General comments
Although the Qin Dynasty only lasted 15 years, the ruling mode established by Qin Shihuang continued. Qin Shihuang was the main designer of centralized feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and his influence was far-reaching and extensive, which was unmatched by any other emperor. In the history of the world, many emperors created a huge empire, but their actual influence could not be compared with that of Qin Shihuang. [53]?
Historically, the population of China has accounted for more than 20% of the world's population. If it has an important influence on China, it can be regarded as an important influence on the world. Moreover, due to centralization and loyalty to the monarch, the emperor's influence on the history of China was far greater than that of many other countries. Thus, Qin Shihuang played a vital role in China and even the world. [53]?
History book evaluation
history
(1) Biography of the First Emperor
"Qin's first" Ming History "tasted the honor in Tang Yu and was given a surname by the soil. And between yin and summer. To the decline of the Zhou dynasty, Qin xing, the city in the west. Starting from Miao Gong, he nibbled at the princes and became the first emperor. The first emperor thought he had won five emperors and three kings in a vast area, but he was ashamed of it. Jia sheng's words are really good! ”[73]?
"The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, didn't believe in heroes, didn't kiss gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, banned documents, tortured laws, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny." [73]?
(2) Biography of Li Si
"The decrees and laws of the Ming Dynasty were formulated from the emperor." [74]?
(3) Huainan Hengshan Biography
"Don't be a saint, kill a warlock, burn a poem book, abandon etiquette, and be punished for cheating.".
the Book of the Han Dynasty
(1) My autumn harvest is a biography of Wang
"Abolish the kingly way, set up a private discussion, destroy the Poems and Books, and set up a decree of the first emperor, and be punished for benevolence."
(2) Criminal Law Yearbook
"Destroy the law of the former king, and destroy the official of propriety and righteousness, with sufficient punishment".
Praise good people on salt and iron.
"Abandoning benevolence and righteousness and returning punishment, thinking that at present, it is determined by force rather than by words".
Historical evaluation
Liao Wei: "The King of Qin is a human being, accurate as a bee, far-sighted, loyal as a bird, loud as a jackal and ruthless as a tiger. Pingdingshan under the sea is easy to be knocked down, but when he succeeds, he is also tolerant of the same kind of cannibalism. I put on my clothes, but I often see myself. Sincerity makes the king of Qin win the world, and the world is a slave. Cannot travel for a long time. "
Jia Yi: "The king of Qin was greedy for profits, self-motivated, did not believe in meritorious deeds, did not kiss the gentry, abandoned the royal power and set up an affair, burned books and pits, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny."
Lu sheng: "at the beginning, the emperor was a human being, and his nature was just violence for his own use." He became a vassal, joined the world, and wanted to follow suit, thinking that he had never touched it since ancient times. " ?
Father Huang Yan: "Qin Shihuang allowed himself to win, eating into the world and annexing the Warring States. The country is a family and three generations are successful. "
Sima Qian: "Since Miao Gong, I have slightly eroded the princes and strived for the first emperor. The first emperor thought he had won five emperors and three kings in a vast area, but he was ashamed of it. Jia Sheng's words are really good! "
Taishi Gongxu: "When the first emperor was established, there were also six countries. Sell front forging leather, respect for the emperor, and be proud of martial arts. "
Sang Hongyang's works affirmed that Qin Shihuang's contribution to the unification of China was "meritorious deeds like hills, and his fame will be passed down to future generations".
Wang Mang: "The more successful you are!"
Ban Gu affirmed that some of Qin Shihuang's systems were "applicable to the later king" and thought that "in thirty-seven years, soldiers did their best to formulate laws and regulations that were applicable to the later king. He gained the prestige of a saint, and the river god gave him a painting. According to the wolf and fox, they took part in the fighting and cutting, and helped the government expel them, so they were called the first emperor. "
Ye Fan: "Han inherited the Qin system".
Li Shimin: "In modern times, Qin Huang and Hanwu were the only people who conquered the world and expanded their territory. The first emperor was tyrannical until his son died. Hanwu is arrogant and extravagant, and the country is absolutely unique. "
Sima Yi: "The six countries succeeded to the throne and fell in two weeks. And one day, this number is the first emperor. A Fang Yun ditch, Di Chin becomes a star. You can swim south and enjoy the floating beam in the east. Seeing the heritage in the pond, the sand dunes will be mourned. II corrected the system, and Zhao Gao used it. Fraud means that a deer is a horse and a disaster eats a tiger. Ziying sees the push and repays your father. The second half is short of Chinese auxiliary, while the upper half is mediocre. To strengthen the class, who will make up for it? "
Li Bai: Qin Wang swept Liuhe, and he looked! Swords make clouds, and princes come to the West.
In his masterpiece On Feudalism, Liu Zongyuan pointed out that Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and established the county system, which was in line with the objective and inevitable trend of historical development. The so-called "Qin has changed because it is a system, and it is also big; The end of the public world began in the Qin Dynasty. The meaning of non-saints is also, and the situation is also. "
Zhang: "From the Three Dynasties to the Qin Dynasty, those who resumed the chaos were also established to survive to this day. According to the history books, Zhou Wang's poverty is bound to become the Qin Dynasty, and the previous generation's literary system is cited to eradicate it all, so as to respect the statutes alone. The rule of the Western Han Dynasty was simple and strict, and it really depended on expelling Qin. I pity Fu Su's benevolence and cowardice and Hu Hai's naivety and treachery, but the remnants of the six countries still exist. Because of the grievances of the world, it is unfortunate that the emperor recruited Qin Wei and then passed it on. "
Li Zhi spoke highly of Qin Shihuang in Collection of Books: "The first emperor was an emperor through the ages. When the first emperor was born, Reese was with him. The sky is falling, overturning a world. It is not easy to discuss whether it is sacred or evil. Zulong is an eternal hero who has won a world. "
Zhang Taiyan's Qin Zhengji, written in 19 13, also praised Qin Shihuang, saying, "Although there are four Huang San and six or five emperors, they are not like dragons."
Xia Zeng once said: "Han has an emperor, and his great-grandfather also;" China has a 24th dynasty emperor, so do Qin Huang and Hanwu. "
Liu Yimou wrote in "The Cultural History of China": "The legal system in the era of the first emperor was really full of spirit. Ruling China thousands of miles away with a government is the evolution of solid state, which also inhibits the evolution of thought at that time. " "Beggars Qin Zheng said the year of the emperor, is the end of the reality two thousand hundreds years ago, is also the starting point of the two thousand hundreds years later, this is not the key to history. However, although Qin had the merit of unified management, it failed to do its best to unify planning. All the policies of the Qin Dynasty were made by the Han Dynasty. Qin people come back to life, but Han people have emotions. "
Lv Simian: "Qin Shihuang always said that he was a tyrant and denied all his benefits. In fact, this is wrong. His politics is really ideal. " , "the reason for the defeat of the Qin people is harsh, especially in its extravagance. If the usage is deep and the power of the people is not measured, it can be attributed to administrative mistakes, and extravagance and waste are unforgivable. "
Jane Bozan: "In my opinion, Qin Shihuang was an outstanding figure of the feudal ruling class in China. I said that Qin Shihuang was an outstanding figure of the feudal ruling class in China, not because he was the founder of a dynasty, but because he unconsciously followed the trend of China's historical development and acted as the pioneer of the emerging landlord class in China. In the history of China, he eliminated the feudal Lord system and created a new historical era of centralized feudal absolutism. "
Lu Xun: As soon as Mr. Hitler in Germany burned books, Chinese and Japanese commentators were compared to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang was really wronged. His loss was that he died the next year, and a group of idlers spoke ill of him for the new owner. Yes, Qin Shihuang burned books to unify his thoughts. But he didn't burn agricultural books and medical books; He collected many "guests" from other countries, not focusing on "Qin thought", but absorbing various ideas ... but the results are often different from the predictions of heroes. The first emperor asked the emperor to pass it on from generation to generation, and died the next year, pardoning agricultural books and medical books, which did not exist before the Qin Dynasty.
Chen's Old News of National History: "The first emperor was resolute and willing to take punishment as a threat. He is a full-time prison officer, very lucky, worried and bored at home. "
Liang Qichao's Notes on the Warring States Period: "Qin Shihuang would rather be the hero of China, and it is rare to see the world. Its martial arts need not be said, and its political facilities have been strong for hundreds of generations. " It is believed that Qin Shihuang is the master of the world in martial arts and the scale of establishment, and his failure lies in luxury, autocracy and taboo. Most of the historical books written in the Han Dynasty describe the extravagance and tyranny of Qin Shihuang. Readers of history should have a clear understanding of this, should not be influenced by the paranoid records of predecessors, and need to make a fair evaluation with an objective attitude.
Huang Renyu: "How can Qin Shihuang's cruelty and ruthlessness reach the bizarre realm of not being condemned? But he unified China's work, designed it with such a long-term vision and completed it with such a sophisticated wrist. How can he not admire? "
Cheng Bu: Qin Shihuang was not a tyrant. If you make a list of tyrants, Qin Shihuang will never make the top ten.
Mao Zedong:
Qin Shihuang is an expert who cares about the present and cherishes the past.
Yes, Zhang said: You said that the * * * production party is equal to Qin Shihuang, no, it is more than a hundred times.
"Marx and Qin Shihuang should be combined, and democracy and centralization should be combined."
"Yin (usually called tyrant) is proficient in literature and military affairs, and both Qin Shihuang and Cao Cao are considered bad people, which is incorrect."
Qin Shihuang was scolded for 2000 years, and now his reputation has been restored.
Confucius and Mencius were idealists, Xunzi was materialist and left-wing of Confucianism. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi.
Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. He was scolded for two things: killing 460 intellectuals; Burned some books.
I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. ?
Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I am also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions, one is good for Qin Shihuang and the other is bad for Qin Shihuang. I am in favor of Qin Shihuang, not Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system.
Qin Huang Hanwu, slightly lost his literary talent.
Western evaluation
Westerners have always been in awe of China's vast territory. The difference is that Europe will always be a small country, while China is a unified country. This is mainly due to political and social factors, rather than geographical factors such as mountain barriers. Of course, Qin Shihuang played an important role in the process of unifying China.
In the west, people often compare Qin Shihuang with the Roman emperor Caesar. Generally speaking, there is not much difference in population and area between the Roman Empire and the Qin Dynasty. But it was shorter than the Roman Empire, which fell apart after Caesar's death. The Qin dynasty was not, which is why Qin Shihuang had a unique influence. Therefore, in any list of outstanding emperors in the world, Qin Shihuang almost always ranks at or near the highest position.
Ying Zheng
1, Qin Shihuang (259 BC1the third day of February-265438 BC1the third day of February +00), won the surname, Zhao, also known as (Zheng) and, or Zulong, the son of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang. China is a famous politician, strategist and reformer in history, the first iron-fisted politician to complete the reunification of China, and the first monarch known as the emperor at all times and in all countries.
Qin Shihuang was born in Handan (now Handan), the capital of Zhao State, and spent his youth here. In the first 247 years, 13 was king. In the first 238 years, at the age of 22, he held an adult coronation ceremony in Yongcheng, the old capital, and began to "govern the country personally", getting rid of Lv Buwei, Lao Ai and others, and reusing Li Si and Liao Wei. From 230 to 22 1 year, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, and the great cause of reunifying China was completed at the age of 39.
3. Qin Shihuang thought his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and adopted the titles of "Emperor" of Huang San and "Emperor of Five Emperors". He was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, so he called himself "the first emperor". At the same time, the central government implements three public officials and nine ministers to manage state affairs. The enfeoffment system was abolished at the local level and replaced by the county system. At the same time, books are written in the same language and cars are on the same track. Unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering Baiyue in the south, building the Great Wall of Wan Li, building Lingqu and connecting the water system.
4. However, in the later period, he sought immortality, oppressed the people and shook the foundation of Qin Dynasty's rule. Qin Shihuang died in Xingtai Dune on his way eastward 2 10 years ago.
5. Qin Shihuang is a legendary epoch-making figure in the history of China, the first unified dynasty in China history-the founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on the history of China and the world, pushed China into the era of unified, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and was praised as "an emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker of the Ming Dynasty.
reference data
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