In ancient China, a certain social stratum with a certain status later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because learning was in the government in ancient times, only the aristocratic children above the scholar level had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science. During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives. At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further. Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han dynasty, scholars attached great importance to their fame (that is, personality, integrity and academic ability). Once a celebrity, the utilitarian position will follow, so the literati will either focus on integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, and abide by feudal ethics. Or make friends with glitz, make friends with friends, brag about each other, and seek fame and reputation. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, discussion words were very popular among scholars. This kind of personal problem belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Nine Grades System was established, and the right to judge scholars was returned to the government. People who are judged by Zhongzheng are given different grades (native products) according to their virtue and family values, and then awarded various official positions. A person who has not been appraised by Chiang Kai-shek may not be an official. So scholars have the meaning of a certain class. The opposition between scholars and ordinary people is gradually emerging. All officials with nine grades or above, those who win the first place in authentic products are all scholars, otherwise they are ordinary. Among the scholars, there is also a family, which can be an official by virtue of its parents and grandparents, and an official from generation to generation, especially for the gentry. The gentry reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and declined in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry as a specific class still existed. After the Song Dynasty, the word "scholar" gradually became the general name of ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to qualified officials.
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars, as a rank, had relative stability, and Jpua was the "scholar among scholars". By the Warring States period, although scholars still had the meaning of hierarchy, they gradually became a social class. This stratum becomes the intermediate zone of communication and transformation between the upper class (rulers, officials and exploiters) and the lower class (ruled, people and exploited).
Around the Western Zhou Dynasty, taxis appeared as a social stratum, and the taxi stratum should be the product of the patriarchal clan system in the Zhou Dynasty. Modern historians agree (theoretically ideal) that in the Zhou Dynasty, the eldest son inherited the father's position and the younger brother was a scholar; The eldest son of this scholar is still a scholar, and all other scholars are Shu Ren. At this point, scholars have become a group noun with distinctive class characteristics, but basically this is only a division of blood.
The evil of nobles is undoubtedly an important source of scholars. Zhang Yi, who is kind to others, was born in "Wei Jia Yu Zi". My son is a supporter. He is also a "Liang" person. Shang Yang was originally "the evil son of Wei Zhi". "Han Fei is from The Son of Han. Such examples abound. In short, the evil deeds and descendants of most nobles and officials belong to this class. Although it is impossible to make specific statistics at present, the number of such figures will not be small. For example, Tian Ying in Guo Jun, Qi Jing has more than forty sons, and it is conceivable how many sins there are. The first stop for these villains is a taxi.
Another source of scholars is from below. This situation appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was more common in the Warring States Period. "On Mozi Shang Xian" said: "People in industry and agriculture, if they can." The so-called "lifting it" first refers to the selection of scholars. Some people who study, the first step is to become a scholar through learning. Ningyue is a typical example of taking learning as a scholar and taking scholars as public servants. "Xunzi Wang Zhi" said: "Although Shu Ren's descendants are also well-written, sincere and can belong to courtesy, they belong to Qing Xiang literati." "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" contains: "A simple and hard-to-learn scholar will certainly become a scholar." Park Ye refers to farmers. In addition, there are other kinds of lower classes who enter the ranks of scholars through learning. "Xunzi Outline" contains: "Zi Gan (Zigong) and Lu Ji, so I also treat them with courtesy and justice. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Respecting Teachers" contains: "The person is the humble family of Lu; Yan Zhuoju, the thief of Liang's father, studied under Confucius. "Duan Ganmu, a great genius in Jin State, studied from Xia Dynasty." Biography of Old Fei in Historical Records says: "Shen Buhai was a capital, so Zheng was a modest minister." Academically, it's a question of being a Han Zhaohou, showing it and using it. Biography of Historical Records and Gan Mao: Down to Cai. Zheng's counselor is "the son of Liang Jianmen". A historical event that has been active in politics for a period of time is "Shangcai Jian". From the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially after Confucius, the trend of running schools privately prevailed, and dozens, hundreds or even thousands of students were scholars' reserve troops or scholars. The above are the scribes. Samurai are mainly cultivated from the battlefield.
Scholars are the intersection of the upper and lower classes. The greater the traffic, the greater the taxi queue. During the Warring States period, the upward and downward mobility was relatively large, so the ranks of scholars developed rapidly. In addition, the development of scholars is directly proportional to the development of bureaucracy. Scholars are candidates for bureaucrats, and the expansion of bureaucratic ranks will inevitably lead to the expansion of scholars. The Warring States period was a period when bureaucracy was widely implemented, which was a powerful driving force to promote the development of scholars.