Ancestral temples are places where ancestors and gods rely, where ancestors examine their descendants, where ancestors speak on behalf of their ancestors to punish their wrong descendants, and also serve as a warning to other descendants. The ancestral temple is the carrier of traditional ethics and controls social deviance's behavior. In a sense, the ancestral temple is a space for discipline and punishment.
Question 2: What are the advantages of building an ancestral temple? Ancestral hall is customarily called ancestral hall, which is a place to worship ancestors and gods and is regarded as a symbol of clan. The ancestral temple system originated in the Zhou Dynasty. The ancestral temple system of emperors and nobles has been recorded in Wang Zhi. Ancient literati dared not build ancestral halls, which were exclusively owned by the emperor. Later, in the Song Dynasty, Zhu advocated the establishment of family ancestral halls: each family established a ancestral hall and four shrines to worship the gods Gao, Zeng, Zu and You. When the ancestral temple was first established, one twentieth of each niche in the present field should be used as a sacrificial field.
By the Qing dynasty, ancestral temples had spread all over the country, and ancestral temples were the center of clan power and theocracy. The chief sacrificial zongzi in the ancestral hall is equivalent to the son of heaven; The patriarch who manages the whole family affairs is equivalent to the prime minister; Wan Yan Zheng and Zong Zhi are equivalent to the ministers of Rites and Punishments. The ancestral hall embodies the characteristics of patriarchal clan system and national integration.
Ancestral hall (zō ngcí), also known as ancestral hall, ancestral hall, ancestral hall, ancestral hall. It is a place to set up ancestral tablets, hold ancestor worship activities, engage in family propaganda, enforce family rules and regulations, and hold banquets. Folk architecture in family ancestral temple can be traced back to the Tang and Five Dynasties. Putian Erythrina Jinzifang ancestral hall was built in the late Tang Dynasty. The Huangshi Ancestral Hall in Hanjiang Village was built in the first year of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty (Huangcun, Wuyuan County, Huizhou City 1032 Huangshi Ancestral Hall)
Year). By the Southern Song Dynasty, the Lin family in Putian "built ancestral halls" and "offered sacrifices". (Complete Works of Song Lian, Volume 12) Jianyang Chenjia Temple was founded in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ancestral temples were built on a large scale in various places. At this time, after long-term development and reproduction, the clans in Fujian increased day by day, and the clans made great efforts to unite the clans, so the wind of building temples prevailed for a while. According to "Guangze County Records" in the early Qing Dynasty, there are few ancestral halls of all ethnic groups in the local area. In recent decades, those who live together have built temples in cities and rural areas. Sacrifice to the Spring and Autumn Period, show Mu in order, respect merit, respect the old and the virtuous, and have the intention of pursuing distant relatives. "(Qing? Ganlong's Guangze County Annals Volume 4 Geography Annals? Custom) Ordinary families not only have ancestral halls, ancestral halls (or "general ancestral halls"), but also houses and branches within the clan, and often have their own branches and temples to worship direct ancestors. In the old days, Zhao' an County, Zhangzhou Prefecture, "the house can have knees, but there must be ancestral halls, ancestral halls and branch shrines." (Chen Shengshao's Record of Asking Customs (Volume 4 Zhao 'an County) Most ancestral temples in this period have been preserved to this day. According to a survey by a professor at Xiamen University, there are 24 branches of the Zhang family in Liancheng Xinquan besides the General Ancestral Hall. There are tens of thousands of Zhuang people halfway up the mountain in Hui 'an, and there are more than 100 ancestral halls, the exact number of which even ordinary people can't tell. There are nearly 10,000 people in the Lin family in the suburbs of Fuzhou, and there are no fewer than 50 ancestral halls. In order to show national prestige, a large number of ancestral temples have also been built in the provincial capital. Some have the same family name, and some have jointly built large ancestral temples across regions. During the Republic of China, Yongding "built ancestral halls in villages, regardless of surnames, and it is appropriate to build ancestral halls in cities." (Records of Yongding County in the Republic of China, Volume 15, Etiquette and Customs) The Huang family in Xianyou County sent their descendants to more than 30 villages, and the Huang family gathered in various places to jointly build the Huang Grand Ancestral Hall in the county. The Lin family is one of the largest families in Fujian. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, together with the Lin family in Bamin, the Lin family ancestral hall was established in Fuzhou. In addition, the descendants of overseas and Taiwan Province branches keep close contact with local ancestral halls. During the Republic of China, the Xu Shi family in Zhangzhou, who lived in Singapore and Malaysia, once returned to China to advocate the construction of the new Xu Shi Grand Ancestral Hall in Singapore. Most ancestral temple buildings pay attention to "feng shui", usually in the place where ancestors first lived, transforming old houses into ancestral temples; When some families build houses, they often build ancestral halls first. Some small villages with single surname in northern Fujian were unable to build a big ancestral temple, so they set up memorial tablets in front of the village to worship their ancestors. The ancestral hall is generally located on the east side of the master bedroom (front hall), with three or two outer doors. The main entrance is usually closed, but it is only opened during the Spring and Autumn Festival or when people discuss important events. Outside the main hall, there are small houses for storing sacrificial vessels and suicide notes, which form an independent building complex. An ordinary ancestral temple has only one main hall, and the main hall has four niches (there are also 8- 10 niches). In the niches, there is a cabinet with ancestral tablets (called "God's main cards"). The four niches are the official positions and names of Gao Zukao, Gao Zucong, Kao and Yan. There is a low long table in front of each niche for placing sacrifices. In some ancestral temples, every newly joined male member of the clan has to put red paper on the column and write "XX ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× In the Chongwu area of Hui 'an, almost all the dragon walls of ancestral halls are pasted with seal script, "gold foil" and mirrors, rulers, scissors and double happiness cut with tin foil colored paper ... >>
Question 3: The meaning and architecture of ancestral temple is a family group, which means that families with the same surname discuss and sacrifice the dead. Generally speaking, the construction is carried out by natural investors or other * * * members of the family.
Question 4: What does the ancestral temple mean? Ancestral temples are places where Han people worship their ancestors or sages. Ancestral temples have many uses. In addition to the purpose of "ancestor worship", grandsons of various families generally use these wide ancestral halls as venues for activities when organizing weddings, funerals, and birthdays. In addition, the clansmen sometimes use the ancestral hall as a meeting place to discuss important affairs within the clan. Ancestor sacrifice represents an excellent cultural form of Han ancestors' belief, which has great influence and historical value.
In the ancient feudal society of China, the concept of family was quite profound. Often one family or several families live in a village, and more temples are built to worship their ancestors. Ancestral temples often appear in Japan. This kind of family temple is generally called "ancestral hall", which is divided into ancestral hall, branch temple and family temple. The name "ancestral hall" first appeared in the Han Dynasty, when ancestral halls were built in tombs, which were called tombs. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu's Family Rites established the ancestral hall system, and from then on, he called his family temple the ancestral hall. At that time, there was a hierarchical restriction on the construction of ancestral temples, and Han people were not allowed to set up ancestral temples. During Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, "many people entered the ancestral temple", but later when they became emperors or marquis, they were called "home temples", and the rest were called ancestral temples.
Question 5: ancestral temple feng shui pays attention to all aspects of ancestral temple feng shui.
I. Site Selection
People regard the geomantic omen of ancestral temple as the key to the rise and fall of clan, so the choice of new ancestral temple is very particular. Generally, it is required to pay attention to Long Mai and the source of anger. The hall is spacious, square and well-collected, and there is no conflict or struggle. And the contrast between the left and right, the four are evenly matched. With the combination of yin and yang, the combination of reality and reality, the combination of rigidity and softness, the superiority of the square garden, and the connotation of seeing the big from the small. Its environmental model is best to have a series of surrounding peaks, with portals and left and right guards in front, and the mountains behind are close to the terrain. It pays attention to beautiful mountains and rivers, outstanding people and outstanding people, and requires literature prosperity and outstanding people. According to the law of geomantic omen: "If you hold the left ring and the right ring, you will be angry". This is anger, aura and good luck. When choosing a location, it usually turns from real to virtual, paying great attention to orientation. Generally speaking, people sit facing north or west to east, and some other directions are chosen according to special Long Mai conditions.
Second, scale.
The organization and layout of ancestral temple buildings are stipulated, but the scale is different, but the overall layout is similar, which can be roughly divided into front square, stage, gate, fence, patio, hall, worship hall, sleeping hall, auxiliary room and so on. It depends on the financial strength of his family. Generally, ancestral temples are dominated by "four cents" and "eight cents". The so-called "four cents" is the three-story courtyard and quadrangle. Three-story courtyards are usually hard hilltops with three bays in the main hall, wooden structures with beams and buckets, and two-story buildings with double slopes in the wing. "Siheyuan" usually has three main rooms and three seats, a wing on the left and a wing on the right, with a patio in the middle. The gate is located in the inverted warning room, and there is no courtyard in front of the gate. The plane of "Bajiantou" is basically the same as that of "Quarter Gold", except that the left and right compartments are not cloisters, but a compartment surrounded by lattice fans, and there are eight enclosed rooms in the upper and lower main rooms, commonly known as "Bajiantou". In addition, there is a "three vertical and three horizontal" layout, with hard mountains as the main architectural form and three bays in the middle and three depths. Due to the limitation of social environment and homestead, some newly-built ancestral halls generally have only the gate and the surrounding high walls to form a closed space, with one courtyard and one hall for enjoyment.
Third, style.
1, ceramic tile production: ceramic tile production is divided into two ways: large and small. Tile-roofed practices in sloping hills and hard hills belong to large-scale construction practices; The example of hanging a mountain on a hard mountain is a small-scale practice, and the size of the rules is determined by referring to the example of a column-shaped big wood in front of Wu' ao Mountain.
The roofs of ancient buildings in China include Ding Dian, inclined peak, suspended roof, hard roof, rescue roof, rolled roof and roof ridge. In addition, there are different roof combinations and double eaves. Generally, ancestral temples are built by hard hanging mountains. So the ancestral hall has two gables. There are two construction methods for hard mountain and hanging mountain houses, namely, head wind construction and Wuhua construction; The hard gable roof has only two slopes, one big ridge and four vertical ridges, and the eaves at both ends are flush with the gables. There is no change in the mountain surface, but it looks simple and hard, so it is called hard top.
First of all, the hanging mountain is a symmetrical wall with five flowers on the upper body or even before and after. The hanging mountain roof is close to the hard mountain roof, and it is also a big ridge with four vertical ridges. The difference is that the eaves on the upper part of the gable protrude from the wall and are suspended, so it is called hanging mountain. Secondly, there are mortises and mortises: the soul of wood structure, they are husband and wife, holding hands with children and growing old together. How eternal and firm. The greater the pressure, the stronger it will become.
2. Beams: There are two kinds of beams in ancient wooden buildings in China: the bucket-piercing type and the beam-lifting type. The essential difference is that the bucket-piercing type refers to the column that directly undertakes the purlin; The beam-lifting type means that the purlin is directly supported by the beam except the roof purlin. The shape of light beam can be divided into moon beam and straight beam. After processing, the moon beam is slightly arched and the straight beam is straight. In addition, there are some non-mainstream structures.
3. Corridor: a roofed passage for passage, sun protection, rain protection, rest and entertainment.
4. Doors, windows and others: all doors and windows of the house, such as partition boards, horizontal curtains, supporting windows, curtain racks, single or double chessboard doors, solid wood sofa doors, wooden top partitions, partitions, wallboard, partitions, wooden railings, etc. , are made of decorative wood.
5. Bucket arch: Bucket arch consists of horizontally placed buckets, vertical and rectangular arches and inclined arches. Bucket arch is a square block of wood supporting the bucket arch, named after the old bucket arch was measured in meters. Bucket arch is a unique component in China wood structure building, and it is the transition between the roof and the house facade.
6. Roof kiss: Roof kiss is a decorative object at both ends of the main ridge on the roof, which is often used in ancient palace-style buildings. It has different names and styles in different dynasties.
7. Gatehouse: an ancient gate, with upper and lower purlins between columns, a fence-like hollow wooden door between purlins for ventilation, a bucket arch on the forehead, short eaves on it, and some stone pillars ... >>
Question 6: What is the significance of the stone archway in the ancestral temple? In China's ancient feudal society, the stone memorial archway of ancestral temple was an important accessory of ancestral temple architecture, which was generally built in front of and above the memorial archway. It often recorded the noble character and great achievements of ancestors and entrusted the lofty admiration of future generations.
The ancestral temple is an important place to inherit filial piety and law-abiding education, and the stone carving archway of the ancestral temple plays an important role in it. Its strong historical flavor and rich humanistic connotation not only decorate the tradition more solemnly, but also bear the deep feelings that people yearn for and admire.
Question 7: What does the ancestral temple mean? The ancestral temple is a place where Confucianism worships ancestors or sages.
Question 8: What do you mean by tracing back to the source, compiling genealogy and building ancestral halls in the future? That is, unite the family.
Question 9: In ancient times, what did it mean to build an ancestral temple for the living? Build a temple
Li shengci
Ancient folk beliefs. Build a temple for the living and worship it. During the Western Han Dynasty, between Yan and Qi, a society was established, named Luan Commune; Shi Qing, like Qi State, is a temple for standing stones. This is the beginning of the establishment of the shrine. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yan was the satrap of Jiuzhen, and Jiuzhen was the Hall of People's Livelihood. Tang Wang is the prefect of Ba County, Wei Yi is the prefect of Guangdu, and all the people live in the temple. In the Tang Dynasty, Di demoted Peng, the citizens set up shrines, moved to Weizhou, and the citizens set up shrines. There is love in Jingzhou, and the Jing people built a shrine, which was lost. The people spent 100,000 yuan on the disciples' shrine. In the Song Dynasty, Guli became prime minister, and there were thousands of people in Huaiyang, which required a good government for the people. Therefore, it is typical for the latecomers to set up a shrine for them and praise their merits. By tomorrow morning, eunuch Wei Zhongxian is good at politics, and he is in power for a while, and temples are everywhere, all by flatterers or people who are in awe of his potential flame. Zhong Qing Pu by Li Yu, a famous dramatist in the early Qing Dynasty, vividly depicts the holy land of Yan Party's founding and the struggle of Suzhou people. See Zhao Yi's Examination of Jade Cong in Qing Dynasty, Volume 32.