Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng (259 BC - 210 BC), whose surname was Zhao, so he was also called Zhao Zheng, Han nationality (called "Huaxia" at the time), and was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State. A famous statesman, reformer, and strategist in Chinese history. He was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to complete the unification of China. He was the son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He ascended the throne at the age of thirteen and became emperor at the age of thirty-nine. He reigned for thirty-seven years. Qin Shihuang established the emperor system. The central government implemented the Three Gongs and Nine Ministers. The local governments abolished the feudal system and replaced it with the system of prefectures and counties. They unified writing and weights and measures. They attacked the Xiongnu in the north, conquered Baiyue in the south, and built the Great Wall. It pushed China into the era of great unification, created a new situation for the establishment of a centralized authoritarian system, had a profound impact on Chinese and world history, and established the basic pattern of China's political system for more than two thousand years. He was hailed as "one emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker of the Ming Dynasty. In his early life, he lived under the First Emperor of Qin (259 BC - 210 BC). His surname was Zhao, so he was also called Zhao Zheng. He was the middle son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. The statue of Qin Shihuang was born in the south of Jize County, Handan City, Zhao District. Some people theorize that being born in Zhao District is related to the former name Zhao Zheng (the country's name is surname). However, in fact, according to Boyi's 9th generation grandson, he was a good emperor in the Western Zhou Dynasty. , it is said that he got 8 horses, trained them and presented them to King Mu of Zhou. Because Zhao's father had made great achievements in attacking King Xu Yan, King Zhou Mu gave him the city of Zhao. From then on, he was called the Zhao family and the first clan of the Zhao Kingdom. Decades later, Zhao's father's grandnephew Feizi was granted the title of Quanqiu for his meritorious service and became the founder of the subsequent Qin State. In fact, Qin Shihuang should be the Zhao family regardless of whether he was born in Zhao State or not. In 247 BC, King Zhuangxiang of Qin died, and 13-year-old Ying Zheng was established as King of Qin. At this time, Lu Buwei became the prime minister, granted 100,000 households, and named him Marquis Wenxin, and he had great power alone. Due to his young age when he came to the throne, the state affairs were all controlled by Lu Buwei, the prime minister, and he respected Lu Buwei as his father-in-law. When Qin Wangzheng was 21 years old, that is, in 239 BC, a fierce political struggle broke out in the Qin court. Lü Emperor Qin ordered Tongquan Buwei to control the court and have an affair with the Queen Mother (Zhao Ji, originally Lü Buwei's concubine). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him and wanted to leave the Queen Mother, but he was also afraid of the Queen Mother's resentment, so he gave the Queen Mother a fake eunuch, Lao Ai, who pretended to be tortured by corruption, and only plucked out her pubic hair before entering the palace. Qin Shihuang grew older, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the feng shui of the Queen Mother's palace was not good and that they should move away. Qin Shihuang believed it was true, so they moved to a place far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and the false eunuch Lao Ai also regarded himself as the false father of the King of Qin. With the help of the Queen Mother, he was named Changxinhou and had the mountain. Yang, Taiyuan and other places gathered their own party members. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and established a huge power. He is another powerful political force after Lu Buwei. Lao Ai was inevitably a villain, and after getting drunk, she scolded a minister: "I am the false father of King Qin, how dare you mess with me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Lao Ai panicked and prepared to rebel. In 238 BC, Qin Shihuang held a crowning ceremony at Qinian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai used the royal seal of the King of Qin and the Queen Mother's seal to launch a rebellion and attack Qinian Palace. Qin Shihuang had already deployed three thousand elite troops in Qinian Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai turned to attack Xianyang Palace, where there were already troops. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested not long after. Qin Shihuang cut Lao Ai's chariot into pieces and exposed his body to the public. He also imprisoned his mother, Zhao Ji, in the Guiyang Palace in Yongcheng. He threw Lao Ai's two illegitimate sons with the Queen Mother to death. Qin Shihuang subsequently dismissed Lu Buwei from his post as prime minister and exiled Lu Buwei to Bashu. Knowing that his relationship with the King of Qin was irreversible, Lu Buwei committed suicide by drinking poisonous wine. Later, although he listened to the advice of the nobles of the Qin State and issued the "Book of Expelling Guests" to expel the diners from the six countries, he was dissuaded by Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance and Expelling Guests". Later, he still reused Wei Liao, Li Si and others people. After Qin Wangzheng came to power, he appointed Wei Liao, Li Si and others to actively promote the unified strategy. In 236 BC, a war broke out between Zhao and Yan. Zhao State sent troops to attack Yan, and Qin State sent Wang Jian and other generals to attack Zhao State in the name of saving Yan. They successively captured Zhao's Yanyu, Fuyang Yi (now northwest of Nanyang, Henan), and Hejian Yi (now Xian, Hebei Province). In 234 BC, Qin launched a massive attack on Zhao and established Yanmen County and Yunzhong on the captured Zhao land. County. In 231 BC, Wei was forced to give part of its land to Qin, and South Korea was also forced to give Nanyang to Qin. In 230 BC, Qin sent Nei Shiteng to attack Han. After conquering Wang An of Han, he established Yingchuan County on Han land. At this time, a severe drought occurred in Zhao State. Qin general Wang Jian led his troops to Jingxing (today's west of Jingxing County, Hebei Province), and Qin general Yang Duanhe led Hanoi troops to encircle them. Zhao's capital was Handan. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to lead an army to resist.
Guo Kai, the favored minister of King Zhao, accepted bribes from Qin and spread rumors that Li Mu and Sima Shang were plotting rebellion. Therefore, King Zhao replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Cong and Yan Ju, and killed Li Mu. In 229 BC, Wang Jian defeated the Zhao army, killed Zhao Cong, and captured the king of Zhao. Zhao Gongzijia led hundreds of people from his clan to flee to Zhao's Dai County and proclaimed himself king of Dai. Qin established Handan County in the area of ??Handan, the capital of Zhao. In 227 BC, Qin sent Wang Jian and Xin Sheng to attack Yan. Yan and Dai sent troops to resist, but were defeated by the Qin army west of Yishui. The following year, the Qin army captured Jicheng, the capital of Yan. King Yan moved his capital to Liaodong. Qin general Li Xin led his troops to pursue him. King Yan Xi followed Dai Wangjia's plan, killed Prince Dan, and offered Prince Dan's head to Qin to seek peace. In 226 BC, a rebellion broke out in the capital of South Korea. Qin took the opportunity to send troops to quell the rebellion of South Korea and executed King An of Han. In 225 BC, Qin sent General Wang Ben to attack Wei and surrounded the Wei capital Daliang (in today's Kaifeng City, Henan Province), diverting water from the Yellow River to flood the city. In three months, Daliang City was destroyed, the King of Wei surrendered, and the Wei Kingdom was destroyed. Qin established Dangjun in the eastern region of Wei. In the same year, Qin sent Li Xin and Meng Wu with an army of 200,000 to attack Chu. Li Xin attacked Chu's Pingyu (now north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), and Mengwu attacked Chu's Qi (now Linquan County, Anhui), and achieved initial victory. The Qin and Chu armies met in Chengfu Yi (now Chengfu Ji, southeast of Bo County, Anhui Province). Chu took advantage of the Qin army's unpreparedness to launch a counterattack and defeated the Qin army. The King of Qin sent Wang Jian to lead an army of 600,000 to attack, and defeated the Chu army in Qi (now southeast of Suxian County, Anhui), forcing Chu general Xiang Yan to commit suicide. Then the Qin army invaded Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured King Chu of Chu. Qin established Jiujiang County (in today's Shouxian County, Anhui) and Changsha County (in today's Changsha City, Hunan) in the Chu region. In 222 BC, Wang Jian pacified Chu's Jiangnan area, surrendered the Yue king, and established Kuaiji County. The Chu Kingdom was destroyed. While Qin was destroying Chu, it continued to expand eastward and established counties one after another. It also captured Qi and established Xue County (in today's Qufu County, Shandong). In 222 BC, Qin sent Wang Ben to attack Yan's Liaodong, captured King Xi of Yan, and destroyed the Yan state. Then he returned to attack Dai, captured Dai Wang Jia, and established Dai County (in the southwest of today's Yu County, Hebei) and Liaodong County (in the old city of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province). In 221 BC, the Qin general Wang Bi attacked Qi from the south of Yan State, captured King Jian of Qi, destroyed the State of Qi, and established Qi County (in the northeast of Zibo City, Shandong Province today) and Langye County (in Xiahe City, southwest of today's Jiaonan County, Shandong Province) in the old land of Qi. ). From 230 BC to the time when Qi was destroyed, the Qin State successively annexed the six countries in the first and last 10 years, and set up prefectures and counties in the occupied areas, directly under the jurisdiction of the King of Qin. This ended the era of the kingdom of the dictatorship of aristocrats and princes, and entered the monarchy era. The age of authoritarian empires. Portrait of Qin Shihuang By 221 BC, the 26th year of the Qin Dynasty (after proclaiming the emperor, the Yuan Dynasty was changed to the first year of the First Emperor), the six kingdoms were unified and established a great autocratic monarchy that unified the world. Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he paid attention to the rule of ethnic minorities in the southwest, southeast and northwest regions, thus strengthening the political and cultural relations of the unified multi-ethnic country, mainly the Chinese ethnic group. After unification, officials were placed in the southwest minority areas, making them an integral part of the Qin State. In order to strengthen the connection between the Central Plains and the southwest, Chang Yan once presided over the opening of a five-foot-wide plank road (called the "Five-foot Road"), which ran from north to south. After Qin destroyed Chu, it further unified the Yue areas in the southeast and established Minzhong County (in today's Fuzhou City, Fujian) in the land of Dongou and Minyue. Then Qin Shihuang ordered Tu Sui to lead an army of 500,000 people to go south in five directions, deep into the territory of today's Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi. In order to transport military supplies, Qin Shihuang ordered the army to dig the Ling Canal, which connected the traffic between the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River, a tributary of the Guijiang River. At the same time, he distributed debt-ridden poor people, son-in-laws, and Jia people to support the war. Finally, he unified South Vietnam and Xiou and established the Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang County. From then on, these areas became the territory of Qin. In the late Warring States period, a powerful nomadic tribe, the Xiongnu, arose from west to north and was active in Touman City, north of the Yinshan Mountains (today's northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains in the northeast of Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia). Its chief, Touman Shanyu, often used fast-moving cavalry. They went deep into the Central Plains to plunder food and people, and burned down villages. King Wuling of Zhao therefore took defensive measures and immigrated to cultivate the land. However, it still could not stop the Xiongnu from going south, and the Jiuyuan Henan area (referring to the south of the Yellow River) was occupied by them. In 221 BC, 30,000 households were moved to Yuzhong, Hebei for reclamation. At the same time, a 5,000-mile-long Great Wall was built based on the original northern Great Wall of Qin, Zhao, and Yan. Qin Shihuang founded the country and proclaimed himself emperor. He continued to implement Shang Yang's Legalist policies since the Xiaogong Reform, strengthened the autocratic monarchy, weakened the power of the old aristocrats, and promoted aristocrats who rose through military service. The land ownership system of the Qin Empire basically maintained the "king-owned" land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and changed "king-owned" to "state-owned". In 216 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered farmers across the country to report the actual amount of land they owned in order to collect taxes.
It also implemented the policy that even civilians with military merit could be awarded land and titles, and could buy and sell land freely, which facilitated the development of private land. After Qin Shihuang abolished the feudal system, he established a system of counties, counties and bureaucracy from the central to local levels. The country was initially divided into 36 counties, which later increased to 46 counties as the land expanded, and Xianyang (now Qindu District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) was designated as the capital. The highest bureaucrats in the central government are the prime minister, the imperial censor, and the Taiwei, also known as the "Three Dukes." The chief of the local county is the guardian, and the chief of the county is the order. The county system initially broke down the patriarchal system of blood relations, while the feudal system and bureaucracy replaced the hereditary system of the nobility. In order to consolidate his power, Qin Shihuang also implemented a series of policies, mainly: unifying currency and weights and measures; unifying writing; building the Great Wall, Chidao and Straight Road; and forced migration of six countries to enrich the people and civilians. After Qin unified the six kingdoms, in order to prevent the nobility of the six kingdoms from reviving their clans, they were forced to move to Xianyang, where they were required to guard the imperial mausoleums or move to remote areas in the southwest. Some civilians were also forced to move at the same time, which was called "qiang". "Liu", doing hard labor such as mining and salt wells. In 215 BC, Qin general Meng Tian captured Jiuyuan Henan, established 34 counties, and established Jiuyuan County (the administrative seat is northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia today). Before Yingzheng proclaimed himself emperor, many Legalists from Jin and other eastern countries entered Qin. The First Emperor once issued the famous "Expulsion Order". In 239 BC, Li Si wrote a letter to persuade the First Emperor to stop this order. After the unification of the six kingdoms, various schools and talents came to Qin to serve. Among them, Huang Lao Taoist and Yin Yang schools combined the theories of Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism to put forward the so-called "theory of the end of the five virtues", which was especially trusted by the First Emperor. The First Emperor then believed that Qin was the virtue of water and Zhou was the virtue of fire. , Water can defeat fire, so Qin conquered the world. The Confucian scholars and alchemists who came from Qi Yan also made new changes to the Confucian "Feng Chan". It is widely said that since ancient times, emperors have all held Zen ceremonies. At the same time, they also said that there are three islands in the sea: Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou, which are places where gods live. There are "elixirs of immortality" that can be "immortal" after taking them. The First Emperor was very moved after hearing this, and fantasized about becoming an "immortal" god. In the twenty-eighth year, Qi people Xu Fu and others wrote a letter about the fairyland on the sea, so the First Emperor sent him to recruit thousands of boys and girls to go to the sea to seek immortals. At the same time, from the 28th to the 31st year (219 BC to 215 BC), the First Emperor continued to tour the eastern coast, the Jianghuai River Basin, and the north. Wherever he went, he carved stones to praise his merits. In the thirty-second year, the First Emperor sent Lu Sheng, a native of Yan, to seek traces of immortals such as Xianmen and Gao Shi. Later, he also sent Han Tong, Hou Gong, and Shi Sheng to seek the immortal elixir. Some Confucian scholars also expressed dissatisfaction with the First Emperor's actions. Doctor Chun Yuyue from Qi suggested that the First Emperor still implement the policy of enfeoffing his own children as princes, and the First Emperor left it to his ministers for discussion. Prime Minister Li Si objected. Li Si's memorial prompted the First Emperor of Qin to order the burning of books and ban on books, stipulating that all historical books that were not Qin Chronicles should be burned; anyone who was not a doctorate official in the world and dared to collect "Poems", "Books", and hundreds of schools of thought should be guarded. , Wei Za burned it; those who dared to even talk about "Poems" and "Books" were abandoned from the market; those who regarded the ancients as not the present were the clan. Anyone who fails to take action upon seeing an official will be guilty of the same crime. It is ordered not to burn for thirty days and to be tattooed as Chengdan. The quasi-preserver, the book of medicine, divination and tree planting. If you wish to learn laws and regulations, then take officials as your teachers. At this time, Xu Fu went to the sea to seek immortality. He spent a huge amount of money, but in the end he couldn't find the medicine. The First Emperor felt deceived, so he ordered the censor to interrogate the officials and expose each other, implicating more than 460 people. The First Emperor ordered them all to be buried alive in Xianyang. This is the famous "trap Confucianism". Some people think that the "Historical Records" records that Qin Shihuang killed sorcerers ("Historical Records, Volume 121, Biographies of Scholars": "By the end of the Qin Dynasty, poems and books were burned, and the sorcerers were trapped, and the six arts were lacking from then on."), but this is not the case. He was a Confucian scholar, but according to the "Historical Records: The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang", it is recorded that the people Qin Shihuang killed "all recited the Dharma of Confucius". ("Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin": When the First Emperor heard of his death, he was furious and said: "I have collected all the books from the world, and those who are not useful will be thrown away. I have summoned many literary and alchemists to bring about peace, and the alchemists want to practice them.") Wonderful medicine. If you go without repaying it, Xu Shi and others will spend tens of thousands of dollars, but they will not get the medicine. Lu Sheng and others have given me a lot of money, and now they are slandering me and showing my unkindness. In Xianyang, I sent someone to ask Lian Qian, maybe he would disturb the head of Guizhou because of his words." So I asked the censor to inquire about the case, and the students told each other, and more than 460 people who violated the ban were eliminated. He went to Xianyang to make the world aware of it and punished him by banishing him to the border. I am afraid that the world will be uneasy. I just want to check it out." The first emperor was angry and sent Meng Tian, ??the governor of Suzhou, to Shangjun. Not long after Qin Shi Huang ascended the throne, he sent people to design and build Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum.
Before Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he already had many palaces (not built by him, but by the previous King of Qin). During the period of unifying the six kingdoms, there was even more construction. Every time a country was destroyed, the country's The palace buildings were imitated near Xianyang, and the total area reached an astonishing level. However, this was not just for their own enjoyment, but because they could not bear to kill the nobles of the Six Kingdoms and wanted to put them under house arrest but the facilities could not be too poor, so they wanted to imitate the palaces of the Six Kingdoms. edify. Afang Palace Site (10 photos) Seven years after the reunification, the construction of the Afang Palace (also known as Chao Palace, with Afang as the name of its front palace) began on the south bank of the Wei River, employing more than 700,000 migrant workers every year. At that time, the total population of the country was only 20 million. The imperial palace can accommodate 100,000 people, and carts and horses are needed to transport wine and food inside. The area of ??the front hall alone is 693 meters long from east to west and 116 meters wide from north to south. The platform is 11.65 meters high, and tens of thousands of people can sit on it. people. However, the Epang Palace archaeological team, jointly formed by the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Xi'an Cultural Relics Protection and Archeology Institute, conducted archaeological work on the Epang Palace site and found that the Epang Palace was never built, and only the foundation of the palace was completed during the Qin Dynasty. The construction of Lishan Tomb began when King Qin ascended the throne. It took more than 30 years to build, and 700,000 people were used to build it every year. The remaining tomb now has a circumference of 2,000 meters from the outside and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, with a copper roof, mercury as the rivers, lakes and seas, and is full of mechanisms. On the top there are the sun, moon and stars made of pearls. Just looking at the terracotta warriors and horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, we can see the heavy burden of the people who built this mausoleum. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the tomb were all buried alive after the tomb was built (this was done by the second generation). Death in the Sand Dunes In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shi Huang (210 BC), Qin Shi Huang, known as the "Eternal Emperor", died on his fifth eastward tour. Perhaps Qin Shihuang was destined to be a controversial figure in history. His death, like his life experience and this great talent, also aroused controversy among future generations. There are currently two completely different views in the field of history. One is that he died of disease, and the other is that he died of an unexpected death. People who hold the first view believe that there are many records about the death of Qin Shihuang in "Historical Records", which can be found in "The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang", "Biography of Li Si", "Biography of Meng Tian", etc. The cause of death is clear and beyond doubt. A meteorite engraved with "The First Emperor died and the earth was divided" and an "immortal" who said "This year the ancestor dragon died" were discovered. Qin Shihuang was very superstitious, and these phenomena made him feel frightened and uneasy. In order to avoid disasters and find the elixir of immortality, Qin Shihuang listened to the advice of a fortune teller and prepared for his fifth tour. However, due to fatigue along the way, Qin Shihuang fell ill when he arrived at Pingyuanjin (near today's Shandong Pingyuan). Zhao Gao was ordered to write a suicide note to Fusu, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang who was ordered to supervise the army in Hetao: "Be buried with Xianyang." Before the letter was sent, Qin Shihuang died in the Sand Dune Palace (near today's Guangzong, Xingtai City, Hebei). Some scholars believe that Qin Shi Huang had been ill since childhood, so his constitution was weak. He worked diligently, reviewing 120 kilograms of documents every day, and his work was extremely tiring. In addition, the high temperature in July during the tour combined with all the above factors, causing him to fall ill and die during the journey. As for what disease he died of, some people think he died of epilepsy. Epileptic seizures are generally divided into four stages: at first, dizziness and stomach discomfort, followed by sudden loss of consciousness, spasm of diaphragm muscles, purple complexion, dilated pupils, apnea, then muscle twitching and foaming at the mouth, and finally the seizure lasts for tens of minutes. wide awake. According to the record in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang", Guo Moruo speculated that Qin Shihuang suffered from rickets and bronchitis when he was young, and he often suffered from bronchitis. When he grew up, his chest was like that of a bird of prey, and his voice was like that of a jackal. Later, due to the heavy government affairs, he suffered from meningitis, epilepsy and other diseases. Later, Qin Shihuang crossed the Yellow River and suffered an epileptic seizure. The back of his head hit a bronze ice mirror, which aggravated the meningitis and left him in a coma. When the car arrived at the sand dunes the next day, Zhao Gao and Li Si discovered that Qin Shihuang had been dead for a long time. People who hold the second view have found something fishy after scrutinizing several historical books about the death of Qin Shihuang. The main entourage on this trip included Zhao Gao, Li Si, Hu Hai and others, and Shangqing Mengyi was also among them. Meng Yi was Meng Tian's younger brother and Fusu's confidant. However, when Qin Shihuang became seriously ill on the way, Meng Yi was sent back to the border. Judging from the sudden personnel changes, this seems to be a strategy by Zhao Gao and others. Because Meng Tian led 300,000 troops to garrison Shangjun with his son Fusu, and sent Meng Yi away from Qin Shihuang's side, which meant that Fusu's eyes and ears were removed. In addition, Zhao Gao was once convicted by Meng Yi and sentenced to death. Later, Qin Shihuang pardoned Zhao Gao, and Zhao Gao was restored to official rank. From then on, Zhao Gao hated Meng Yi deeply and vowed to destroy the Meng clan.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao persuaded Hu Hai to threaten Li Si. After some conspiracy, the two faked Qin Shihuang's edict and Hu Hai succeeded to the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, he also accused Fusu of being unfilial as a son and Meng Tian of being unfaithful as a minister, and told them to commit suicide without disobedience. After receiving the exact news of Fusu's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, and Li Si ordered the convoy to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the people, the convoy did not dare to take a shortcut back to Xianyang. Instead, it pretended to continue its patrol and took a detour back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in the summer, Qin Shihuang's body had rotted and smelled. In order to cover people's ears and eyes, Hu Hai and his party ordered people to buy a lot of fish and put them in the car to confuse everyone. After arriving in Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded to the throne as Qin II, Zhao Gao was appointed as Lang Zhongling, and Li Si remained as prime minister, but the power of the court actually fell into Zhao Gao's hands. After Zhao Gao's conspiracy succeeded, he began to murder those around him. He laid a trap and gradually forced Li Si to a dead end. After Li Si discovered Zhao Gao's conspiracy, he wrote a letter to report Zhao Gao. Hu Hai, the second emperor of Qin, not only favored Zhao Gao, but also punished Li Si, and finally killed Li Si in Xianyang. Zhao Gao was promoted to prime minister. Because he could enter and exit the palace, he was specially called "Zhong Prime Minister". Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is the tomb of the first emperor Yingzheng in Chinese history. It is located at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain, 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, northern China. The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was built in 39 years from 246 BC to 208 BC. It is the first large-scale and well-designed imperial mausoleum in Chinese history. [2] The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang has two rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and palace city of the capital. The mausoleum is located in the south of the inner city. It is in the shape of an overturned bucket. It is 51 meters high and has a base circumference of more than 1,700 meters. According to historical records, various palaces were built in the Qin Mausoleum, displaying many strange treasures. There are a large number of burial pits and tombs with different shapes and connotations scattered around the Qin Mausoleum. More than 400 of them have been discovered. Edit this paragraph for political actions and politics. A poem called Emperor Qin Shihuang Picture Collection (33 photos) During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, the princes of various countries were called "Jun" or "King". In the late Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title did not go hand in hand at that time. Ying Zheng, who had already unified the world, thought that these past titles were not enough to show his respect, so he ordered his ministers to discuss titles. After some discussion, Prime Minister Wang Wan, Imperial Censor Feng Jie, Tingwei Li Si and others believed that the Qin Dynasty's government "promoted righteous soldiers, killed the remaining thieves, and pacified the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and beyond the reach of the five emperors". They cited traditional honorifics, saying, "In ancient times, there were emperors of heaven, emperors of earth, emperors of human beings, and the human emperor was the most noble." They suggested that the Qin Dynasty adopt the title of "Emperor of Tai". However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of the "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" for himself. From then on, "emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China's feudal society. The emergence of the title "Emperor" is not just a simple name change, but also reflects the emergence of a new concept of governance. In ancient times, "huang" meant "big". People sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "huang". "Emperor" is the supreme god who dominates all things in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the two words "emperor" and "emperor". First, it showed that he wanted to express his supreme status and authority, which was given by God, that is, "the power of kings is granted by the gods"; second, it reflected that he felt that his supreme status and authority were only given by God. Being a ruler on earth is not enough, he also wants to be a god. It can be seen that the title of "Emperor" is a product of Qin Wang's political deification of monarchy. Qin Wangzheng became the first emperor in Chinese history and called himself the "First Emperor". He also stipulated that when the throne is passed to his descendants after his death, his successors will be called the second emperor, the third emperor, and even forever. Qin Shihuang dreamed that the throne would be inherited forever by his family and "be passed down endlessly." In order to sanctify the emperor's status, Qin Shihuang took a series of "respecting the emperor" measures: 1. Cancel the posthumous title. The posthumous title method began in the early Zhou Dynasty. After the death of the king, an evaluative title was given based on his life and deeds. However, Qin Shihuang believed that it was too outrageous and meaningless to "sons discuss fathers and ministers discuss emperors" like this. He announced the abolition of posthumous titles and prohibited future generations of officials from evaluating him. 2. The emperor calls himself "I". The meaning of the word "朜" is the same as "I". In the past, ordinary people could also use it, but Qin Shihuang restricted that only the emperor could call himself "朜". The emperor's order is called "Zhi" or "Chao" (the order is called Zhi, and the order is called Zhao, because the two orders have different effects). 3. The emperor's name is not allowed to be mentioned in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "Emperor" or "First Emperor" appear on the document, they must be written on a new line. 4. Only the large seal carved from jade used by the emperor can be called a "seal".
The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special status of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is unique, and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's minds. Qin Shihuang imagined that by taking these measures, his throne would be passed down to his descendants for eternity. 2. Centralization of Power In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang drew on the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States Period and established a fairly complete set of centralized power systems and political institutions. ① Central agencies: The central government has the prime minister, the Taiwei, and the imperial censor. The prime minister has two members, the left and the right. He is the head of a hundred officials and is in charge of political affairs. The Taiwei is in charge of the military affairs and is not always in charge. The imperial censor is the second deputy of the prime minister. He is in charge of the secretary of books and supervises all officials. Below the prime minister, Taiwei, and Yushi officials are the ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs. Among them are the Lang Zhongling who is in charge of the palace gate, the guard who is in charge of the palace gate guard and the army, the lieutenant who is in charge of the capital security, the court lieutenant who is in charge of punishment, and the officer who is in charge of military matters. The person in charge of grain production, domestic history, the taxation of mountains, seas, ponds, and government handicrafts to supply the royal family. The person in charge of the palace will be the person in charge of the Shaofu. The person in charge of domestic and ethnic affairs and foreign affairs will be the official. The official in charge of the rituals of the ancestral temple. , Zongzheng, who is in charge of royal family status, Taipu, who is in charge of horses, etc. The prime minister, Taiwei, Yushi and other ministers discuss government affairs, and the emperor makes a decision. In addition to this, there were some more important official positions in the Qin Dynasty, such as doctor - "in charge of ancient and modern times", that is, he was familiar with ancient and modern history to prepare for the emperor's consultation, and was also responsible for book collection; Dian Shiguo - in charge of ethnic minority affairs like Dianke , the difference is that Dianke is in charge of the exchanges with ethnic minorities who are friendly to Qin, while Dianguo is in charge of ethnic minorities that have surrendered to the Qin Dynasty; Zhanshi - manages the affairs of the queen and prince. The set of centralized political institutions established by the Qin Dynasty has been imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "Three Gongs and Nine Qings" of the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system. ②Local institutions After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms, he adopted Li Si's suggestion, abolished the feudal system, and changed to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into county and county levels. The main officials of counties and counties are appointed and dismissed by the central government. The county has guards, lieutenants, and supervisors (supervisors and censors). The county governor is in charge of his county. The county lieutenant assists the county guard and conducts military affairs. The county supervisor is in charge of supervision matters. Qin Shihuang divided the country into thirty-six counties, and later successively added to forty-one counties. They are: Qin: Bajun, Shujun, Longxi County, Beidijun; Zhao: Taiyuan, Yunzhong, Handan, Julu, Yanmen, Dai, Changshan; Wei: Shangjun , Hedong County, Dong County, Dang County, Hanoi County; Han area: Sanchuan County, Shangdang County, Yingchuan County; Chuyue County: Hanzhong County, Nan County, Qianzhong County, Nanyang County, Chen County, Xue County, Sishui County, Jiujiang County, Kuaiji County, Changsha County, Hengshan County; Qidi: Donghai County, Qijun, Langya County, Jiaodong County, Jibei County; Yandi: Guangyang County, Shanggu County, Yuyang County, Youbeiping County , Liaoxi County, Liaodong County; the hometown of South Vietnam: Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County, Xiang County; the hometown of the Xiongnu: Jiuyuan County. In a county, those with more than 10,000 households will have a magistrate (county magistrate), and those with less than 10,000 households will have a chief (county magistrate). County magistrates and county heads have county magistrates, county captains and other subordinates. The county magistrate and magistrate are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county lieutenant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice. Townships were established below the county level, and their main functions were fourfold: ⒈ assigning corvees; ⒉ collecting land taxes; ⒊ verifying the case status of local defendants; and ⒋ participating in the custody of grain in national warehouses. The three elders in the countryside were in charge of education, the stingy husband was in charge of litigation and taxation, and youyou was in charge of public security. The rural administrative unit is the most basic administrative unit. There are Lidians in Li, and later generations call them Li Zheng and Li Kui, and they are called "haoshuai", that is, powerful ones. A strict Shiwu household registration organization was set up in the village to facilitate the dispatch of tribesmen and collect taxes. It also stipulates that each other should supervise each other and report adultery. If one person commits a crime, the neighbors will be punished together. In addition, there are special agencies in charge of public security and thieves, called pavilions, and the pavilions have chiefs. In addition to managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials who come and go, and is responsible for transporting, purchasing, and delivering (documents) to the government. The distance between the two pavilions is about ten miles. The Three Qin Dynasties Captured the Nine Tripods Qin Yangling Tiger Talisman The Nine Tripods are said to have been cast by Xia Yu, symbolizing Kyushu. They have been protected by many countries and are made of copper tribute from Kyushu. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, it was regarded as a national treasure, and the person who owned the Nine Cauldrons was the emperor. In 256 BC (the fifty-first year of King Zhao of Qin and the fifty-ninth year of King Nan of Zhou), the Qin army attacked Handan of Zhao State and continued to launch offensives against Han and Zhao. On this occasion, the Eastern countries launched a joint resistance against Qin. Under the influence and coercion of Han, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of Western Zhou, who was ignorant of current affairs, was also involved in this activity. Under the banner of King Zhou, the allied forces joined forces to fight against Qin. King Zhao was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Eastern Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle to unifying the world as soon as possible. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty participated in the rebellion against Qin, which just gave Qin an excuse to send troops.
In 256 BC, the Qin army attacked the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. King Nan listened to the advice of the Duke of Eastern Zhou and surrendered the sixteen cities and 30,000 households in Dongzhou to Qin. The King of Qin demoted King Nan of Zhou to the title of king, and the Duke of Eastern Zhou became a retainer and was granted the title of Liang. City (south of today's Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). King Nan arrived in Liangcheng and died in one month. The country was eliminated and Jiuding was placed in Xianyang (it is said that one tripod fell into Sishui on the way, so Qin only got 8 tripods, but it is still customarily called Jiuding). From the following year (the fifty-second year of King Zhao, 255 BC), historians began to record the year as King Qin. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved to Qin, which meant that the King of Qin would become the emperor of the world and could legitimately attack various vassal states. Qin's Unification Situation Map Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms. It is true that Qin Shihuang's destruction of the six kingdoms was not his own achievement, but the joint achievements of the seven generations of kings of Qin (including Qin Shihuang), and they all had their own historical missions. , such as King Zhaoxiang of Qin: weakening the power of Zhao and other vassal states... But Qin Shihuang's greatest achievement. From 230 B.C. to 221 B.C., Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of establishing distant relations and attacking close quarters, dividing and alienating, and forming alliances, and launched the Qin War to destroy the six kingdoms. He successively destroyed Han in the 17th year of Qin Shihuang (230 BC), Zhao in the 19th year (228 BC), Wei in the 22nd year (225 BC), and Wei in the 24th year (223 BC). Chu was destroyed, Yan was destroyed in the twenty-fifth year (222 BC), and Qi was destroyed in the twenty-sixth year (221 BC). The four-system Chuanguo Seal. The words on the jade seal are "Ordered by Heaven, and longevity will be long." It was a seal passed down from generation to generation by emperors after Qin Dynasty, and was engraved on the order of Qin Shihuang. It is four inches in diameter and has five dragons on it. The front is engraved with eight seal characters written by Li Si, "Ordered by heaven, you will live forever" as a token of "imperial power is divinely authorized, orthodox and legal". Since then, emperors of all dynasties have regarded this seal as a talisman and regarded it as a rare treasure and an important weapon of the country. If you get it, it means that you are "ordained by heaven", and if you lose it, it means "the energy is exhausted". Anyone who ascends to a great position without this seal will be ridiculed as a "white emperor", showing lack of confidence and being despised by the world. This prompted people who wanted to seek great treasures to fight for it, causing the jade seal that passed down the country to change its owner many times, and finally disappeared.