How on earth was the Great Wall built?

Main Aesthetic Features of the Great Wall Architectural Art Compared with the ancient European architectural art, the ancient architectural art in China has three basic features: ① the unity of aesthetic value and political and ethical value. Buildings with high artistic value also play a role in maintaining and strengthening social, political and ethical systems and ideology. ② Rooted in profound traditional culture, it shows a distinct humanistic spirit. All the elements of architectural art, such as scale, rhythm, composition, form, characters and style, are based on the aesthetic psychology of contemporary people and can be appreciated and understood by people, without ups and downs and strange and inexplicable images. ③ Overall and comprehensive. Almost all the outstanding architectural works in ancient times mobilized all the factors and techniques that might constitute architectural art at that time, forming a whole image. From the overall environment to the single house, from the external sequence to the internal space, from the color decoration to the affiliated art, every part is not dispensable. If one of them is removed, the overall effect will be damaged. These basic characteristics are as follows: paying attention to the overall management of the environment. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of overall management of the built environment. Although all the planning systems in "Zhou Li" about wilderness, metropolis, customs, townships, cities, mountains and temples may not have been realized, it at least shows that there was a large-scale regional planning idea of systematic planning at that time. The riding pipe advocates that "every country is the capital, not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan", which shows that environmental relations must be considered in urban site selection. China's theory of geomantic omen originated very early. Apart from wearing the cloak of superstition, it mostly emphasized the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of urban ontology and surrounding environment. Xianyang, Qin is a super-scale urban environment, starting from Sakan in the north, running through the Weihe River in the middle and reaching Nanshan in the south. At the peak, it is 200-300 miles from east to west. Famous capitals such as Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) have their business scope far beyond the city walls. Even ordinary governments, states and counties integrate suburbs into the overall urban environment. Important scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , also put environmental management in the first place; The Mausoleum pays more attention to geomantic geography. Most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm. The architectural forms in ancient China are relatively simple, and most of them are stereotyped. Isolated single buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, and the artistic effect of buildings mainly depends on the group sequence. A temple, as a foil in the sequence, will not be too big, and its image may be relatively dull, but if it is the main body, it may be very tall. For example, there are not many single building styles in the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but through the transformation of different spatial sequences, each single building shows its own independent personality as a whole. Structural technology and artistic image are unified. The wood structure system of ancient buildings in China has strong adaptability. This system consists of four pillars, two beams and two beams, forming a basic framework called a room. Rooms can be connected left and right, can be connected back and forth, can overlap up and down, can be combined at will, and can also be modified into octagonal, hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped or other shapes. There are two kinds of roof frames: lifting beam type and bucket type. In either case, the roof can be made into an arc shape without changing the frame system, and the cornices can be made up at the corners of the house, and the styles such as double eaves, hooks, interspersed and hanging can also be made. The artistic modeling of single building mainly depends on the flexible collocation of rooms and multi-style arc roofs. In addition, the components of the wood structure are convenient for carving and painting, so as to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient buildings in China is also reflected in the structural beauty to a great extent. Types and Specifications of Monomer Modeling Combination of Ancient Buildings in China There are more than a dozen names of ancient single buildings in China, but most of them have little difference. There are three main types: ① palaces, the basic plane of which is rectangular, but there are also a few squares and circles, which rarely appear alone; (2) Pavilion, whose basic plane is square, perfect circle, hexagon, octagon and other shapes, which can be independent of the group; (3) Corridor, which is mainly used as the connection between single buildings. A hall or pavilion is a pavilion or tower. In the early days, there were terraces with large rammed earth platforms as the center, and multi-storey houses were built along the platforms, but they were not built after the Eastern Han Dynasty. The size of the hall is distinguished by the number of rooms in the front and the purlins (or rafters) on the side. There were odd numbers and even numbers before the Han dynasty, and then they were all odd numbers. In the Qing Dynasty, 1 1 was the largest on the front, the smallest among the three, and 13 purlin was the largest and 5 purlin was the smallest on the side. There are several levels of spacing between purlins, and there are several types of fixed arrangements in the internal column network. If the number of facades is equal, it can become a square hall, and rooms can also be staggered, showing a variety of variant hall plans. China Architecture-Great Wall: The Great Wall of Wan Li is an unprecedented grand military defense project in ancient China more than 2,000 years ago, and it is a great miracle rarely seen in the world in the history of human architecture. For thousands of years, the Great Wall of Wan Li has been the pride of China people and the envy of international friends. The majestic posture and spirit of the Great Wall is a precious cultural heritage that our Chinese nation has dedicated to mankind. Long years can't stop the eternal glory of the Great Wall; The vast space is separated by the immortal charm of the Great Wall. "It turned out to be Kunlun Mountain". More than 2,000 years ago, a huge dragon of earth and stone body suddenly rose through the mountains and grasslands of China. Because of its crisscross and ups and downs of 65,438+10,000 miles, it is called "Wan Li Great Wall". The Great Wall of Wan Li, with its majestic momentum, arduous project and long history, is rare not only in the history of architectural engineering in China, but also in the history of architectural engineering in the world. Therefore, as early as 100 years ago, the Great Wall of Wan Li was listed as one of the seven wonders of the world in the Middle Ages. 196 1 was designated as the first batch of national key protected cultural relics in China, and 1987 was included in the world cultural heritage list. According to Amster, the first American astronaut to land on the moon, "In space and on the moon, there are only two giant projects on the earth that can be identified, one is the Great Wall in China and the other is the levee around the sea in the Netherlands." Someone has done rough statistics. If a wall with a height of 5 meters and a width of 1 m is built on the masonry used to build the Great Wall, or a road with a width of 5 meters and a thickness of 30 cm is paved, then this wall can circle the earth for more than ten times, and this road can circle the earth for thirty or forty times. This is just the city wall itself. If you add various projects such as Guancheng, garrison, cable, beacon tower, castle, wharf and camp, the Great Wall and road will be even longer ... That year, American Apollo II astronaut Armstrong successfully landed on the moon for the first time. According to him, seeing the big and shining earth in space, the naked eye can only recognize two projects on the earth, one is the seawall levee in the Netherlands, and the other is the Great Wall of Wan Li in China. The Great Wall is the greatest defense project in ancient China, and it is also a great miracle in the history of world architecture. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period BC to the end of the Ming Dynasty in the17th century, the construction of the Great Wall lasted for two thousand years. It crosses mountains, grasslands and deserts from east to west, and stands on the northern land of China. As a military defense project, the Great Wall is rare not only in the history of China, but also in the history of the world. Therefore, as early as hundreds of years ago, it was listed as the seven wonders of the world together with the Colosseum, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were seven waiting countries along the Yellow River Basin. In order to resist foreign enemies, Chu built the first city wall, and other places followed suit. Among them, Yan, Zhao and Qin are adjacent to the powerful Xiongnu in the north and are often invaded. To this end, they all built walls on the northern border and sent troops to defend them. This is the beginning of the construction of the Great Wall. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries and established the first unified and centralized empire in the history of China. In order to consolidate the territory and defend against the Huns, the Great Wall of A Qin, with a total length of more than 5,000 kilometers, was built, starting from Liaodong in the east and reaching Lintao in Gansu in the west. China No.1 Wan Li Great Wall stands in the north. Around this time, more than 20 countries and dynasties in China built the Great Wall, and the Great Wall built in the Han and Ming Dynasties also exceeded 5,000 kilometers. The Great Wall built in the Han Dynasty is the longest in history. On the original scale of the Qin Dynasty, it extends westward to Xinjiang through the Hexi Corridor, with a total length of 1 10,000 kilometers. This section of the Great Wall of Hexi has played a great role in ensuring the smooth flow of the "Silk Road" far away from the western regions and developing economic, trade and cultural exchanges with Eurasian countries. Like the Great Wall of many dynasties, the Great Wall of Han Dynasty has been eroded by wind and sand, leaving only a large number of earth buildings, reeds and gravel. The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty in the history of China to build the Great Wall. It is also the era when the development of the Great Wall defense engineering technology reached its peak. During the more than 200 years of the Ming Dynasty, this construction project has never been interrupted. The Great Wall that we see now is mainly built in Ming Dynasty. In order to achieve the purpose of military defense, the ancient people built the Great Wall, and the design became more and more exquisite. Its main project is to cross the high wall of Wan Li. This Wan Li city wall connects hundreds of Xiongguan and Pass, thousands of enemy platforms and smoke mounds, making it a wonder in the history of ancient architecture. Smoke pier, also known as beacon tower, is a single platform built on the Great Wall or at a certain distance inside and outside the Great Wall. Most of them are built on the top of the mountain or in places that are easy to see in the distance, and are used to transmit military information. In case of enemy situation, smoke will be burned during the day and lights will be lit at night to transmit signals. Taiwan and Taiwan echo each other from a distance, directly connecting the capital and the defense area, forming a complete communication network. The enemy platform, that is, the wall-riding platform, is higher than the city wall and has two floors. Soldiers guarding the city on the third floor can live in it, store weapons and ammunition and fight the invading enemy. Qi Jiguang, an anti-Japanese general in the Ming Dynasty, created this kind of riding on the wall to defend against the enemy, which played an important role in military defense. The construction of the Great Wall was accompanied by the rise and fall of feudal society in China, which lasted more than 2,700 years. Wan Li's Great Wall is more than Wan Li. There are relics of the Great Wall in 16 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in northeast, north, northwest and the Yellow River valley of China. If you add up the length of the Great Wall built in different dynasties, it has exceeded 50,000 kilometers. Its workload is unmatched by any other project. If the masonry and earthwork of these projects are used to build a human wall with a width of one meter and a height of five meters, it can circle the earth for more than ten times. The Great Wall is a great miracle of the human world. The Great Wall is another historical site. The Great Wall records the political, economic, military and cultural history of past dynasties. Attach the deeds of general stag and skillful craftsman. It also embodies the blood and sweat of countless soldiers and people. According to legend, when Qin Shihuang, Meng Jiangnv's husband was recruited to repair the Great Wall and did not return for three years. Meng Jiangnv sent her husband warm clothes and stayed overnight. When she arrived at Shanhaiguan, she learned that her husband had died of fatigue and his bones were buried under the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnv was so sad that she cried. The Great Wall of Wan Li suddenly collapsed, and Meng Jiangnv finally found her husband's bones. This story tells people that the corvee is heavy for thousands of years and the people are sad. With the ups and downs and the erosion of social development, the Great Wall has lost its original appearance. After the founding of New China, the Great Wall of Wan Li was protected. 196 1 year, the Great Wall was designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the China municipal government, and the state carried out key maintenance on Badaling, Shanhaiguan and Jiayuguan. 1987, the Great Wall was officially listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO and became the common wealth of mankind.