First, Zeng Guofan
1, Introduction
Zeng Guofan (18 1 1 year165438+1October 26th-1March 872 12), whose first name was Zicheng, whose real name was Bohan. China was a politician, strategist, philosopher and writer in modern times, the founder and commander-in-chief of Xiang Army.
Zeng Guofan was born in a landlord family. He has been diligent and studious since childhood. He entered this school at the age of six. At the age of 8, he can read four books and recite five classics. At the age of 14, he can read Zhou Li and Historical Records. In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), he entered imperial academy and studied under the military minister Zhang Mu.
Reluctantly moved to a bachelor's degree in cabinet, assistant minister of does, assistant minister of military, industrial, criminal and official departments. We are close friends with university students such as Woren, Huining Road and Guizhen, and strive for "practical learning". During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Zeng Guofan formed the Xiang Army. After years of fighting, he turned the tide and wiped out the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Throughout his life, he pursued patience as the first priority, and advocated that everything should be frugal and not proud of being an official. He cultivated self-discipline, sought officials by virtue, put courtesy first, and sought politics by loyalty, and achieved great success in officialdom.
The rise of Zeng Guofan had a far-reaching impact on the politics, military affairs, culture and economy of the Qing Dynasty. At Zeng Guofan's initiative, he built the first ship in China, founded the first ordnance school, printed and translated the first batch of western language books, and arranged the first batch of students studying in the United States.
It can be said that Zeng Guofan was the pioneer of China's modernization. Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi were called "Zeng Hu", while Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong were called "four famous ministers of ZTE in the late Qing Dynasty".
Official to the governor of Liangjiang, the governor of Zhili, the university student of Wuyingdian, the first-class Yi, posthumous title "Zheng Wen", later called "Ceng Wenzheng".
2. Achievements: Destroying the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
In February of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Zeng Guofan broke Chen Yucheng in Taihu Lake. He Guiqing, governor of the two rivers, abandoned Changzhou and went to Shanghai, which led to the fall of Changzhou, Suzhou.
In April, the Qing court ordered Zeng Guofan to rush to Jiangsu immediately, and first awarded the title of Minister of War as the Governor of Liangjiang. In June, the Governor of Liangjiang was awarded an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs in Jiangnan. In July, Zeng Guofan supervised the military affairs in southern Anhui.
In the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), on September 5th, the Xiang army captured Anqing. On September 25th, Zeng Guofan moved to Anqing. On February 20, 65438, he was given the title of Prince Taibao and was appointed to supervise the military affairs of four provinces (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi). The governor and the town below him are under control.
In the same month, Anqing, where the ordnance was located, was established. At the end of the year, the Third Route Army decided to March: "The country of Jinling was besieged, while Zhejiang belonged to the left and the Soviet belonged to Li Hongzhang, so it set up a bureau to eliminate the southeast."
In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), 65438+1October 3 1, Zeng Guofan was appointed as a college assistant to the governor of Liangjiang, and Ceng Guoquan was awarded as a provincial judge in Zhejiang. On February 14th, Zuo led an army from Jiangxi to Zhejiang.
In April, Li Hongzhang led an army to Shanghai. In May, Ceng Guoquan led the army into Yuhuatai, and joined Peng Yulin Navy to camp in Tianjing. In June, Hong Xiuquan ordered the Taiping rebels to return to Tianjing. Taiping Army assembled 200,000 troops and fought with Xiang Army for more than 40 days in 10, but failed to win.
In the first month of Tongzhi three years (1864), Zhongshan was conquered and Tianjing was besieged. In July, Xiang army attacked Tianjing.
Second, Li Hongzhang
1, Introduction
Li Hongzhang (1823 February15-19011October 7th), whose real name is "Fu" and the number is "Shao Quanlin". A famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the main leaders of the Westernization Movement, was internationally known as "Li".
As an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang was the founder and commander-in-chief of the Huai Army and Beiyang Navy, and one of the leaders of the Westernization Movement. He established China's first Western-style navy, Beiyang Navy, and first-class general Su Yibo.
He participated in a series of major historical events in his life, including the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the suppression of the Nian Army Uprising, the Westernization Movement and the Sino-Japanese War. On behalf of the Qing government, he signed a series of unequal treaties, such as the Vietnam Treaty, the treaty of shimonoseki, the Concise Treaty between China and France, and the Xin Chou Treaty.
Japanese Prime Minister Hirofumi Ito is regarded as "the only person in the Qing Empire who can compete with the world powers", German Navy Minister Conal is regarded as "Oriental Bismarck" and Empress Dowager Cixi is regarded as "recreating Huang Zhi people".
Together with Zeng Guofan, Zhang Zhidong and Zuo, they are also called "four famous ministers of ZTE". After his death, he was posthumously awarded as a teacher, a first-class Sue, and posthumous title Wenzhong.
2. Achievements: Building a navy
In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Li Hongzhang played an important role in the coastal defense plan. He systematically put forward the idea of ordering armored ships, forming the North, East and South Sanyo fleets, supplemented by the idea of coastal defense and land defense, and formed China's modern coastal defense strategy.
After the Sino-French War, in view of the fact that Fujian's shipping administration and navy were almost completely annihilated, the Qing government decided to "reorganize the navy" and set up a naval yamen in the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), with Prince Chun as prime minister and Li Hongzhang as the meeting. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Beiyang Navy was built into an army.
After becoming an army, the Beiyang Navy with 25 ships and more than 4,000 officers and men was the most powerful maritime military force in Asia at that time. This move makes our east neighbor Japan daunting. At the same time, Li Hongzhang stepped up the construction of naval bases such as Lushun, Dagu Lake and Weihai to strengthen coastal defense.
Third, the left
1, Introduction
Zuo (1812165438+1October1September 5, 885), Han nationality, with high word season, simple word, andno. Xiangnong. Hunan Xiangyin people.
In the late Qing dynasty, he was an important minister, strategist and politician, a famous soldier of Xiang army and one of the representatives of Westernization School. Together with Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong, they are called "the four famous ministers of ZTE in the late Qing Dynasty".
Zuo studied at Chengnan College in Changsha, and passed the provincial examination at the age of 20. Although he tried again and again in the exam, he attached importance to agriculture, read a lot of books, and studied geography and Sun Tzu's art of war.
Later, he took part in the movement to pacify the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, initiated the Westernization Movement, suppressed the Nian Army, put down the rebellion of Tongzhi in Shaanxi and Gansu, recovered Xinjiang, and promoted the establishment of Xinjiang as a province.
He has served as governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, governor of two rivers, official to university of Dongge, minister of military aircraft, and second-class duke Jing. During the Sino-French War, he invited himself to Fujian to supervise the division. In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), he died in Fuzhou at the age of 73. Posthumous title's "Wen Xiang" as a gift to Taifu was incorporated into Zhao Zhong and Xianliang Memorial Hall? .
2. Achievements: Recovering Xinjiang.
1865 (four years of Tongzhi), Agubo invaded Xinjiang, and later established the "Zhede Sarkhan State", which occupied most of Xinjiang. 187 1 year (ten years of Tongzhi), Russia reoccupied Yili, Xinjiang.
1875 (the first year of Guangxu), Zuo was appointed as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs in Xinjiang. He put forward the policy of "slow advance and urgent battle" and "north first and then south" and made full preparations.
1876 (the second year of Guangxu) In April, the Qing army swore in Suzhou (now Jiuquan) that Premier Liu Jintang, the general of the Xiang army, led troops into Xinjiang and soon collected retro pastures, Ulumu, Manas and other places.
1877 (the third year of Guangxu) In April, the Qing soldiers marched into southern Xinjiang in three ways. Within half a month, they successively left the three cities, Toksun and Turpan, and the gateway to southern Xinjiang was opened. In May, Agubo died suddenly.
From 65438+ 10, the Qing army first recovered four cities in the east of southern Xinjiang, and then rushed into four cities in the west while the enemy was in chaos. Pokhuli, son of Agubo, led the remnants to flee to Russia. 1878 65438+1October 2 (Guangxu 3rd year1kloc-0/October 29), the Qing army recaptured Hotan and won the final victory in the campaign to recapture Xinjiang.
Fourth, Zhang Zhidong.
1, Introduction
Zhang Zhidong (1837- 1909), who is filial, Xiang Tao and the governor, is called "handsome", so everyone calls him "Zhang Xiangshuai".
A famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty, a representative of the Westernization School in the Qing Dynasty, was born in Xingyi Prefecture, Guizhou Province, and his ancestral home was Nanpi, Zhili. Xianfeng two years (1852), 16 years old Shuntianfu Xie Yuan, Tongzhi two years (1863), 27 years old, the third champion in flower exploration, was awarded editing by the Academy of Imperial Academy.
He has served as a teacher, waiter, lecturer, bachelor of cabinet, governor of Shanxi, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, governor of Huguang, governor of Liangjiang (acting for many times, never actually awarded), minister of military aircraft, etc., from officials to university students in Tijen Pavilion.
Zhang Zhidong was the leader of the Qing school in his early years and later became the main representative of the Westernization School. In education, he founded Qiangzi School (now the predecessor of Wuhan University), Sanjiang Normal School (now the predecessor of Nanjing University), Hubei Agricultural School, Hubei Wuchang Mengyang College, Hubei Technology School, Ci 'en School (Nanpi No.1 Middle School) and Guangya Academy.
Politically, it advocates that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use". In industry, Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine and Hubei Gun Works have been established. When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded and Dagubao fell, Zhang Zhidong, together with Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang, negotiated with the consul in Shanghai about "mutual insurance in the southeast".
And suppressed the uprisings of the reformists Tang, Gui Lin and Qin Lishan. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), in October of 165438, he took care of the life of Prince Jin in Taibao, and died of illness in Wenxiang the following year.
There are complete works of Zhang Wenxiang. Zhang Zhidong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo are called "four famous ministers of ZTE in the late Qing Dynasty".
2. Merit: Fighting against the French army
In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), the Sino-French war broke out, and he was appointed as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi because of strong resistance. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), France was rampant in Vietnam, and the frontier was in an emergency.
Zhang Zhidong suggested defending the war, asking for strict supervision of the Yunnan-Guangxi war and urgent repair of the defense in Tianjin and Guangzhou. In April, the Qing court called Zhang Zhidong and Feng Yong back to Beijing. Zhang Zhidong and Chen Kangfa were planned by many people. ?
After Zhang Zhidong arrived in Guangzhou, he strengthened his defense and hit the coastal governor. The defense was tight. In June, the French invaders occupied Keelung, Taiwan Province Province, China, and Zhang Zhidong invited Shang Shu Tang, the official department, to Liu Yongfu to crusade against the French army.
He said: "The only way to help Taiwan Province is to rush over, so please fight for it to shake the overall situation. It is also said that it is the best policy to lead the enemy to fight more wars. The more you plan to use Liu as the real economy. "
The Qing court adopted Zhang Zhidong's suggestion and added Liu Yongfu as the prefect. Liu Yongfu led the Black Flag Army to fight bravely and made great achievements in the French army.
However, because Xu in Guangxi and Xu in Yunnan failed to cooperate well in the anti-French war, the army fled, which made the Black Flag Army outnumbered and eventually failed. Tang and Xu were dismissed for investigation, and Zhang Zhidong was transferred to justice for recommending Xu improperly.
In the first month of Guangxu 11th year (1885), the French army occupied Nanguan (now Friendship Pass), an important border town between China and Vietnam, and the situation was critical. Zhang Zhidong invited Feng Zicai, the former governor of Guangxi, and Wang Xiaoqi, the company commander, to come to Guangxi and stay in Nanguan.
Feng Zicai, a 70-year-old veteran, led the army and fought bloody battles, defeating the French army and turning the whole war around.
Baidu Encyclopedia —— Four Famous Ministers of ZTE in the Late Qing Dynasty