1. Materialism: Materialism holds that matter is the basic reality and source of the world. It emphasizes the objective existence of matter and its decisive role in the real world. Materialism holds that consciousness, thinking and feeling are the products or attributes of matter, and their generation and development are determined by the characteristics and laws of matter. Materialism emphasizes the importance of scientific research, empirical observation and empirical data.
2. Idealism: Idealism holds that consciousness, mind or spirit are the basic reality and decisive factors of the world. It emphasizes that the subject's consciousness and experience play a decisive role in understanding the world. Idealism holds that the material world is the representation of consciousness or the projection of mind, and the essence of the real world is the construction of subject consciousness. Idealism emphasizes the importance of intuition, intuition and introspection.
It should be pointed out that materialism and idealism are philosophical views, which are fundamentally different in the real world and cognitive essence. These two viewpoints are widely discussed and disputed in philosophy, epistemology and scientific research. In different disciplines and fields, people have different interpretations and applications of materialism and idealism.