I have a report here that I can lend to you for reference.
Huidong refers to the seven towns in the eastern part of Hui'an County, Fujian Province, which are close to the sea, including Zuowu, Xiaozha, Shanxia, ??Jingfeng, Dongling, Wangchuan and Tuzhai. The area accounts for about 37% of the county, and the population accounts for about 40% of the county. Many special folk customs are still preserved and attract the attention of the world.
Are they ethnic minorities or Han? Why have these customs been preserved for a long time? Before liberation, scholars in this area had put forward some opinions. Since the 1980s, anthropologists, ethnologists, historians and film artists from all over the country and even overseas have come here in droves. After in-depth study, many scholars have written many academic reports and put forward various academic opinions. According to the survey reports seen so far, most of the folk customs of Huidong focus on women's clothing and long-term marriage customs of natal families, while ignoring the investigation of Huidong men and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is difficult to fully reflect the folk customs of Huidong and the historical reasons for their existence. .
Since the Ming Dynasty, the author's ancestors have lived in and around the east gate of Chongwu City, and their ancestral family has been engaged in fishing. They live in Gang IQ Village, which is adjacent to Dazhen Village outside the city wall. My mother is an authentic Huidong girl. As a Huidong person, I have long been accustomed to the existence of these customs." I seldom consider the underlying reasons, which is really "seeing without thinking". Today, at the invitation of the Society and the inspiration of many scholars, I tried to explore the source and elaborated on its more prominent aspects as follows:
(1) Marine Character
Huidong A triangular area, facing the ocean that never ceases to roll day and night, casts the character formed by the regional marine culture and ecological environment. Women work at home to farm and take care of the family. The men's main occupation is to go fishing, and they often have to live a dangerous life of plowing, wind and waves. Some men leave the port for as long as three or five months, and some as short as three or five days. When he comes back with bloodshot eyes, he often asks for a large piece of meat and a bowl of wine to replenish his meal. After getting rid of fatigue, I like to listen to gentle and elegant music or engage in some martial arts entertainment activities. The so-called three major interests of "fists, soju, and music" inspired their majestic and passionate maritime character.
Their agile and strong physiques that can control the stormy waves, their strong, brave, and fearless spirit, The heroic and courageous spirit of helping each other and helping each other have distinct characteristics of maritime culture.
(2) Special costumes
The costumes of Huidong people now. Men no longer have characteristics. However, during the Qingshui Republic period, male fishermen often wore red-brown trousers, which were made of white faucet fine cloth dyed with lychee tree juice. For ease of operation, the trousers were wide and the legs were wide. When the length is only above the knee, it is called "pants"; the top has a left gusset (women wear a right gusset). The reason why the fishermen wear the left gusset is because when working at sea, the right gusset is really "wrong with the left gusset." "People" ("Warring States Policy·Zhao Ce II").
As for women's clothing, it has always been a hot topic among folklore researchers. "Huidong Women" has become one of the five major tourism brands in Fujian Province today . I won’t go into detail here, but these special costumes have their own tradition and continuity. They are not just spring breezes and flowers blooming. ．Their generation wore navy-colored clothes, with a shed-like covering on the head, a black scarf, a back-tie, a waistband, and a chain (commonly known as "Pan Mo", which plays the role of modern people's small handbags). The tops are not too short, and the trousers are wide. The waist of the tops of the young women was straight, while the waists of the older women were large and round. Nowadays, they wear yellow hats, flowered headscarves, short sleeves, wide trousers, and blue (green) curves. The top is in harmony with the sky, the sea, the mountains, the fields and the beach. It is really "the crown of the top with the color of the wind returning to the sea" (Ming Dynasty, Huang Wuye poem). The sea breeze blows and flutters, which is pleasing to the eye and comfortable. It is famous at home and abroad. < /p>
The clothing of the Huidong people has gone through several major reforms and changes, but it still has obvious uniqueness. The basis for their wearing this kind of clothing is: practicality and beauty. Like fishing boats entering the harbor, assisting. When transporting fish, or carrying water and food out of the harbor, wide trousers are convenient for wading into the sea, short sleeves are easy to operate. A yellow bamboo hat covers the mouth, and a flower headscarf protects against the wind and sand.
The floral pattern and color of the headscarf are a beautiful choice, adding to the beauty and charm of women. Each of them has several divination strips, or even hundreds of headscarves.
Clothes are cultural factors and the identity of group living. The same color tone, the same lines, the same body shape, combined in a regular manner, are their unique aesthetic values, conform to their own body shape and local fashion, and meet the needs of their own position and occupation. This may also be the most common thing among the same ethnic group. ’s sign. Clothing advances with the changes in life requirements and times, and its formation and evolution are the continuation of history. Therefore, the bright and distinctive Huidong women's clothing today is a bright and distinctive reflection of today's society. Before the Republic of China, the Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty, there were also costumes that adapted to the social characteristics and life needs of the time. Judging from the past and the present, the clothing of Huidong women cannot but be said to be a special kind of clothing.
(3) Living in the natal family for a long time
In rural areas of Huidong, except for Chongwu Jie Nei, it is a popular custom that the spoiled queen still lives in her natal family and visits her husband's family during the New Year and festivals. . Some scholars believe that this is because men go to sea for many years or go out to work and are often away from home. In the past, women were generally only five or six years old. They had to deal with family members and strangers, and it took a period of time to adapt. Men may also think that if they are away from home for a long time, they will feel more at ease when their wives and parents live in Wuqing.
Even if a Huidong girl comes to her husband's house, she rarely sleeps with her husband in the early stage. Only when she is pregnant and has a child or her husband's family spends money to raise a child, do they live in her husband's house.
Many scholars have their own opinions on the origin of this marriage custom: Professor Lin Huiyang speculated from the history of ancient marriage that this is a legacy of the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy. Professor Jiang Bingzhao believes that it is a legacy of the Minyue people. Professor Qiao Jian from Hong Kong believes that this kind of marriage custom is actually the best way to meet various needs. At the same time, he believed that "not leaving the husband's family" was because he was influenced by non-Han people, or was deeply acculturated by non-Han people, or he himself was a descendant of non-Han people.
Since people with the same surname can marry after liberation, and many fishing villages have the same surname, they can already marry in the village, making it easy to meet each other. Moreover, as time advances and new trends blow in, this marriage custom is gradually changing.
(4) Tattoo
In the early stages of development of many ethnic groups, there is often a custom of using needles to tattoo natural objects or geometric figures on the whole body or part of the human body, either with dyeing or with dyeing. Not dyeable. Researchers believe that tattoos can be summarized as: a symbol of brave and beautiful men; a totem of tribal ancestors; a custom of producing mosquito-repellent dragons on the water; and a symbol of the right to get married. In short, tattoos are generally used as symbols, and some ethnic groups use them to express their caste status or mark social secrets. Until modern times, some ethnic minorities still retain this custom.
Huidong men and women still follow the Shao custom. The little girl likes to have her name tattooed on her skin. Young men have found thorns, small dragons, small snakes or two quadrilaterals. Nowadays, a kind of "grain color" is popular all over the world. This "grain color" is different from tattoos. Tattoos are cut and then dyed. "Tiancai", on the other hand, first applies color-changing oil to the skin, then covers it with patterned paper, and then traces the outline carefully to apply a special color on it. Tattoos never fade, while tattoos can only last for one to three weeks. "Tattoos" are used by modern youth as lifelong personal accessories. They are a way to highlight one's own life interests and needs, fully embody art and science, and combine passion and dynamism. Modern people's aesthetics.
Ancient tattoos and modern "tattoos" have different connotations, but their intention is to attract attention.
(5) Decoration. Teeth
Huidong women (occasionally seen among men) still follow the custom of decorating their teeth with metal or brass braces on their two front teeth before marriage. This is a legacy of ancient chiseling. >
Taiwan's "Changhua County Chronicle" records: "When a girl of the Gaoshan tribe has a husband, she will cut off her two next teeth and give him a son. One day, he will get married and live with his wife for the rest of his life. "The women of the Gaoshan tribe cut off their teeth to give birth to their sons, and the men marry their wives. This shows that this is the custom of the matrilineal clan society.
(6) Barefoot
In the past, every man and woman in Huidong had many Bare feet are called "thick feet". In the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, women in the military weapons had their feet bound, and women in the villages outside the city were all wearing bare feet. Even in Japan and the Republic of China, women were still wearing bare feet. We can see people wearing barefoot or wooden shoes. As life improves and the times evolve, they gradually switch to wearing sponge or plastic slippers, and then develop into shoes and leather shoes. .
"It is naturally the living habit of ancient ancestors.
In addition, there are separate organizations for men and women, such as "sister companions" for girls, "youth companions" for young men, as well as secular ghosts, gods, and witchcraft , "Madam Mom", "Fangtou God", "Touchong Gong" and other strange customs and beliefs, which should also be closely related to the characteristics of local life.
Huidong still exists. These peculiar customs are obviously not brought by the Han people when they migrated, but should be the cultural relics of the ancestors of this area.
According to research by ethnologists and archaeologists, the indigenous people of Fujian are the Minyue people. According to historical records, the distinctive cultural characteristics of the Minyue people are: rice cultivation, a preference for eating foreign objects and aquatic animals such as clams, snails, and clams, a developed kudzu and hemp textile industry, and the use of stone adzes and segments. Stone adze, excellent sword-making skills, good at using boats, good at water fighting, building "ganglan" buildings, and burning a large number of geometrically printed pottery and primitive celadon ware.
In terms of spiritual culture, they include: They speak a distinctive language, have popular customs of hair cutting, tattooing and tooth extraction, retain strong primitive customs, worship ghosts, gods and snake totems, practice cliff burials, etc.
The formation of cultural characteristics is closely related to the local living environment and people. Social life is closely related. Therefore, these customs that exist in Huidong today seem to be more or less the answer to the cultural relics of its ancestors.
The printed pottery culture originated in the late primitive society and developed in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. , weakened during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it is consistent with the history of the formation, development and demise of the Baiyue nation, so this culture is considered a typical cultural feature of the Baiyue nation. Minyue is a type of Baiyue nation, with geometric prints. Tao also constitutes the characteristics of the Minyue culture in the pre-Qin period, so it is reasonable to believe that the ancient Huidong group is also one of the Minyue ethnic distribution areas.
According to archaeological data, Huidong. Humans began to inhabit and live on the land, and the history of development has been quite long. Neolithic ruins were discovered in Dazha Mountain in Chongwu, with various pottery sherds and weathered artifacts scattered within an area of ??40X30 meters between rocky soil slopes. They are scale clam shells that were discarded after being eaten by humans. The cultural accumulation layer is about 1 meter thick. The site was discovered in a cultural relics census conducted jointly by the Shan Provincial Cultural Management Committee and the county in 1985. Stone knives, residual stone adzes and many pottery pieces were collected. Since then, it has been More than a hundred pieces of pottery were obtained. The identifiable shapes include axes, jars, jars, etc. The pottery materials are mostly red, orange-red, and black pottery, and the decorations include basket patterns, rope patterns, diagonal lines, cloud mosquitoes, and additional pile patterns. The identification and analysis indicate that the people of the Minyue ethnic group once lived in this area of ??the Chongwu Sea Area, and this ethnic group is the Huidong people today, who are the remnants of the ancient Minyue people. p>
In addition, as mentioned earlier, the sea provides the fishermen in Huidong with a source of food and clothing. In the struggle with strong winds and large amounts of food, they have developed their driving skills and brave character, which is similar to the ancient Yue people's " "Use a boat as a cart, use a jigsaw as a horse" are exactly the same. Tattooing and chiseling teeth have obviously changed, which is inevitable for historical development. However, its legacy still exists. At present, the most obvious characteristics of Huidong folk customs are: explicit History and culture are clothing: hidden culture is the marriage custom of women staying in their natal family.
Discussing the ethnic origin of the Huidong people, judging from archaeological and folklore data, most scholars believe that the people of Minhui in ancient times were Minyue people, and they have gained more knowledge in this regard. Nowadays, when discussing the origin of ethnic groups from the perspective of folklore, it should be divided into ancient and modern times. The ancient Yue people have undergone great changes in the long history of China. The Baiyue people began to disappear in the Han Dynasty, and most of them merged into the Han people. The situation in Fujian is no exception, and the situation in Huidong is also the same. The ancient Minyue people have become a major source of Han people in today's Fujian.
But people can't help but ask: If the Huidong people are Han, why are they nearby such as Xianyou and Puchu on Yuanzhou Bay in the north; Jinjiang and Nan'an under Quanzhou Bay in the south. They are also Han, but Are there no special customs like those of the Huidong people?
This is indeed a question worthy of in-depth discussion. To answer this question, we must dig deep into the ground to discover more specific historical materials and objects underground, and analyze and compare their customs.