C are relatively small, far away from the mausoleum, and are ancillary buildings, even halls.
According to most documents, the system of establishing sleeping halls in cemeteries began in the time of Qin Shihuang, which was recorded in Random Thoughts. At present, the earliest archaeological materials are the buildings on the edge of Qin Dongling and the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Four rammed earth building foundations were found near the fences of two Asian tombs in the No.1 cemetery of Qin Dongling, and stone slabs, tiles and some pottery fragments were unearthed. "Hanshu" records: "There are sleeping halls and toilet halls in the garden. Sacrifice sleeping during the day, going to the temple in the month, and going to the toilet in the time. Sleep, eat once every four days; Temple, 25 years old; Convenient hall, four years old. " "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records: "There are clothes, sticks and so on. Recommend new things in the dormitory. " The sleeping hall and toilet hall in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum are large in scale, and the sleeping hall should be equipped with clothes, sticks and so on. Just like the Han Dynasty. The official site found in the cemetery is the place where Sleeping Garden is responsible for sacrifices and meals. Moreover, like the Han Dynasty, we had to eat every day, recommend new things to the bedroom, and have someone to take care of the soul of the first emperor like the living.
general layout
The designers of the Qin Mausoleum project not only showed unique foresight in the choice of the cemetery, but also showed great ingenuity in the design of the overall layout of the cemetery.
The whole cemetery consists of two long and narrow rectangular walls in the north and south. An east-west wall was found in the middle of the inner city, which just divided the inner city into north and south parts. The tall tomb is located in the southern half of the inner city and is the core of the whole cemetery. The ground buildings of the cemetery are concentrated on the north side of the enclosure, and the burial pits of the cemetery are distributed on the east and west sides of the enclosure. An imperial cemetery with reasonable layout and standardized shape centered on underground palaces and tombs has been formed.
The main remains on the ground of the Qin Mausoleum are high mountains. At that time, the 20-mile-long rammed earth wall inside and outside was incomplete. What you can see is the rest of the west wall of the inner city. Then the magnificent ground building was burned by Xiang Yu as early as two thousand years ago. Fortunately, the ruins of the ground buildings have not been completely destroyed. Archaeologists drilled and excavated these sites, thus determining the location and scale of the architectural sites. After years of exploration and trial excavation, it is found that the ground buildings of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are mainly distributed between the inner and outer walls on the north side and the northwest side of the enclosure. There are three ground buildings on the north side of the enclosure, among which the one near the enclosure is large in scale and exquisite in shape, which seems to be a sleeping hall for cemetery sacrifice. There are two groups of large-scale buildings in the north of the sleeping hall, which are also sleeping halls. The burial pits and tombs in the cemetery are basically distributed between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure. 3 1 the burial pit of rare birds and animals is located between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure. There is also a large and stable burial pit, 6 1 empty burial pit and an A-type burial tomb, which are also distributed between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure. Archaeologists found two burial pits and a tomb on the east side of the fence. These burial pits and tombs are located in the east of the outer wall. 17 A burial tomb is 350 meters away from the original city wall, more than 90 stable burial pits are 400 meters away from the original city wall, and the west is 1225 meters away from the city wall, which is the famous companion of the three terracotta warriors and horses. Next to the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the west, there is also a large tomb with an A-shape.
Compared with other imperial cemeteries, the overall layout of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has the following remarkable characteristics:
First, the layout embodies the characteristics of single burial. In the past, there were three tombs in Wang Wei cemetery, and there were five tombs in Zhongshan Mausoleum, and only one tall tomb in Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which fully showed the characteristics of a single tomb. The layout of other monarchs' cemeteries presents the characteristics of multi-center of monarch, queen and wife. This difference is the reflection of Qin Zunjun's traditional thought of following the minister in the layout of the mausoleum.
Second, the location of the mausoleum is also different from other monarch cemeteries. Most of the cemeteries of other monarchs are located in the middle of the Hui cemetery, while the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in the southern half of the inner city. Some gentlemen think that this is arranged according to the etiquette of "the west is the best". Judging from the overall layout of the cemetery, the tomb of the first emperor is not in the western half. Feng Jia enclosed the southern half of the cemetery because of the design concept of Xiangshan.
Third, the tomb has a strict anti-theft system. It is often said that there is an anti-theft device in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. It is often unclear which anti-theft mechanisms are available. According to legend, a thick layer of sand was filled around the underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, forming a sand sea. This sand sea is the first line of defense of the underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum, which makes it impossible for grave robbers to enter the tomb by digging holes.
If the sand sea is just a legend, then the dark crossbow is clearly recorded. Sima Qian affirmed in Historical Records that there was a hidden crossbow in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. When thieves enter the mausoleum and touch the organ, they will be shot to death with a strong crossbow. Mechanical devices matched with concealed crossbows and traps. Grave robbers will fall into a trap and die even if they are not shot. In addition, there is a lot of mercury in the underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum, and the gas evaporated by mercury contains poison, which will also smoke the grave robbers to death. It can be seen that the anti-theft system of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is quite strict.