Qingxi Mausoleum is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain, which is15km west of Yixian County, Baoding City, Hebei Province. It is the mausoleum of emperors in Qing Dynasty, with four emperors' tombs, three empresses, four princes, elder brothers and princess gardens, forming a mausoleum building with 14 mausoleum as the main part, supplemented by palaces, yongfu temple and government offices, covering an area of more than 800 li.
196 1 On March 4th, Qingxi Mausoleum was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. On June 30th, 2000, 165438+ As a part of imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties in China, Qing Xiling was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List. Since 1980, Qingxi Mausoleum has been officially opened to the public, and countless Chinese and foreign tourists come to see this large royal tomb group every day. However, there are still many unsolved mysteries about Qingxi Mausoleum, waiting for people to study it in depth.
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in China, with 65,438+02 emperors, 65,438+02 imperial tombs, 7 empresses, 65,438+00 palaces and a large number of palaces of princes, princes, princesses and nannies. The 12 mausoleums in the Qing Dynasty, except the "Shengjing Three Mausoleums", are all located in the Qing Dongling Mausoleum and the Qing Xiling Mausoleum. The construction history of 12 imperial tomb in Qing dynasty is actually a history of the rise and fall of Qing dynasty, the joys and sorrows of emperors and empresses.
Qing Xiling Mausoleum is one of the tombs of the Qing emperors, which was built in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730). From the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century, I went to the Republic of China. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Yong Zhengdi was chosen as a mausoleum site. It is an ancient royal tomb with the largest scale, the most complete preservation and the most complete types of mausoleum buildings in China. This ancient tomb includes Yong Zhengdi, who is said to have usurped the throne by imperial edict. It is also the last tomb in the history of China, and the only tomb built after the death of Emperor Xiling of Qing Dynasty, where Emperor Aisin-Gioro Zaitian of Guangxu and his filial piety queen are buried.
Why was Yong Zhengdi buried next to Emperor Kangxi, the father of the Qing Dongling, after his death? Qing Tailing Mausoleum is located in Qing Xiling, Yixian County, Hebei Province. It is the mausoleum of Yong Zhengdi and his empress. It is the earliest, largest and most complete mausoleum in the Western Qing Dynasty, where the filial piety queen and Yong Zhengdi, the imperial concubine of Dunsu, are buried. Yongzheng's father is Kangxi. Some people say that Yongzheng tampered with Kangxi's will and stole the throne. I dare not be buried next to my father after my death, so I have to choose another mausoleum. On the other hand, Yongzheng's mausoleum site was originally chosen in chao yang shan, Jiu Feng, Dongling, Qing Dynasty, but he thought that it was "large-scale, incomplete in shape, and it was really impossible to fill the cave with sand and stone", so the original site was abolished. Yong Zhengdi analyzed the newly selected mausoleum site and thought that Yongning Mountain in yi county was a "land of eternal happiness". Since then, the Qing emperors have been buried in the East and West Tombs of Zunhua and Yixian at regular intervals.
Where did the 1500 cubic meters of gold nanmu used by Daoguang Emperor Muling come from? Qing Xiling, where Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty was buried, is the smallest of the four tombs of Qing Xiling. It looks simple and simple in appearance, but it has the world's largest golden Nanmu Temple carved with dragons. The wood used in the Long 'en Hall and the East-West Attached Hall in Muling is precious gold nanmu, about 1500m3. When Gan Long built Yihexuan, due to the lack of nanmu, we had to use Korean pine as a column to wrap nanmu. When I went to Jiaqing to build Changling, because I couldn't find big nanmu, I had to use yellow pine in the paddock instead. Golden nanmu has always been loved by rulers, and most temples are built with nanmu as raw material. After years of logging, the number of nanmu decreased sharply in Qing Dynasty. The origin of this 1500 cubic meter nanmu is still an unsolved mystery.
Netizens who have been to the Eastern and Western Qing Tombs found that compared with the Ming Tombs, there are more names of princesses and brothers in the tombs of the Qing Tombs. "Mausoleum" is the mausoleum of the emperor, "Bedroom" is the place where the emperor's soul lives, and "Temple" is the place where sacrifices are made, which constitute the mausoleum system of ancient emperors in China. "Death is like life" is the funeral concept of ancient emperors in China. It is necessary not only to build a palace in the emperor's cemetery to take care of life as before, but also to set up a temple next to the mausoleum for sacrifice and sacrifice.
In the feudal society of China before the Qing Dynasty, the traditional concept of tomb hierarchy was only the difference between "mausoleum" and "tomb". As a special word, "Ling" can only refer to the burial place of emperors, and calling Ling without authorization is trespassing. The mausoleum of the emperor is called "Mausoleum" (including mausoleum, garden and cemetery). In addition, even the tombs of princes and even princes can only be called "tombs" unless the court specifically permits them. The word "garden sleep" first appeared in the book of the later Han Dynasty. The original meaning refers to the mausoleum of the emperor, including the "Garden Mausoleum" and the "Bedroom Hall". The "Garden Mausoleum" is a cemetery, and the "Sleeping Temple" is a place for offering sacrifices, which are collectively called Garden Mausoleum, Garden Temple or Sleeping Garden. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Garden was separated from the Mausoleum, and a first-class Garden was added between the Mausoleum and the Mausoleum of the Emperor and Empress, called Mausoleum or Mausoleum, which included all the royal families with titles such as concubines, princes and princesses of the emperor. (Wang Jianan Photography)