Where is Lieshan today? This point has been recorded in more detail in the literature since Wei and Jin Dynasties. For the convenience of discussion, the quotation is as follows: Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote in Notes on Water Classics: "The water source flows from Dazi Mountain in the east, and it is divided into two waters. One water goes to the south of Li Xiang in the west, and there are heavy mountains in the south, which is Lieshan Mountain. There is a cave at the foot of the mountain. Legend has it that Shennong was born. Therefore, Li is called. There are nine wells in the north of the water, and the so-called' Shennong is born, and nine wells are self-piercing' is water. It is also said that if you draw a well, a lot of water will move. The well is now blocked, and the remains seem to still exist. You also have to look at your hometown, so you have to look at the country and the Shennonghui. Giving southwest water to the slaughterhouse is to strengthen water. Here, the harsh voice is similar, and it should be Lishui. It is also well known that one water goes out to different places and enters the southwest. The water goes south to the county, and Anlu also notes. " This information explains the mountains and rivers in Suixian, that is, the northern Suizhou today, shows the general orientation of water transfer, and points out that water delivery is strong water, and Lai is a strong country, while water delivery, Lai and harsh voice are similar, so they are interlinked. This shows that Shennong was born here and lives in this area. Wu: The Rise of Shennong and the Influence of Culture, and Culture, Hubei People's Publishing House, 199 1 Edition. ?
The Map of Jingzhou compiled by Liu Song Sheng Hongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was the earliest lost, so it was called Jingzhou Ji. Then the whole book was lost. This book is an important historical record of ancient Jingzhou. It recorded the legend and deeds of "Shennong was born in Li Xiang", which was quoted by later books. For example, Xiao Liang and Liu Zhao in the Southern Dynasties wrote the following words under the original text "Sui, there is a broken snake mountain in the west" when commenting on the national records of the post-Han county: "Ancient Sui country. That is, snakes with pearls. Du Yu said,' It depends on the pavilion.' "Zuo Zhuan" fifteen years, in the north of the county. "The Century of the Emperor" said:' Shennong started from Lieshan, which is called Lieshan, and now it follows Li's hometown. "Jingzhou Ji" said:' There are heavy mountains in the northern boundary of the county, and there are holes in the mountains. The cloud was born by Shennong. There is still a week to go back to one hectare and twenty acres of land, with nine grabens outside and nine wells inside. According to legend, Shennong is self-fattening, and nine wells pass by. If one well is taken and many wells are moved, this place is called Shennong Society, which is often used as a shrine every year. "In the early Tang Dynasty, Ou Yangxun and Linghu Defen compiled a literary collection; In the middle of Tang Dynasty, Xu Jian and Zhang Shuo wrote a beginner's book. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the history of music presided over the compilation of Taiping Universe. As well as "Taiping Yulan" compiled by Li Japan in the early Northern Song Dynasty, all cited Jingzhou records that Shennong was born in Lishan, Suizhou. ?
In the Tang Dynasty, Xiao Deyan's "Expanding Records" recorded: "Lishan is in the north of Suixian County, Suizhou, and there are caves in Shandong. Yesterday Shennong was born in Li Xiang, the so-called Lishan family, and Guo Li in the Spring and Autumn Period. " ? The Records of Yuanhe County compiled by Li Jifu in the late Tang Dynasty records: "Sui County, an old county in the Han Dynasty, belongs to Nanyang County. That is, with the national city, it has not changed in the past. ..... Mount Li, also known as Lieshan, is one hundred miles north of the county. " "Book of Rites" said: Shan Li's, Yan Di also; It started in Lishan, so it is called Lishan. ”？
The Records of Yuanfeng Nine Domains compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty records: "Suizhou: Shennong Temple, in Licun." ?
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Miro's History of Tao recorded: "Shennong Well is located in Laishan (that is, Lishan). As the old saying goes, one well takes it, and all eight wells move, so people dare not move. Today, the only cave is the shade beside the big tree, which is where the club is established. " ?
Li Xiang, in the north of Zhou Zhou, is now called Lishandian, as recorded in the Annals of Hubei Province, edited by Zhang Xuecheng in Qing Dynasty. ..... also cloud lai township, so lai also. There is Shennongshe. " ?
All the above records show that Shennong was born in Lishan, which is located in the northern part of Suizhou today. Shennong was born in Lishan, Suizhou, and it is true that several generations live under one roof. "Guoyu" records: "Yesterday Shaodian married Insect Joe and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor took pumping water as his success, while Yan Di took Jiang Shui as his success, with different virtues. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor is Ji, not Jiang. The two emperors used teachers to help each other, and the principle of virtue and difference was also. " For a long time, many scholars have regarded this information as the earliest and most important evidence to determine the birthplace of Emperor Yan, which led to the "Jiang Shui Theory" and Yan Kejun's "All Ancient Three Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties and Six Dynasties", which said: "Emperor Yan was born in, and because of his surname Jiang, he is called Emperor Yan, which is a cloud." The Historical Draft of China (People's Publishing House 1976) also said: "It is said that Emperor Yan was born in Jiang Shui." Lv Simian's History of the Pre-Qin Dynasty (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1982 edition) said: "The emperor said in the century that Yan Di's mother and daughter traveled to Huayang and were born in Jiang Shui." ; The China Dictionary of Places of Interest (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1986 edition), which originated from Jiang Shui's theory and Baoji's theory, said under Shennong Temple: "Yu Jia Village, south bank of Weihe River, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, is five kilometers north of Baoji City. According to legend, Emperor Yan Shennong was born in Shanmengyu, and his mother ginger took a bath in Jiulongquan after giving birth and raised it in Wayu, where later generations built a shrine to commemorate it. ..... This place is adjacent to Qinling Mountain in the south and Lishui in the west, with beautiful scenery. " The Common Sense of Ancient History in China (China Youth Publishing House, 1978 edition) says: "Huangdi and Yan Di both lived in Shaanxi at the earliest" and "Yan Di originated in the east of Qishan, Shaanxi." . In fact, this information cannot be used as evidence of Jiang Shui's theory. The reasons are as follows: first, the host of "Jiang Shui Lun" thinks that "life" is the past "life" and "inheritance". In fact, the word "life" here does not refer to fertility and childbirth, but should be understood as branches and descendants. In other words, the statement that "Shaodian gave birth to Huangdi and Emperor" in Guoyu means that Huangyan is a descendant of Shaodian, not that Huangyan is a son of Shaodian. Xu: Shennong's position and culture in prehistoric legends in China, Hubei People's Publishing House, 199 1 edition. Both Han Jiakui and Wu explained this. Jia Yue said, "Xiaodian precedes Huangdi." Wei of national danger. Zhao Wei said, "The speaker is also ... the descendant of the second emperor. Jia Jun got it. " Comment on Mandarin Today.
Secondly, the host of Jiang Shui Lun not only understands the fate of marrying Qiao's family, Huang Di and Yan Di as a worm as fertility, but also understands the success of Huang Di and the success of pumping water, Yan Di and Jiang Shui as fate, pumping water and Jiang Shui in Zhou Yu Today. His thinking logic is that the first sentence of Guoyu Yujin only says who the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di were born, and the second sentence further explains their specific places of birth. This kind of understanding seems logical, but it is actually a misunderstanding of the original text of Guoyu Yujin. Because it has been demonstrated before, the "life" in the first sentence is not life, nor is it life. Then "success" in the second sentence does not necessarily mean "life" born in a certain place. On this point, the ancients have long known. For example, in "Guoyu Yujin", a note was made for this passage: "The name of Ji, Jiang and Shui. Success is success. " It means that Huangdi and Yandi lived, developed and expanded in Ji and Jiang basins respectively. In addition, the word "Cheng" in the second half of the second sentence can also help us understand the meaning of "Cheng" in the first half of the sentence: the so-called "Cheng with different virtues" is obviously "long" and different virtues, not "born" and different virtues. ?
It can be seen that the basis of Yan Di's birth in "Jiang Shui Lun" is untenable, and "Jiang Shui Lun" is undoubtedly a tower in the sand, while "Baoji Lun" and "Qishan Lun" derived from "Jiang Shui Lun" are naturally like towers in the sand. Of course, "Baoji Theory" and "Qishan Theory" also have an important proof, that is, "Qi Shui is the east, out of the river south, for" in "Shui Jing Zhu Wei Shui". However, this historical data does not help the establishment of "Baoji Theory" and "Qishan Theory". According to relevant scholars' research, the ancient Qishui (Jiang Shui), now the Qishui River, was injected into Weishui from the old Wugong East. The backwater of ancient times, the thousand rivers of today, flows into the Weihe River from the north bank of Panjiawan. Qishui and Weishui are almost parallel from northwest to southeast, but the distance between them is about 80 kilometers from east to west. Today Baoji City is in the west of Weishui, and Qianjiang Shicheng is in the east of Qishui. Li Hanwei: Textual research on the legend that Yandi was born in Suizhou, Yandi and Yandi Culture, Hubei People's Publishing House, 199 1. Obviously, this record in the Water Mirror Notes Wei Shui can only provide contradictory evidence for Baoji Theory and Qishan Theory.
However, although there is no record of Yan Di's birthplace in the pre-Qin classics, some information about Yan Di's birthplace is revealed in the documents after the reunification of Shennong in Yan Di in Qin and Han Dynasties. Although the historical fact of the unity of Emperor Yan and Shennong was formed in ancient times, the concept of great unity was not formed until Qin and Han Dynasties.
The scholar who first pointed out the birthplace of Emperor Yan Shennong was Zheng Xuan, a famous Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to Cai Mo's comments on Shanshi Lie and his descendants in Guoyu Luyu and Zuozhuan Twenty-nine Years of Zhao Gong, Zheng Xuan participated in the theory that Yan Di and Shen Nong were one in Qin and Han Dynasties. When commenting on similar records in the Book of Rites, he regarded Li Shanjia or Shanshi Lie and Yan Di as one person: "Li Shanjia, Yan Di also. From Lishan, or Shanshi Lie ". Because Zheng Xuan thinks that Shanshi Lie (Shennong) and Yan Di are one person, his birthplace is naturally in one place. Soon after, Wu took the lead in responding to Zheng in the Three Kingdoms period. Commenting on the words about birds in Guoyu Luyu, he said, "Shanshi Lie is also the name of Emperor Yan. From Lieshan. " "Li (Sacrifice) Law" takes Lieshan as the calendar mountain. Because the pre-Qin classics only recorded the birthplace of Shennong (Shanshi Lie), but not the birthplace of Emperor Yan, Zheng Xuan and Zhao Wei decided that the birthplace of the combination of Emperor Yan and Shennong was Lieshan. ?
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Huangfu Mi put forward two views on the birthplace of Yandi Shennong. On the one hand, he accepted the opinions of Zhan Qin, Cai Mo, Zheng Xuan and Zhao Wei, and advocated that Emperor Yan Shennong was born in Lieshan: "Emperor Yan Shennong ... started from Lieshan, or called it. On the other hand, deeply influenced by Xu Chen's statement in Mandarin Today that "Yan Di was made by Jiang Shui", he further explained the legend of the birthplace of Yan Di Shennong: "The mother of Yan Di Shennong has HT. Notes on Shui Jing, Notes on Wei Shui Jing, Wen Ji, Wen Ji, Di Bu, Beginner Book, Volume 9 of Beginner Book, Tongzhi and Huang San Jiyi. The records of the "Emperor's Century" quoted in other ancient books are roughly the same. This record in the Emperor's Century puts forward two opinions, that is, Yan Emperor Shennong was born in Huayang and grew up in Jiang Shui. Among them, "being longer than Jiang Shui" can be said to be a correct understanding of "Jiang Shuicheng" in Guoyu Today, so I won't repeat it here. Being born in Huayang is the origin of Huayang Theory. So, where is Huayang today? According to relevant scholars' research, there are three names "Huayang" mentioned in Historical Records, namely Huayang captured by Zhao Wuling when he attacked Zhongshan, and Huayang in Han defeated Zhao and Han, namely, the biography of Wang Jian in Tian Lei, Qin Baiqi pulled out Wei Zhiyang, and Huayang Heiliangzhou in Xia Benji. The first Huayang, the justice of Zhang Shoujie, is the alias of Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue, and the second Huayang, the justice of Zhang Shoujie, is located in Mi County, Henan Province, but there are no records and legends about the birth of Yandi Shennong in these two places so far. According to the analysis of relevant records in Shangshu Gong Yu and Hanshu Geography, the third Huayang should refer to the area south of Huashan Mountain. Combining the "Hua Yangjun" mentioned in Historical Records and the "Mrs. Huayang" mentioned in Historical Records and Biography of Lv Buwei, we can think that "Huayang" should be a Qin or Guanzhong person south of Huashan, including Chu. This statement is not unreasonable, but it is a bit general. We think that Huangfu Mi's "Huayang" probably refers to the middle and upper reaches of the Hanshui River south of the Qinling Mountains. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, overseas Chinese in Huayang County and Huayang County once settled in Mian County, Shaanxi Province, which may be related to the early existence of Huayang place names. ?
So after the unification of Emperor Yandi and Shennong, was the birthplace of Lieshan or Huayang? We believe that Shennong and Yan Di are the titles of two tribes and their leaders in pre-Qin classics, and they can't be in the same place. After the unification of Emperor Yandi and Shennong, there were two theories: Lieshan and Huayang. The former may be influenced by Emperor Yan because of Shennong's birthplace, while the latter may be influenced by Shennong because of Yan Di's birthplace. Because the Five Elements Theory sets Yan Di School in the south, this makes Huayang Theory reach the bottom and Lieshan Theory even more icing on the cake. After the combination of the two, Huayang was moved by Emperor Yan Shennong, and Lieshan was moved by Emperor Yan. However, because Yan Di is located in the south, Lieshan is more reasonable than Huayang. Moreover, the old country of Zeng, the Jiang family of Lishan (Lieshan) in Suizhou with its capital, is undoubtedly an authentic seedling. Therefore, if we must find out the birthplace of Emperor Yan and Shennong, the reason of "Li Mountain Theory" is the most sufficient. What's more, the remains of Emperor Yan Shennong are the most common in the middle reaches of Hanshui River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, and Lishan Mountain in Suizhou is the most concentrated. According to legend, Gucheng County was named after Yan Di Shennong tasted grains, and Shennongjia was named after Yan Di Shennong tasted herbs. As for Lishan in Suizhou, there are Shennong Cave, Shennong Mansion, Shennong Well, Shennong Club and other relics: Suizhou Local Records Compilation Committee, China City Economic and Social Publishing House, 1988 edition. Therefore, it can be said that Lishan is the hometown of Shennong in Yan Di. ?
Of course, it must be emphasized that the "birthplace" mentioned above refers to the place where early people lived and worked, and cannot be mechanically understood as "birthplace". If we want to point out the exact birthplace of an ancient legend according to myths and legends, it is like finding a fish from a tree. Understand this, it is not difficult to understand why Huangfu Mi's "Emperor Century" will coexist with the two theories of land after the unification of Emperor Yan and Shennong. Because Yan Di Shennong Tribal Alliance is an extremely large tribal alliance, its activity scope should not be confined to a certain corner, but should include the middle and upper reaches of the Hanshui River south of Qinling and its wider area, but the early Shennong tribe's activity area should be the middle reaches of the Hanshui River with Lishan as the center, and the early Yan Di tribe's activity area may be the upper reaches of the Hanshui River with Huayang as the axis; After the combination of the two, the middle and upper reaches of the Hanshui River and even the wider area became the activity area of Shennong Tribal Alliance in Yan Di, but according to various legends, Lishan in Suizhou is its center. Wu: The Rise of Shennong and the Influence of Culture, and Culture, Hubei People's Publishing House, 199 1 Edition.