Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the father of our country, once commented on Nanjing: Nanjing is the ancient capital of China, before Beijing. Its location is in a beautiful area. Its land includes mountains, deep waters and plains. It's hard to find such a beautiful place in a world metropolis. Historically, Nanjing has benefited and suffered from its unique geographical location and extraordinary geomantic scenery. In the past, Nanjing suffered many military disasters, but it also rebuilt its prosperity from the ruins many times. When China was occupied by foreigners and the Han nationality was about to suffer extinction, the Han nationality usually chose Nanjing to recuperate and aspire to the Northern Expedition and restore China. Daming and the success of the second Northern Expedition in the Republic of China; In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiao Liang and Liu Song were defeated in the Northern Expedition. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, ministers unanimously agreed to take Jiankang as the capital and restore the Central Plains. To their regret, Song Gaozong had no intention of the Northern Expedition, but made Jinling its capital. Even if the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom takes Nanjing as its capital, it is one of the mobilization bases and legitimacy to expel alien rule. Therefore, Nanjing is regarded as the revival place of the Han nationality and has a special position and value in the history of China. Therefore, after comparing the four ancient capitals of Chang 'an, Luoyang, Jinling and Yanjing, Mr. Zhu Dai said: "These four metropolitan cities are rich in literature, handsome in people, beautiful in mountains and rivers and magnificent in weather, which is closely related to the national crisis, especially Jinling."
King Chu, Qin and Qi
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nanjing was located in the "Wu Tou Chu Wei" and was the seat of the State of Wu.
In 472 BC, after Gou Jian destroyed Wu, the King of Yue ordered him to build a "Yuecheng" on the Qinhuai River.
In 306 BC, Chu Weiwang built a city on the Stone Mountain and established Jinling City.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang changed Jinling to Moling.
In the early Han Dynasty, Moling was the fief of Han Xin, the king of Chu, and Liu Bi, the king of Wu. 128 ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty granted his son Wei Liu Molinggong.
Ancient capital of six dynasties
2 1 1 year, Sun Quan moved from Jingkou to Moling and changed his name to Jianye. In 229, Sun Quan called Wu Dadi, which has been the capital of Jianye since Wuchang.
In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, and the reconstruction industry was Jianye. Later, in order to avoid the Jin emperor Sima Ye, it was renamed Jiankang. In 3 17, Si Marui acceded to the throne, which was the capital of Jiankang for the formal establishment of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In 420, Song Wudi proclaimed himself emperor and established Song Liguo and Jiankang. In 479, Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Song Dynasty, established Qi State, and built its capital and health. In 502, Daiqi proclaimed himself emperor, and Liang and Jian Kang were the capital. In 557, Dai Liang, Jian Kang proclaimed himself emperor.
Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were also called the Six Dynasties, so Nanjing was called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. Today, Nanjing Library retains the ruins of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time with a population of one million. Developed economy and prosperous culture have preserved the ancient Jiangnan culture in China.
Jinling sentiment
In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty took Shitou Town as Jiangzhou, which was changed to Danyang County in Yang Di during the Sui Dynasty.
Since then, the rulers of Sui and Tang Dynasties moved Yangzhou from Jinling to Guangling, and once cancelled the establishment of Nanjing State. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Du and Fu owned the rebels to occupy Danyang County, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and changed Danyang into a naturalized place in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu rose up and established the Song regime. Jiangnan, Tang Ping, is a rising country.
In the Five Dynasties, Yang Wu and Guo Li built Jinling, thinking it was the western capital. In 937, Xu Zhimo (Li Bian) replaced Wu, founded the country in Nantang, made Jinling its capital, and changed Jinling House to jiangning house.
Accompany the capital to build health
In 975, the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty, and jiangning house was promoted to the state. 10 18, Song Zhenzong took Zhao Zhen as the king, and soon became the crown prince, and the country name was changed to jiangning house.
1 127 years, Song Gaozong acceded to the throne and changed jiangning house to Jiankang House as the east capital. Soon nomads from the south, Gao Zongnan fled, with Shaoxing as the temporary capital. 1 138, Song Gaozong fled to Hangzhou again, established a bank, and changed Hangzhou to Lin 'an Prefecture. Jiankang House Shaoxing House is the capital. 1275, Yuan soldiers went south, taking Jiankang House as Jiankang. 1329, Kangjian was rebuilt as.
Enlightened city
1356, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Qing Ji and changed Qing Ji Road to Yingtianfu. As a base, Zhu Yuanzhang called himself Wu Guogong. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian. "The mountains and rivers have the land of China, and the sun and the moon reopen the Great Song Day." Therefore, the name of this country is Ming, and this is Ming Taizu. Take Yingtianfu as Nanjing, think of it as the capital, and Kaifeng as Beijing, thinking of staying in the capital. /kloc-stopped in Beijing in 0/378 and changed Nanjing as the capital. 1403, Beiping, Ming Sheng was named Beijing, thinking that he would stay in Beijing. /kloc-at the end of 0/420, Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing with its capital in Nanjing. Zhu Yousong, the axe king, ascended the throne in Nanjing on 1644.
The situation in heaven
1645, the Qing army conquered Nanjing. Change South Zhili to jiangnan province, and Yingtianfu to jiangning house. 1649, Jiangning established the Governor of Liangjiang. 1853, the Taiping army conquered Jiangning and changed Jiangning to Tianjing, thinking that it was the capital. Build the Taiping Heavenly Palace near today's presidential palace. 1864, the Qing army conquered Tianjing, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished.
Capital of fraternity
19 12, Sun Yat-sen became the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing, which is the capital of China.
1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Nanjing. Soon, the Nanjing National Government was established.
On September 1937 and 19, Gu, commander of Japan's Third Fleet, ordered the indiscriminate bombing of Nanjing and others.
65438+February 65438+March, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, followed by a bloody massacre in Nanjing for half a year. In the worst six weeks of atrocities, * * * killed more than 300,000 compatriots and 1 10,000 women in rape 2, which is known as the "Nanjing Massacre" in history.
The rebirth of the old capital
1949 On April 23-24, China People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and established Nanjing Municipal People's Government.
After 1949, Nanjing was first a municipality directly under the central government.
1952 Jiangsu Province was restored, and Nanjing was reduced to a provincial city, which is the capital of Jiangsu Province. 1990 Nanjing was designated as a city under separate state planning, and 1994 the provincial capital city was abolished. The Central Organization Establishment Committee of the State Council has determined that the administrative level of Nanjing is sub-provincial.
folk culture
Since ancient times, "the wealth of the world, out of the southeast, Jinling is its club", Nanjing is also the city of the ten dynasties. "The cultural relics in the clothes are rich in southeast and urban atmosphere, with profound cultural connotations, revealing a bit of elegance, heroic, gentle, beautiful and harmonious." At the same time, Nanjing, as the hub of world literature, has a profound cultural heritage. The so-called "food maid bartenders also had smoke and water in the Six Dynasties".
Spring festival new year's day
It used to be called New Year's Day, commonly known as Chinese New Year. People in Nanjing will sweep the court, put lanterns, hang decorations, wear new clothes and hats, put up Spring Festival couplets and set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival.
People in Nanjing put up Spring Festival couplets or door gods on the door of the New Year, and scholars put up a picture of a chicken on the door, which means "a chicken is getting stronger every day". Now people meet in the New Year, wish each other "Congratulations on getting rich", offer tea and cigarettes, and treat each other with fashionable cakes.
the Lantern Festival
The fifteenth day of the first month is the night of the first full moon in the lunar year, which is called Yuanxiao. Night is synonymous with Xiao, so it is called Yuanxiao. Food has also changed from eating bean porridge to tasting Yuanxiao (glutinous rice balls). In Nanjing, there is a custom of "putting lights on Lantern Festival and leaving lights on noodles". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Lantern Festival in Nanjing had the custom of playing with dragon lanterns and hanging gauze lanterns.
Tomb-Sweeping Day went for a spring outing.
Since ancient times, Tomb-Sweeping Day has been paid attention to by the imperial court and the people because of the custom of sweeping graves to worship ancestors. At this time, it is beautiful spring, and men and women can go to Niushou Mountain, Yuhuatai Mountain and Meihua Mountain in the suburbs to "drown their sorrows by drinking, which is called an outing". There is a saying called "Spring Bull Head".
Tour Qinhuai on Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth day of May in the summer calendar is called Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Duanyang. On this day, Nanjing people like to eat zongzi and mung bean cakes, as well as "fried five poisons" (fried with whitebait, shrimp, leek and black dry goods), amaranth and male soybeans, and drink realgar and calamus wine to avoid disaster. Washing your eyes with sun-exposed water is called "broken eyes", which means you can avoid eye diseases for a year. Acorus calamus and mugwort leaves are also dipped in water and sprinkled on the ground, and then inserted on the lintel to "eliminate disasters." In the past 20 years, the Qinhuai River has been rectified vigorously, and the water has been changed regularly, with more boats and pleasant scenery. At night, there are thousands of lights on both sides of Qinhuai River. Tourists in cruise ships, boats in scenery, people walking in paintings, each with its own flavor.
Mid-Autumn Moon Touches Autumn
Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, Jiangnan is also called August Festival. This night, there is a full moon in the sky and a full moon on earth. Even if you are in a foreign country, you should go home for reunion. People in Nanjing like to enjoy the moon with their families, which is called "celebrating reunion", and it is called "full moon" when groups sit together and drink, and it is called "walking on the moon" when visiting the market. There were Moon Tower and Moon Bridge in the early Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a Moon Tower under Lion Mountain, which was a place for tourists to enjoy the moon, and the Moon Bridge was the most prosperous. Yueyue Bridge is located in Qinhuai River, where the old courtyard of Confucius Temple is located. After the Qing Dynasty, the wind of enjoying the moon still prevailed. People in Yue Bai display fresh fruits and moon cakes, burn incense (tie incense like a tower, add paper barrels on it, and call it a bucket of incense), tell the story of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, and then share moon cakes. Mooncakes are made in Guabu, and "Jinling set of cakes" was the best in the Republic of China.
Chongyang gaodeng club
On the ninth day of September in the summer calendar, it is called Chongyang, because every day of this month is positive. Historically, Jiankang (now Nanjing) people went out to climb mountains on this day, forming a "mountaineering meeting". This custom originated from a strange legend of avoiding evil spirits, which was recorded in detail by Wu Jun, a native of A Liang in the Southern Dynasties. From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the custom of Chongyang in Jiankang still flourished. At that time, he lived in the south of the city to climb the Yuhuatai, in the city to climb the Arctic Pavilion, and in the north of the city to climb the Shogun Mountain, especially the Shogun Mountain.
Laba porridge
Nanjing has been the center of Buddhist culture in China since ancient times. Believers in China are very devout, so they merged with "La Ri" to form the "Laba Festival" and held a grand ceremony. This Laba Festival, which originated from Buddhist tradition, is also popular in Nanjing. Laba, as its name implies, is the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. The most famous one is Pilu Temple, which is located next to the presidential palace on the Yangtze River in Nanjing.
Welcome the god of wealth in the new year
According to the traditional customs of Nanjing people, the fifth day of the first lunar month is a very important day. On this day, the garbage that has been placed in the dustpan for many days can be seen everywhere outside the door. People are waiting for 12: 00 in the morning (midnight). When midnight comes, there are deafening firecrackers everywhere, sometimes even louder than New Year's Eve. On this day, in the old customs of Nanjing, Confucius Temple began to light up, and all kinds of lights, such as lotus lanterns, pineapple lanterns, zodiac lanterns and so on, were lit up.