What is Lingnan architecture?

So what is Lingnan architecture? The following Zhong Da consultation brings the history of Lingnan architecture, and the specific content is for your reference.

First, the history of Lingnan architecture

Lingnan architecture has a long history and is unique among traditional buildings in China, with rich cultural connotations and values. From the development process, it can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. Lingnan architecture in Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Southern Han Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China all had their own characteristics and representative works.

Lingnan architecture in the pre-Qin period initially formed an architectural system with local characteristics of Lingnan. The Song and Yuan Dynasties were a period of great development in Guangdong. At this time, Lingnan residential buildings began to show distinctive local characteristics. Looking at the stone railing behind the main hall of Guangxiao Temple in Guangzhou, it is a legacy of the Southern Song Dynasty and magnificent.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Lingnan architectural culture formed a system with distinctive local characteristics, the types of buildings expanded, the layout of buildings tended to be large groups, and the architectural decoration reached a superb level. For a long time, Guangzhou was the only trading port in China. Influenced by foreign culture, Western-style architecture appeared earlier, with European figures, Roman clocks and marble columns as architectural decorations, and imported materials such as colored glass.

It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that a number of western-style buildings were built in Lingnan, including churches and affiliated hospitals, schools and nurseries. For example, Guangzhou Shishi is the largest Gothic stone church in the Far East. At the end of Qing Dynasty, steel and other building materials and modern building technology also began to be applied. Martin Hall of Lingnan University was built in 1905, which is one of the earliest brick-concrete structures in China.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, high-rise commercial buildings and bridges made of steel truss materials appeared, marking the development of architectural technology to modernization. 1922, Daxin company, the first concrete high-rise building in Lingnan, was built in Guangzhou, with a height of 65438+50m on the second floor. 1937, Aiqun Hotel, the first high-rise building with steel frame in Lingnan, was built, with a height of 65,438+64 meters, all of which were regarded as the highest buildings in the South at that time. 1929- 1936 When Chen was in charge of Guangdong, Guangdong architecture developed rapidly. Throughout the breakthrough of architectural development in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, a number of architectural examples were left to show the achievements of this period, which played an important role in the development of modern architecture in China.

Second, Lingnan architectural geomantic omen

Lingnan architecture is a healthy choice for geomantic architecture. Lingnan architecture pays attention to arcade, patio and screen. Conducive to shade and rain, absorb sunlight, purify the air, absorb good air, and make the house warm in winter and cool in summer. Also has the consciousness of earthquake prevention and disaster prevention. From the characteristics of Lingnan architecture, why do Hakka dwellings and xiguan big house need patios? One is ventilation to get a ray of sunshine. Most importantly, if there is a fire, people can escape in the patio. There must be water in front to put out the fire. Through the screen, the difference between indoor and outdoor can be concealed. There are arcades in Lingnan buildings. It's hot and rainy in the south, so the arcade can keep out the sun and rain.

Another advantage of Lingnan architecture is the awareness of disaster prevention. The house has a left door and a right door. If anything happens, there are many doors to go in and out. There are screens and patios in the room. The patio can absorb sunlight, sterilize and purify the air, absorb good airflow and avoid bad wind. It is warm in winter and cool in summer. Sitting in a house facing north and south, there is no window in the north, so the cold wind in the north can't blow in. Close the door, close it or not, and communicate effectively with the outside world. There is also the whitewashing of skylights and feng shui buildings, one of which is whitewashing, that is, the sky can be seen in the house, but now many buildings can't see the sky, and the front is high and then low, so good feng shui can't get in. The so-called "insufficient spring breeze" is an unhealthy house.

Third, Lingnan architectural technology.

Lingnan architecture pays attention to decoration, and some buildings themselves are treasures of carving and decoration art. The slate roof, four walls and two stone gates in the front room of Nanyue king's tomb in Guangzhou are all decorated with black and white cirrus patterns. This is the earliest decorative painting of Lingnan architecture seen at present. Green and vermilion pigments are faintly visible on the pottery components of Nanyue Palace site and the model of Ming Dynasty pottery houses unearthed from Han tombs in Guangzhou. It can be seen that the building at that time had a sense of decoration. The model of Ganlan pottery house unearthed from the tomb of the late Western Han Dynasty in Guangzhou has dancing portraits on the lower floor. This practice is similar to the "Cariatide style" in which human statues are directly used as pillars in Greek temples. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, pottery not only raised the roof. Some have a bird in the middle. On the side wall of the pottery furnace, Youlong and Niu Ben are carved.

First, the combination of practicality and artistry, structure and aesthetics. Building structure is the most conspicuous and important part of the facade, such as the roof, the wall head, the turning point of different walls, the closing of details and other parts, which are not monotonous but more three-dimensional through decorative techniques. It's rainy in the south, so the requirements for roof joints are very high. The roof is particularly thick, and the thick roof has become an ideal base to show the decoration technology, especially the main ridge, which is decorated with pottery, gray plastic and even porcelain, and is not afraid of the sun and rain, and it is as bright as new. The extremely high wind-fire wall, shaped like a cymbal, not only plays the role of fire prevention, but also can shade the roof and reduce sunlight exposure, greatly enriching the side elevation of the building. For the large-area wall with direct bearing function, brick carvings are embedded in the wall, and the headdress of the wall is painted with color, which not only avoids monotonous intuition, but also the through brick carvings are breathable, which is beneficial to the heat dissipation and exhaust of the building. Large and medium-sized public buildings, such as temples, halls and ancestral halls, adopt the combined structure of crossing buckets and patting beams. In order to open the space of buildings, most of them are built from top to bottom. At the same time, it is carefully carved in the beam frame, the street square, the stigma bucket arch and other parts, which gives a good impression and increases the rich and noble style of such buildings. There are 65,438+065,438+0 round petal-shaped eaves on the stone pillars on the back eaves of Kongoji in Kaiyuan Temple, Chaozhou, which support sandalwood eaves layer by layer, which is very spectacular. In order to prevent moisture, flood, water erosion and termites, the column foundation of Lingnan buildings is generally made of stone, which is obviously higher than that of the north, so the column foundation is carved into complex geometric shapes with nearly 100 kinds of modeling and decoration. Indoor, the pursuit of good ventilation and lighting, the use of exquisite sculpture, transparent screen, partition, door cover and drapery. The temples, ancestral halls, halls, mansions and other buildings in Lingnan pay attention to the facade. Unlike some buildings in the north, the entrance is inconspicuous, but the beams, stone pillars, roofs, external walls, door frames, plaques, couplets, cornices, drums, stone lions and even pavilions, archways and huabiao in front of the door are decorated incisively and vividly, making the facade of the building feel luxurious. For the important parts inside the building, the position is also emphasized by centralized carving. For example, the decoration of the main buildings and shrines in the complex concentrates the essence of decoration and makes it dazzling. In Chaoshan area, beam frame is called "five internal organs" to describe its important position in architecture.

Secondly, the decorative theme not only widely uses the traditional theme, but also highlights the local characteristics of Lingnan. The themes used in Lingnan architectural decoration almost include traditional folk decoration themes, including historical stories, myths and legends, daily scenes of fishing, hunting, farming and reading, scenes of traditional opera novels, auspicious patterns, insects, fish, birds and animals, exotic flowers and plants, dragons and phoenixes accompanying the team, pavilions and pavilions, and even celebrity poems and famous calligraphy. Lingnan craftsmen are better at expressing themes with local characteristics. Usually, there are many beautiful fruits in Lingnan: peaches, guavas, bananas, lychees, plantains, peaches and plums. Lingnan flowers and trees: red cotton, jasmine, fig, laurel, orchid, zhi, hibiscus, henna, jasmine; Lingnan scenery, such as the Eight Scenes of Chaozhou, is often used as the content of Chaozhou screens and murals.

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