Yangtze River
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, with a total length of 6,397 kilometers (with Tuotuo River as its source), generally called 6,300 kilometers. The total area of ??the basin is more than 1.8 million square kilometers, and the average annual seawater inflow is about 960 billion cubic meters. The Yangtze River ranks third in the world in terms of the length of its main stream and the amount of water entering into the sea.
The Tuotuo River, the upper source of the Yangtze River, originates from the Geladandong Snow Mountain in the Tanggula Mountains on the southwest border of Qinghai Province. It merges with the southern source of the Yangtze River and is called the Tongtian River. It flows south to the mouth of the Batang River in Yushu County and reaches Sichuan. The city of Yibin in the province is called the Jinsha River; the area below Yibin was originally called the Yangtze River, and the area below Yangzhou was formerly called the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River flows through Tibet, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces and cities, and flows into the East China Sea in Shanghai. There are tributaries such as Yalong River, Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Qingyijiang River and Huangpu River. It intersects with the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province.
The upper reaches of the Yangtze River above Yichang City in Hubei Province have many rapids and shoals; the middle reaches between Yichang and Hukou in Jiangxi Province have developed meanders and many lakes (Poyang and Dongting Lakes are the largest); below Hukou there are Downstream, the river is wide and there is Chongming Island formed by alluvial at the river mouth. The Yangtze River is rich in water volume and water conservancy resources. During the flood season, a 10,000-ton ship can reach Wuhan, and a small ship can go back to Yichang.
The Yangtze River Basin is a densely populated and economically prosperous region in China. The important cities along the river include Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai.
The total amount of water energy available for development in the Yangtze River reaches 200 million kilowatts, making it the river with the richest water energy in China. The main stream of the Yangtze River has a navigation mileage of more than 2,800 kilometers and is known as the "golden waterway".
The Yangtze River reaches the majestic and steep Three Gorges section (Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge, and Xiling Gorge) from Fengjie, Chongqing to Yichang, Hubei. The world's largest water conservancy project, the Three Gorges Project, is located in Sandouping in the middle section of Xiling Gorge. .
The Yangtze River is the largest river in China and one of the largest rivers in the world. Its main stream is more than 6,300 kilometers long. It originates from the southwest side of the Geladandong Snow Mountain, the main peak of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (33°28′ north latitude). , 91°08′ east longitude). The main stream flows through 10 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions: Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, and flows into the East China Sea. The total length is about 6,300 kilometers (if Dangqu is the source, the total length of the Yangtze River should be 6,403 kilometers), ranking third in the world. The basin is between 24°30′-35°45′ north latitude and 90°33′-112°25′ east longitude, with an area of ??more than 1.8 million square kilometers (excluding the Huaihe River Basin), accounting for about 1/5 of the country’s total land area. The average annual seawater inflow reaches 1 trillion cubic meters, ranking third in the world. In ancient times, it was simply called Jiang. After the Six Dynasties, it was called Dajiang and Yangtze River.
Mainstream Overview The names of each section of the Yangtze River's main stream are different: the source to Dangqukou (the river is called "Qu" in Tibetan) is called the Tuotuo River, the main source of the Yangtze River, with a length of 358 kilometers; The Batang River estuary in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, is called Tongtian River, 813 kilometers long; the Batang River estuary to the Minjiang estuary in Yibin, Sichuan Province, is called the Jinsha River, 2,308 kilometers long; the Yibin Minjiang estuary to the Yangtze River estuary, about 2,800 kilometers long, commonly known as The Yangtze River, among which the stretch from Yibin to Yichang in Hubei Province is called "Chuanjiang" (the section of the Three Gorges River between Fengjie and Yichang is also called "Xiajiang"), the stretch from Zhicheng in Hubei Province to Chenglingji in Hunan Province is called Jingjiang, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, The area below Zhenjiang is also called the Yangtze River. Within the basin, plateaus and mountains account for 65.6%; hills account for 24%; plains and lowlands account for 10.4%.
There are 48 tributaries of the Yangtze River with a basin area of ??more than 10,000 square kilometers; those with a basin area of ??more than 50,000 square kilometers include the Yalong River, Minjiang River and their tributaries Dadu River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Yuanjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Hanjiang River and Ganjiang River Jiang et al. 9. Among them, the Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River and Han River exceed 100,000 square kilometers, with the Jialing River basin having the largest area, about 160,000 square kilometers.
Most of China's freshwater lakes are distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The larger ones include Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake.
The Yangtze River originates between the Bayan Hara Mountains and the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, on the southwest side of Geladandong, the main peak of the Tanggula Mountains. Glaciers are widespread here, and the melted water from ice and snow is the source of the Yangtze River. From the source of the river to Renhaikou, it can be divided into three major sections.
Above Yibin in Sichuan is the upper reaches; from Yibin to Yichang in Hubei is the middle reaches; below Yichang is the lower reaches. The upstream section is about 3,500 kilometers long. The Chumar River is the northern source of the Yangtze River; the Mulu Wusu River is the southern source of the Yangtze River. It has a longer flow and a larger amount of water. According to the principle of "the source of the river is far away", its The Tuotuo River, the longest tributary, should be the main source of the Yangtze River. The section from the mouth of Dangqu River to Yushu, Qinghai is called Tongtian River, which is 813 kilometers long. The river channel is wide and the water flow is gentle. From Yushu to Yibin, it is called the Jinsha River, or Lishui in ancient times. It flows from north to south, passes through the Hengduan Mountains, turns northeast near Shigu, Yunnan, and enters the Sichuan Basin. It joins the Minjiang River in Yibin, with a total length of 2,300 kilometers. It is only called the Yangtze River from Yibin onwards. The middle reaches is about 1,000 kilometers long and is commonly known as the Sichuan River because it flows through the Sichuan Basin. From Yibin to Chongqing, the river course is quite winding. From Baidi Mountain in Fengjie to Nanjinguan in Yichang, the river passes through the Grand Canyon in the border mountains of Sichuan and Hubei. From west to east there are Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge, and Xiling Gorge, collectively known as the Three Gorges, with a total length of 204 kilometers and beaches. There are many rapid currents and a huge drop in the river. It has been known as the natural danger of the Yangtze River since ancient times. The downstream section is about 1,850 kilometers long. The river has a very small drop and slow flow. The river surface is wide, generally more than two kilometers, and the narrowest point is 650 meters. The river course is very tortuous, especially the section from Zhijiang in Hubei to Chenglingji in Hunan. It was called Jingjiang in ancient times and is known as the "nine-curved ileum". Due to the slow flow rate and heavy sedimentation, whenever the flood season comes, it is very easy to cause flooding disasters. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the Yangtze River is thousands of miles long, but the Jingjiang River is dangerous." From Yichang to Wuhu, there are many lakes on both sides of the river, among which Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake are the largest. Dongting Lake is a natural reservoir of the Yangtze River. After the river enters Jiangsu, it is blocked by the mountains and flows northeast around the Ningzhen Mountains. From the bottom of Zhenjiang, turning to Shunan and entering the delta area, the terrain is flat, dotted with lakes, and the waterways are intertwined like a network, creating a scene of a water town and a country. The mouth of the river is actually 80 kilometers wide, presenting a spectacular view of the river and the sea. There are many famous mountains and swamps on both sides of the Yangtze River, with beautiful scenery and many tourist attractions. Due to the long process, wide drainage basin, fertile land and convenient irrigation, there is a "Land of Abundance" in the middle reaches and a "land of fish and rice" in the lower reaches, with abundant products. Although the cradle of the Chinese nation is in the Yellow River Basin, according to historical records, after King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Yin Dynasty, his territory reached as far south as the Yangtze River Basin. Since then, the Yellow River and Yangtze River Basins have become the focus of China's historical and cultural development. There are many famous cities along the river, such as Chongqing, Yichang, Wuchang, Nanjing, Shanghai, etc. Shanghai is China's largest industrial and commercial city. There are many scenic spots and historic sites on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, which are precious materials for understanding Chinese history. There are also many myths and legends, which are precious heritage of Chinese literature. Since ancient times, the main branches of the Yangtze River have been the main water transportation arteries in southern China that traverse east and west and connect north and south, with a total length of more than 80,000 kilometers. A 10,000-ton ship can reach Nanjing, a 3,000-ton ship can reach Hankou, a 1,000-ton ship can reach Chongqing, and a 500-ton ship can reach Yibin.
■The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plains
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River coastal strip plain east of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China. It is bounded by the Huaiyang Hills and Huanghuai Plain to the north, and the Jiangnan Hills and Zhejiang and Fujian Hills to the south. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Yangtze River and its tributaries. It covers an area of ??approximately 200,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low and flat, with an altitude of about 50 meters. The middle reaches of the plain include the Jianghan Plain of Hubei, the Dongting Lake Plain of Hunan (collectively known as the Two Lakes Plain), and the Poyang Lake Plain of Jiangxi; the lower reaches of the plain include the Yangtze River Coastal Plain of Anhui and the Chaohu Plain (Wanzhong Plain) as well as the Yangtze River Delta between Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Most of the climate belongs to the northern subtropical zone, and a small part belongs to the northern edge of the mid-subtropical zone. The annual average temperature is 14~18℃, the coldest monthly average temperature is 0~5.5℃, the absolute minimum temperature is -10~-20℃, the hottest monthly average temperature is 27~28℃, and the frost-free period is 210~270 days. Agriculture has two or three crops a year, and the annual rainfall is 1,000 to 1,400 mm, concentrated in spring and summer. Zonal soil is only found in low hills and gentle hills, and is mainly yellow brown soil or yellow cinnamon soil. The southern edge is red soil, and most of the plain is paddy soil. Agriculture is developed and the land reclamation index is high (62.1% in Shanghai and 45.6% in Jiangsu). It is an important grain, cotton and oil production base. It is rich in rice, wheat, cotton, rapeseed, silkworms, ramie, jute, etc. River branches are crisscrossed and lakes are dotted. The lake area is 20,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 10% of the plain area.
On the Two Lakes Plain, there are more than 1,300 larger lakes, including small lakes, totaling more than 10,000, covering an area of ??more than 12,000 square kilometers, accounting for more than 20% of the area of ??the Two Lakes Plain, making it the place with the most lakes in China. There are large freshwater lakes such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake, and Chaohu Lake. They are connected to the Yangtze River and have the function of regulating water volume and reducing flood peaks as natural reservoirs. They produce fish, shrimp, crabs, lotus, water chestnuts, reeds, and Chinese World treasures such as sturgeons, alligators, and Baiji dolphins play an important role in aquatic products in China, which is known as a land of plenty. It is one of the most economically developed regions, with cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong, Wuhu, and Changsha. The main industries include steel, machinery, electricity, textiles and chemicals, etc. It is an important industrial base. Pingyuan is located in the hub area of ??China's north-south and east-west transportation network, and both water and land transportation are well developed. The Yangtze River runs through the central part of the country and becomes an east-west water transport artery. Together with its numerous tributaries, it forms a huge waterway network.
■Yangtze River Delta
The delta formed by the alluvial deposits of the Yangtze River and Qiantang River in China where they enter the sea. Including Jiangsu Province and the southeastern part of Shanghai City, and the northeastern part of Zhejiang Province. It is part of the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The area is about 50,000 square kilometers. The apex of the delta is on the line between Zhenjiang City and Yangzhou City, and reaches Xiaoyangkou in the north. It faces Hangzhou Bay in the south. The altitude is mostly below 10 meters, interspersed with low hills (such as Huishan, Tianping Mountain, Yushan, Langshan, etc.), with an altitude of 200 to 300 meters. The average annual sediment load of the Yangtze River is 400-900 million tons. In general, 28% of the sediment is deposited in the Yangtze River, and in some years, it is as high as 78%. The delta continues to extend to the sea. The ancient sand spits in Changzhou City, Changshu City, Taicang City, and Jinshan County to the south of the Yangtze River are mostly 4 to 6 meters above sea level; the ancient sand spits in Yangzhou City, Taizhou City, Taixing City, and Rugao City to the north of the Yangtze River are 7 to 8 meters above sea level. The ancient sand spits in the south and north of the Yangtze River gradually developed after the highest sea level stabilized in the late ice age. By about 2000 years ago, the sand spit on the north bank extended to Liaojiao Zui. The sand spit on the south bank extended southeast along with the mainstream of the Yangtze River and connected with the sand spit at the mouth of the Qiantang River. The sand spit continued Accumulation, moving forward an average of 148 meters per year from 1958 to 1973. It has a north subtropical monsoon climate with abundant rainfall, crisscrossed waterways and lakes, making it known as a water town. The land is fertile and agriculture produces rice, cotton, wheat, rapeseed, peanuts, silk, fish and shrimp, etc. It is one of the most densely populated areas in China. There are many important towns along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Shanghai-Nanjing Line, such as Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou, Wuxi, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, etc. Among them, Shanghai is China's largest industrial and commercial city and a world-famous foreign trade port, while Suzhou and Wuxi are scenic tourist destinations and emerging industrial cities.
Picture of the Yangtze River: /pic/1/11456102519546897_small.jpg
Yellow River
The Yellow River, also known as the river in ancient China, originated from the Republic of China The Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province flow through nine provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong, and finally flow into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong Province. The total length of the main river is 5,464 kilometers, making it the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River. The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.
The upper reaches of the Yellow River from its source to Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is 3,472 kilometers long; the middle reaches between Hekou Town and Taohua Valley, Zhengzhou, Henan, is 1,206 kilometers long; the lower reaches below Taohua Valley are , the river is 786 kilometers long. (There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The division plan of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission is used here.) The Yellow River traverses China from east to west. The basin is 1,900 kilometers long from east to west and 1,100 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of ??752,443 square kilometers.
The multi-year average flow of the Yellow River is 1774.5 cubic meters/second, the average multi-year natural runoff of the entire river is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the average water volume per mu of cultivated land is 324 cubic meters. rice.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flows through the Loess Plateau, and its tributaries bring in large amounts of sediment, making the Yellow River the river with the most sediment in the world.
The maximum annual sand transport volume reached 3.91 billion tons (1933), and the maximum sand content was 920 kg/cubic meter (1977). The annual average sediment transport volume of Sanmenxia Station is about 1.6 billion tons, and the average sediment content is 35 kg/cubic meter.
Length 5464 km, source altitude 4800 m, average flow 1774.5 m2/s
Basin area 752443 km2, source Qinghai Province, pouring into Bohai Sea
Flows through the country of the People's Republic of China ***Heguo
The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. As the birthplace of Chinese civilization, it maintains the blood of the descendants of Yan and Huang. It is a symbol of the national spirit and national emotions of the Chinese nation.
The Yellow River, like a lion with its back arched and head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu Provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; crosses the Hetao Plains of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; and gallops between Shanxi and Shaanxi Among the high mountains and deep valleys; break out of the "Dragon Gate", turn east at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and rush to the coast of the Bohai Sea. It flows through 9 provinces and regions, gathering more than 40 main tributaries and more than 1,000 streams, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of ??more than 750,000 square kilometers. It is the second largest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the entire basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. Within the basin, together with the downstream Henan and Shandong riverside areas, there are more than 200 million acres of cultivated land and a population of about 100 million. The Yellow River is rich in water conservancy resources and has numerous underground mineral deposits in the basin. People of all ethnic groups have worked hard here for generations, creating a splendid ancient culture and becoming the cradle of the Chinese nation.
There have been many theories about the source of the Yellow River in history. As early as the first half of the 7th century AD, some people suggested that Kariqu was the true source of the Yellow River, but it was not recognized. In 1280 AD, Dushi of the Yuan Dynasty and Lashi of the Qing Dynasty in 1704 reached Xingxiu Sea in order to explore the source of the river. Therefore, the saying that Xingxiu Sea is the source of the river has been circulated for many years. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission organized a river source inspection team in August 1952 and regarded Yogu Zongliequ as the true source of the Yellow River. Over the past 20 years, although mistakes have been made, many people have raised questions. It was not until the summer of 1978 that another Heyuan expedition team was organized to conduct on-the-spot investigation in the Heyuan area. It was found that in the west of the Heyuan area, there were three rivers flowing into the Xingxiu Sea. They were Zaqu, Yoguzongliequ and Kariqu. The process of Zhaqu is the shortest and the water volume is small, so it can only be regarded as a tributary of Yuegu Zongliqu. Compared with Yuegu Zongliqu, Kaliqu is nearly 30 kilometers longer than Yuegu Zongliqu, with a drainage area of ??700 square kilometers and more than twice the water volume. Therefore, there is sufficient basis for determining that KaRiqu is the true source of the Yellow River. Kaliqu originates from Gezigeya Mountain at the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountain. Gezigeya Mountain is 4,800 meters above sea level. The clear water overflowing from several springs at the foot of the mountain is the first flow of the Yellow River that "roars for thousands of miles and touches the dragon's gate".
The Cradle of the Chinese Nation
"Yellow River, you are the cradle of the Chinese nation. The 5,000-year-old ancient culture originated from you..." This is the well-known song "Ode to the Yellow River" 》lyrics. Whenever people sing this song, they will be immersed in the endless memories of the Yellow River.
As early as the Paleolithic Age 800,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese nation lived a life of hunting and gathering in the Yellow River Basin. More than 2,000 primitive village sites have been discovered in the Yellow River Basin, which shows that during the Neolithic Age, our ancestors settled on this vast land and engaged in primitive agricultural production.
In the middle of the Neolithic Age, the Huangdi tribe scattered on the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, together with the Chiyou tribe and the Yandi tribe at that time, were the same three tribes in ancient China. They live a nomadic life that moves erratically. Later, Emperor Yan joined forces with Emperor Huang to attack and kill Chi You. Soon, the people of the Yandi and Huangdi tribes gradually merged and settled in the Shaanxi, Gansu, and Shanxi regions, and they jointly developed the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties that entered slave society more than 3,500 years ago are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor. They call themselves "Hua" or "Xia". The Chinese are the predecessors of the Han, so the Han people regard the Yellow Emperor as their ancestor and call themselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor (also known as Yanhuang).
At that time, the Chinese people lived in the Central Plains area. People believed that the Central Plains lived in all directions, so they also called this area "China". Later, Chinese culture spread to all parts of the country, and the word "Zhonghua" became the name of the entire China.
For thousands of years, the Yellow River Basin was the center of feudal rule, and the working people's struggles against oppression continued one after another. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in the late Qin Dynasty, Red Eyebrows, Bronze Horses, and Yellow Turbans in the Han Dynasty, Wagang Army in the late Sui Dynasty, Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi in the Tang Dynasty, Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong in the late Ming Dynasty, etc., all performed in the land of the Yellow River Basin. A magnificent historical drama. During the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region was a reliable revolutionary base for the Chinese people until the founding of the great People's Republic of China.
In the long history, the great Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation; the children of the Chinese nation have created a splendid ancient culture. We are proud of the Yellow River and sing for the Yellow River.
The word "he" in the name was basically the proper name for the Yellow River before the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the river was called "chuan" or "water" (but there are exceptions, such as "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" says: "Kunlun Mountain , is thousands of miles wide, is thousands of miles high, and reaches Haoshan Mountain fifty thousand miles away, with Qinghe, Baihe, Chihe, and Heihe surrounding its ruins.") The word Yellow River cannot be found in the pre-Qin literature, and it was written in Zhenghe by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There is no reference to the Yellow River in the entire "Historical Records" during the 19th century. According to scholar Li Erong's textual research, the word Yellow River was first seen in the explanation of "Changshan County Yuanshi County" in Bangu's "Hanshu Geography" of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "yellow" in the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river water. This has long been recorded in ancient books: "Zuo Zhuan·Xianggong Eighth Year" of the Warring States Period, Zheng Guo's Zi Si cited "Yi Zhou Shi" and said "The river is clear." "How long is the life span?"; "Erya Shishui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun and is white in color, and the canal where it merges with Qianqiu River is yellow in color." It consists of a large number of lakes and lakes such as the Xingxiu Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunlight, the numerous lakes and swamps of the Xingxiu Sea are dazzling, like a peacock spreading its tail, which is very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, the local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "Maqu" "(rma chu), which means "Peacock River". "Maqu" County in Gansu Province is named after this river section.
Hydrological Characteristics Source The Yellow River originates from the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai, but its true source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has gone through a process.
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty (609), Tuyuhun was destroyed and Heyuan County was established, which is now part of Qinghai Goluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635 years) of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, in order to quell the Tuyuhun rebellion, generals Li Jing, Hou Junji, and Li Daozong led their troops to the Xingxiu Sea area. The "New Book of Tang" records that they "went to Xingxuchuan, reached Baihai Sea, and looked at Jishi Mountain. View the source of the river." Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Xingxiu Sea has long been called the source of the Yellow River.
In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to conduct field investigations on the source of the Yellow River. In the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, sent Du Shi and others to survey the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed inspection of the Xingxiu Sea area. In 1315, Pan Angxiao wrote the book "Heyuanzhi" based on Dushi's investigation, clearly stating that the Yellow River originated more than a hundred miles southwest of the Xingxiu Sea, where "water gushes out from the ground like wells, and there are more than a hundred wells."
In the 43rd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Shulan to explore the source of the Yellow River. They arrived at the Xingxiu Sea and found that there were three rivers at the source of the Xingxiu Sea, but they did not pursue them to the source. After returning to Beijing, Laxi and Shulan painted "Picture of the Source of the River", and Shulan also wrote "The Notes of the Source of the River". In the last years of Emperor Kangxi's reign, he organized a nationwide topographic survey. In the fifty-sixth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign (1717), he sent lamas Chuerqin Zangbu, Lanmo Zhampa, and Lifanyuan chief Shengzhu to the Heyuan area for surveying. This trip " Crossing the source of the river, covering thousands of miles." After returning to Beijing, he drew the measurement results into the "Comprehensive Map of the Imperial Palace". This survey and mapping also surveyed and mapped the source of the river above the Xingxiu Sea.
In the forty-seventh year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1782), Emperor Qianlong ordered his guard Amida to “sacrifice the source of the river”.
Amida arrived 300 miles west of the Xingxiu Sea and conducted on-site surveys of the three rivers at the headwaters of the Xingxiu Sea. He determined that the Alstan Gol River (today's Kariqu) in the southwest of the Xingxiu Sea was the upper source of the Yellow River.
From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, Western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to conduct investigation activities. They also went to the river source area to collect natural and humanistic materials, such as the Indian Akha and the French Douto. Le and Aolun, the Russians Przhevalsky, Schnako, and Kozlov, the Germans Feschler, Taipei Er, etc.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many investigations were conducted on the source of the Yellow River. In 1952, organized by the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, a survey of the source of the Yellow River was conducted for several months. The river source exploration team determined that Yougu Zongliqu is the true source of the Yellow River, Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, Eling Lake is on top, and Zhaling Lake is on the bottom. This result is inconsistent with the results of previous investigations and has caused controversy in the academic community. However, the saying that the Yellow River originated from Yuegu Zongliqu is widely circulated. In 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant central and local scientific research professionals to once again conduct on-site surveys of the source of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling and Eling. It was confirmed that Kariqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake on top and Eling Lake on the bottom. From 1981 to 1982, scholar Yang Liankang inspected the entire Yellow River on foot. He believes that the farthest source of the Yellow River is Lalang Qingqu, which starts from the ridge of Bayan Har Mountain. It is 30.5 kilometers longer than Yuegu Zongliequ and 11.9 kilometers longer than Kariqu. In 1985, the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission confirmed Maqu as the true source of the Yellow River based on historical traditions and opinions from various sources, and erected a Yellow River source sign at Maququguo in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.
Boundary
There are many opinions on the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission uses Hekou Town and Taohuayu to divide the upper, middle and lower reaches; traditional middle school textbooks use Hekou Town and Mengjin to divide the upper, middle and lower reaches; after investigation, scholar Yang Liankang believes that Qingtongxia and Mengjin are more appropriate; scholar Xu Shaoli advocates Jiayingguan, Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province is used as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This article adopts the division plan of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.
Upstream
The section of the Yellow River above Hekou Town, Togtuo County, Inner Mongolia, the "First Bridge of the Yellow River" in Lanzhou, is the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, with a drainage area of ??386,000 square kilometers. The drainage area accounts for 51.3% of the total volume of the Yellow River. The total drop in the upper reaches is 3496 meters, and the average ratio is reduced to 10‰; the river reaches 43 large tributaries (with a drainage area of ??more than 1000 square kilometers), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the entire river; the annual sediment volume in the upper reaches is only It accounts for 8% of the annual sediment load of the entire river. It has more water and less sand, and is the source of clean water for the Yellow River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Animaqing Mountain, Xiqing Mountain and Qinghai Nanshan and are curved in an S shape. The upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: the source section, the canyon section and the alluvial plain according to different river channel characteristics.
The upper part from Qinghai Qariqu to Qinghai Guide Longyang Gorge is the river source section. The river source section starts from Kariqu, passes through Xingxiu Sea, Zhaling Lake, and Eling Lake to Maduo, bypasses Animaqing Mountain and Xiqing Mountain, and passes through Longyang Gorge to Guide, Qinghai. Most of the rivers in this section flow through the plateau at a height of three to four thousand meters. The rivers are winding and winding, with mostly lakes, swamps, and grassy beaches on both sides. The water quality is relatively clear, the flow is stable, and the water production is large. There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the river section. The two lakes are above 4260 meters above sea level, with water storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 10.8 billion cubic meters respectively. They are the largest plateau freshwater lakes in China. From Maduo in Qinghai to Maqu in Gansu, the Yellow River flows through the ancient basin and low hills between the Bayan Har Mountains and the Animaqing Mountains. Most of the river valleys are wide, with occasional canyons. From Maqu in Gansu to Longyang Gorge in Guide, Qinghai, the Yellow River flows through mountain canyons with rapid water flow and rich water resources. The Baihe River and Heihe River, tributaries originating from Minshan Mountain in Sichuan, merge into the Yellow River in this section.
The section from Longyang Gorge in Qinghai to Qingtong Gorge in Ningxia is the canyon section. This section of the river flows through mountainous hills. Due to the different rock properties, it forms a situation of alternating canyons and wide valleys: canyons are formed in the hard gneiss, granite and Nanshan metamorphic rock sections, and canyons are formed in the loose sand shale and red rock series. The lot forms a wide valley.
There are 20 canyons in this section, including Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujia Gorge, Bapan Gorge, and Qingtong Gorge. Both sides of the canyon are steep cliffs, with narrow river beds, large river channel gradients, and rapid water flow. This section between Guide and Lanzhou is one of the three concentrated tributaries of the Yellow River. Important tributaries such as the Tao River and Huangshui River merge into it, which greatly increases the water volume of the Yellow River. The main stream section from Longyangxia to Xiaheyan in Ningxia is a "rich ore" area of ??the Yellow River's hydropower resources, and is also one of China's key hydropower bases for development and construction.
The section from Qingtongxia in Ningxia to Hekou Town in Togtuo County in Inner Mongolia is an alluvial plain. After the Yellow River leaves Qingtong Gorge, it flows northeast along the northwest boundary of the Ordos Plateau, and then eastward to Hekou Town. Most of the area along the river is desert and desert steppe, with basically no tributaries flowing into it. The main stream has a gentle bed and slow flow. There are large alluvial plains on both sides of the river, namely the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. Floods and freezing floods exist in varying degrees along the river plains. The Hetao Plain stretches from Xiaheyan in Ningxia in the west to Hekou Town in Inner Mongolia in the east. It is 900 kilometers long and 30 to 50 kilometers wide. It is a famous Yellow River diversion irrigation area with a long history of irrigation. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the Yellow River has all kinds of harm, but only one rich one" statement.
Middle Reaches
The section of the Yellow River between Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia and Taohua Valley, Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The river is 1,206 kilometers long and the drainage area is 344,000 square kilometers. Accounting for 45.7% of the entire basin area; the total drop in the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average drop of 0.74‰; the river segment merges into 30 larger tributaries; the increased water volume in the interval accounts for 42.5% of the Yellow River water volume, and the increased sediment volume accounts for the entire Yellow River sediment volume 92, which is the main source of sediment in the Yellow River.
Hekou Town to Yumenkou is the longest continuous canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River - the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge. Most of the tributaries in the river section flow through the loess hilly and gully areas, causing serious water and soil erosion. The coarse sediment of the Yellow River The main source of the river, 900 million tons of the 1.6 billion tons of annual sediment transport in the entire river for many years come from this interval; this section of the river has a large specific drop and rich water resources, and is the second largest hydropower base in the Yellow River; the lower section of the canyon has the famous Hukou Waterfall has a deep trough only 30-50 meters wide and a drop of about 18 meters in low water. It is magnificent and magnificent.
From Yukoumen to Sanmenxia, ??the Yellow River flows through the Fenwei Plain. The valley widens and the water flow is slow. On both sides of the river are the Weibei and Shanxi loess plateaus, which are important agricultural areas in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. This section of the river receives important tributaries such as the Fenhe River, Luohe River, Jinghe River, Weihe River, Yiluo River, and Qinhe River. It is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with an average annual sediment volume of 550 million tons for many years. The 132.5-kilometer-long river section from Yumenkou to Tongguan (i.e., the Xiaobei Mainstream of the Yellow River) undergoes drastic changes in erosion and siltation, and the river course swings unsteadily from side to side. This river section is restricted by mountains near Tongguan, and the valley suddenly narrows, forming a natural bayonet with a width of only more than 1,000 meters. The height of the Tongguan river bed is closely related to the erosion and siltation changes of the Xiaobei Mainstream of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of the Weihe River, so it has " The hydrological term "Tongguan elevation".
The river section between Sanmenxia and Taohuayu is divided into two parts from Xiaolangdi: above Xiaolangdi, the river runs between Zhongtiao Mountain and Weishan Mountain, and is the last canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River; below Xiaolangdi, The valley gradually widens and is the transitional section of the Yellow River from mountainous areas to plains.
Downstream
The Yellow River section below Taohua Valley in Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The river is 786 kilometers long and the drainage area is only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the entire drainage area; The total drop in the lower reaches is 93.6 meters, with an average drop of 0.12‰; the increased water volume in the interval accounts for 3.5 of the Yellow River water volume. Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, long-term siltation in the lower reaches has formed the world-famous "above ground river". The Yellow River is confined within the embankment and becomes the watershed between the Haihe River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin. Except for the Dawen River which flows in from Dongping Lake, there are no major tributaries in this section of the river.
Except for the low hills and hills on the south bank from Dongping Lake to Jinan, the rest of the downstream river section relies on embankments to retain water. The total length of embankments is more than 1,400 kilometers. Historically, the lower reaches of the river have experienced frequent breaches and flooding, bringing heavy disasters to the Chinese nation. Because the lower reaches of the Yellow River flow from southwest to northeast, the northern reaches of the river freeze first in winter, resulting in freezing floods. Freezing floods can easily cause ice dams to become clogged, causing embankments to burst and overflow, posing a serious threat.
The downstream section below Lijin is the mouth section of the Yellow River.
The mouth of the Yellow River continues to extend and swing due to sedimentation. The current entrance of the Yellow River is located at the intersection of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay. It is a new river channel shaped by the siltation of Qingshui ditch after artificial diversion in 1976. In the past 40 years, the average amount of sediment transported by the Yellow River to the estuary area is about 1 billion tons per year, with an average net land creation of 25 to 30 square kilometers per year.
Main tributaries and lakes
The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli River, Qingshui River, Dahei River, Kuye River, Wuding River, Fenhe, Weihe River, Luohe River, Qinhe River, Dawen River, etc.
The main lakes on the Yellow River include Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai and Dongping Lake.
Mainstream Canyons
There are 30 canyons on the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches, 2 in the middle reaches, and the lower reaches flow through North China. Plains, no canyons. The total length of the main stream canyon section is 1,707 kilometers, accounting for 31.2% of the total length of the main stream. Mangga Gorge - Duoshi Gorge - Maiduotang Gongma Gorge - Guancang Gorge - Lajia Gorge - Yehu Gorge - Lagan Gorge - Longyang Gorge - Ashgong Gorge - Songba Gorge - Lijia Gorge - Gongbo Gorge - Jishi Gorge - Sigou Gorge - Liujia Gorge - Niubi Gorge - Zhu Lama Gorge - Yanguo Gorge - Bapan Gorge - Chaijia Gorge - Sangyuan Gorge - Daxia (Xiaxia Gorge) - Wujin Gorge - Hongshan South Gorge - Hongshan North Gorge - Heishan Gorge - Tiger Gorge - Qingtong Gorge - Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge - Shanxi-Henan Gorge (including Sanmen Gorge - Renjiadui - Bali Hutong - Xiaolangdi)
The Yellow River is known as the mother river of Chinese civilization. The Chinese people formed and multiplied in the Central Plains area of ????the Yellow River in more than 2000 BC.
Pictures of the Yellow River
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