In 20 13, the excavation of grange tomb was terminated, but the identity of the tomb owner has been confusing. According to historical records, from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, Quyang was occupied by the forces of the buffer region, which successively belonged to Cheng Dejun and Yiwu Army. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics and excavations, so far, there are different opinions about the identity of the owner of the Grange Tomb, including the Anshi Rebellion, Li, Zhang, Wangchucun and Wang Du. Recently, more than a year after the archaeological excavation of the Millennium Tomb in Tianzhuang, the news that the owner of the tomb may be An Lushan has once again attracted attention from all walks of life.
An Shi Rebellion, a turning point in the fate of the Tang Dynasty, is not a strange word whether he is familiar with history or not.
So, is the Grange Tomb really An Lushan's tomb?
Mausoleum is bigger than Cixi underground palace and Guangxu underground palace.
Quyang is a city with a unique local culture-before arriving in this city, billboards of "Quyang Stone Carving" have been lined up on the roadside. Grange is located in the south of Quyang County15km, and the tomb is in the field at the east end of the village.
The grange tomb was discovered in May, 20 1 1. Archaeologists carried out a rescue excavation, which was completed in February 20 12. However, the secret of the ancient tomb has not been uncovered with the end of the excavation. On the contrary, it has become more and more confusing, and the topic about it has always been hot in Hebei archaeological and cultural circles.
When I arrived at the grange, I first found Laotian, who was a grave keeper hired by the local cultural relics department. Under his guidance, you can enter the cemetery. Outside the tomb area, there is a big mound. Laotian said that this is the soil taken out during the excavation of the grange tomb. Now a protective shed has been built in the tomb area, and a blue sign stands outside the shed: "The national law is not afraid of crossing the nest. This humorous and tough language was the "masterpiece" of Zhang, the captain of the archaeological team of the Grange Tomb at that time.
Standing outside the tomb area, you can clearly see the geomantic considerations of Tianzhuang Tomb-Huangshan Mountain, Taihang Mountain in the north, Tieshan Mountain and Mushan Mountain in the back, Longshan Mountain in the south, Dasha River winding from northwest to southeast-the tomb area is surrounded by mountains and waters, and the terrain is open. Laotian vividly pointed out that the three mountains behind this tomb are "like a plush chair." 」
Coffin room
Walking into the protective shed, the momentum of the tomb is shocking-the huge main tomb and ten ear rooms are all made of blue bricks and are round domes. Liang Yong, a famous scholar in Hebei Province, once described his impression of this mausoleum as follows: "It transcends the Cixi Palace in the Qing Dongling and the Guangxu Palace in the Qing Xiling, and its architectural technology is amazing. 」
When Liang Yong learned that I was going to Quyang, he hoped that I could find the answers to some questions. So, I have a piece of paper full of questions in my pocket-
Who created such a strange structure?
Who is the broken bone in the coffin?
Why hasn't such a huge project been completed?
Who smashed such a luxurious tomb?
Why did the typical funerary objects in the Tang Dynasty leave traces of maintenance in the Jin Dynasty?
What kind of historical signal does Tomb Gate Beyond the Ninth Five-Year Plan show?
However, including himself, it is difficult to know how many answers to these questions can be answered and how accurate they will be. I tried to find it from the archaeological remains.
There are three skeletons in the grave.
I learned from Mr. Tian that the excavation of this tomb is somewhat different from other tombs. Due to the serious damage to the main tomb, archaeologists started with the exposed part-compared with the past, they usually started with the tomb. In other words, the tomb was excavated from beginning to end.
After the main tomb was cleared, the diameter was 7.6 meters. The top of the main tomb is a huge gap, and some blue bricks are said to have been taken away by local people for building purposes a long time ago. Through the gap, the coffin bed is clearly visible. The coffin bed is made of stone and has been broken. Thick white marble stones are placed in mossy tombs, giving people a sense of historical vicissitudes.
From the shape, the main tomb is the back room. The tunnel connects it with the front hall. There is also a large white marble door frame at the northern end of the tunnel with an arched lintel on its forehead.
Looking closely at the main tomb, it is arc-shaped and nearly round. There is a ticket gate on the east and west sides of the tomb wall of the main tomb, which leads to two side rooms. The room next to it is empty. The side room is surrounded by stolen holes, and the irregular openings are like craters left on the battlefield.
In fact, long before the excavation, archaeologists knew that the tomb had been stolen many times, so it was not unexpected to steal the hole. In a thief's hole, English tapes even appeared in the 1980s. "It seems that grave robbers are quite motivated." Mr. Tian joked.
Those white marble fragments are sarcophagus, sarcophagus beds and other components. The sarcophagus bed is lotus petal-shaped, and the plane is trapezoidal. There are white marble strips on the top of the upper and lower beams, which are carved with flowers and painted with red and green colors. At the four corners between the top and bottom, there is a lux lift.
Ishigaki
The waist pot door of the coffin bed is engraved with exquisite facial expressions. A wooden coffin is built in the top of the coffin bed, and a sarcophagus is placed outside the coffin bed. The sarcophagus is shaped like a coffin, with a curved top, gold-plated foam nails and arch plugs on the front and back sides. The front of the coffin is stuffed with embossed suzaku, and the back is stuffed with embossed basalt.
The door is on the south wall of the tomb, with gold-plated door nails and head rings. There is an arc tread in front of the coffin bed, which is the "bridge". There are arc railings on both sides of the pedal. There are two people in the middle of the tread. The last one bends his limbs on his back, the next one crawls forward, his left arm touches the ground, and his right arm stretches forward to hook the last one's left foot, which is vivid and meaningful.
According to the investigation, the coffin bed is 4.03 meters long from north to south, with a width of 1.95 meters at the north end and 2.42 meters at the south end, and a height of 1. 1 meter, with a coffin on it.
In the eyes of archaeologists, this message is clear: "It means that the back room is only the owner of the tomb, and other funerals may be placed in the side room. Zhang said that he was then the captain of the archaeological team of Tianzhuang Tomb.
"Highlighting this tomb is dominated by the owner of the tomb, which is different from the general husband and wife burial tomb, but emphasizes the individual as the center, indicating that the identity is extraordinary. Zhang said, "The whole coffin structure is complex and exquisite, which reflects the prominent rank of the tomb owner. Zhang also revealed that at least three skeletons were unearthed this time, but their identities have not been determined so far.
It is said that the white marble lotus square column foundation, white marble octagonal prism and white marble basin were also found in the main tomb. These three items are part of the stone lamp. However, when the author interviewed, these have been transferred to the cultural relics warehouse and have not been placed on the scene.
Archaeologists dissected the foundation of the front and back chambers of the tomb, and found that the foundation was built on the fine sand layer, and then compacted layer by layer, and the foundation thickness was 0.6-0.8 meters. At the same time, the sealing soil at the outer edge was dissected, and it was found that before the sealing soil was compacted, the foundation groove with a depth of 0.7 meters was dug first, and then it was compacted upward from the bottom of the foundation groove.
"It can be seen that the degree of intention of the grave digger is scientific and elegant. Zhang said to him.
Judging from the murals, the owner of the tomb died in an accident.
The pyramid-shaped mound is located at the southernmost tip of the whole tomb, with a trapezoidal plane, narrow in the south and wide in the north, and an inclined bottom. The horizontal length from north to south is 29 meters and the width from east to west is 3.6 to 7 meters. Murals are located on the east and west walls of the tomb. Among them, six people can be identified on the east wall, and the number at the north end of the east wall is as high as 1.8 meters.
Hao, an associate researcher of Hebei Provincial Museum, lived on the construction site for a period of time during the archaeological excavation of Tianzhuang Tomb. He said: "When the head part of the figure at the northernmost end of the East Wall was exposed, some people mistakenly thought it was a flower-and-bird painting-the exposed part looked like a branch with a fish in it. Cleaning down again, I found that the so-called branches are handkerchiefs, and the "fish" is actually the eyes of the characters. 」
After cleaning up, the whole picture of the mural is presented to everyone. Hao first noticed the characters in the mural-wearing a handkerchief, deep eyes and high nose, even sideburns and beards, holding a cymbal in his right hand, wearing a round neck robe, tying a tie around his waist, lifting his front, knotting his hips, wearing black boots all over his body and slung over his right crotch. "The characters are tall and burly, elegantly dressed, with delicate facial descriptions and skillful brushwork, which has high historical and artistic value. Zhang said, the leader of the archaeological team, the cultural research librarian of Hebei Institute of Cultural Relics and the director of the Han and Tang Research Office.
"The characters in the murals are obviously not * * *. From the figures, decorations and details, it is similar to the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai (706), and the painting belongs to the style of Tang Dynasty. Hao said, "This provides a reference for the dating of this tomb. 」
Hao looked further, somewhat surprised. I have been engaged in cultural relics archaeology for 30 years and have copied or observed many ancient murals, but this is the first time I have seen such murals. He said, "There are so many draft lines. This means that this group of murals was completed in a hurry. " In addition, the two walls of the pyramid-shaped mound are only partially covered, the painted walls on the east and west sides are different in length, and the south edge of the painted wall is not neat. These doubts further strengthened Hao's inference that "the tomb owner was buried in a hurry and should have died unexpectedly. 」
Residual mural
There is a wing wall extending from east to west at the northern end of the pyramid-shaped mound, and a brick column is erected on the end face of the wall, which is symmetrical from east to west. "Here we see that the upper part of it is painted black and the lower part is painted red, which symbolizes an instrument door. Zhang quickly thought, "This may be the Aconitum Gate mentioned in the literature. If it is really Aconitum, this is the first discovery in archaeological excavation. Zhang said to him.
Passing the "Aconitum Gate" is the "courtyard"-its bottom is flat, measuring 8.6 meters from east to west and 3.6 meters from north to south. There are coupon doors on the brick walls on the east and west sides of the courtyard, which lead to the east and west wing rooms. There is a brick walkway connecting the tomb door on the north side of the courtyard, which is towering and wide. Although the upper part was destroyed, it is still nearly 6 meters high and the doorway is 3.4 meters wide.
At the entrance of the tomb, archaeologists made an unexpected discovery-inscription brick. However, this inscription brick does not solve the important information such as the age of the tomb or the owner of the tomb, but it is even more elusive. Because it says "Di Chin Children's Re-insurance in March of the 9th year". "Maybe this tomb was built once in the Jin Dynasty. Zhang speculated.
The tomb gate is connected with the tunnel in the north and divided into two parts: the north and the south. There are two-tier vouchers in the south and three-tier vouchers in the north. There is a large niche on the east and west sides of the south, and an ear room on the east and west sides of the north. There is a tall white marble door frame at the northern end of the north and south parts. More than 100 cubic meters of stones with a size of 30 to 50 cm were found in the tunnel and on the north and south sides. "These gravel heads may be used to seal the door. Zhang said to him.
The northern end of the tunnel connects with the front hall. The front chamber is octagonal, inscribed with a diameter of 8 meters, and four lateral chamber holes are symmetrically distributed left and right. In the front room, archaeologists noticed that the square bricks laid under their feet were very neat. On the day of my interview, Mr. Tian, a nurse, pointed out to the reporter: "Look at these bricks, it's incredible." 」
The amazing discovery of buildings on the ground
In the process of cleaning up the main tomb, archaeologists also found other building parts and learned that there was a huge seal in front of Granci's tomb. Therefore, according to experience, it can be judged that the grange tomb is indispensable for buildings on the ground, such as Shinto and temples.
The excavation of Shinto by the archaeological team soon made new discoveries.
"At that time, Shinto unearthed two stone pillar sections, two stone pillar foundations and two Shi Hu, 1 Shiyang, 1 Stone Man. Wei Shuguang, then the deputy head of the archaeological team of Tianzhuang Tomb, told me that these stone carvings showed a basic arrangement law-from south to north, there were stone pillars, Shi Hu, Shiyang and Stone Man in turn, from which it was inferred that there were four groups of stone carvings on Shinto.
Among them, the stone man is a military attache. He wore a long-sleeved robe, a dress on his upper body and a sword in front of him. The upper part is incomplete and the scabbard decoration is complicated. The remnant has four hoops, which are composed of strings, beads and arcs. The patterns of the four hoops are different, including cirrus clouds and ruyi clouds. "The clothing lines are very smooth and finely carved. Wei Shuguang said. The position corresponding to the military attache should be a civilian stone statue student, but it has never been found.
Shiyang is located about 13 meters south of the military attache. Shiyang lies on a cuboid seat. The head is incomplete, the forelimbs are kneeling and the hind limbs are curled up. Just because of the serious damage, the details are difficult to distinguish. It should also be a stone sheep, but there is a hole with white marble residue in it.
Shi Hu equidistant Shiyang is about 13m. Shi Hu crouched, his front legs upright, his hind legs bent, and his tail twisted forward to his lower abdomen and then turned up to his back. Wei Shuguang was deeply impressed by Shi Hu: "The whole sculpture is magnificent, with a strong sense of muscle and remarkable sexual characteristics. The sculpture is exquisite and vivid, full of realism and artistic appeal. 」
Panorama of ancient tomb
The stone pillar is far away from Shihu-26 meters. The stone pillar is octagonal, and the square base is covered with lotus petals, and the lotus petals are round and full.
It can be inferred that the place between 13m should be the place where the tombstone is located. "So, Shinto starts with tombstones and ends with stone pillars. Shinto is 55 meters long from north to south and 22 meters wide from east to west. Wei Shuguang said.
Buildings on the ground were found on the north side of Shinto and the east and west sides of the northern section of the tomb-each with a convex shape, with blue bricks at the bottom of the pit and white plaster left on the bricks. The two pits have the same shape and are symmetrical left and right. "Or for the location of the mausoleum construction, or the facilities when the mausoleum was built. Wei Shuguang said.
In addition, a rectangular white ash accumulation was found on the west side of the southern edge of Shinto, and broken rope bricks were scattered on the south side. This discovery is of special significance to the grange tomb. "The accumulation and the tomb are on the same level, and the rope bricks are consistent with the bricks used in the tomb, which shows that they are closely related to the tomb. Wei Shuguang said: "From its position, it seems to mark the southwest corner of the cemetery, thus providing coordinates for determining the scope of the cemetery. 」
Archaeologists and cultural scholars disagree.
Generally speaking, the grange tomb is a big brick tomb with a long slope. The opening is about 2 meters from the surface and the depth from the opening to the bottom is about 6 meters. The tomb faces south and is 66 meters long from north to south. The shell is circular, consisting of an inner circle and an outer circle, and the outer edge has a column hole. The sealing soil is beautifully made, unique in shape and compacted layer by layer, with a diameter of 34 meters. The area of earth holes dug just below the ground is 675 square meters. The underground structure consists of a tomb gate, an instrument gate, a courtyard, an aisle, a front room, a back aisle and a back room. The lateral chamber and the ear chamber are divided into east and west parts. The total number of tombs is 12, all of which are made of blue bricks. The large niches on both sides of the instrument door, courtyard and aisle are unique. Sealing soil covers the tunnel, front room and back room.
In addition, although it was stolen, some important cultural relics were unearthed from the grange tomb. Besides the white marble statue mentioned above, there are also some ceramic products. Porcelain is a large number of porcelain fragments, mainly white porcelain, and more than 30 pieces can be repaired. "There are bowls, plates, bowls, pots, and many flowerpots that imitate gold and silver utensils. There are also some sauce glaze porcelain, which can be distinguished by holding pots and double-tying cans. In addition, a piece of porcelain with purple sand style was unearthed, which is very rare. Zhang said to him. There are two main types of pottery: argillaceous gray pottery and argillaceous red pottery, mainly pots, pots, kettles and other utensils.
In addition, various products such as gold, copper, iron and jade were unearthed in the tombs. These unearthed cultural relics also provide evidence for dating the grange tomb.
Thus, based on the above archaeological data, Zhang said: "Porcelain pots and flowerpots are popular. These characteristics all reflect the characteristics of tombs in the late Tang Dynasty. Coupled with the mural style of the tomb figures, it is speculated that the tomb era is about the late Tang Dynasty, and the lower limit may enter the Five Dynasties. 」
According to historical records, from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, Quyang was always controlled by the forces of the buffer region, and successively belonged to Cheng Dejun and Yiwu Army. According to the shape and scale of the tomb, the owner of the tomb should at least be an influential governor.
So far, people from all walks of life have different opinions on the identity of the owner of the grange tomb. The candidates are An Lushan, Li, Zhang, Wang Chucun and Wang Du.
According to the research on the remains of Li Zhengding by doctors from Hebei Academy of Social Sciences, it seems that Li's tomb should be near Zhengding, and it is unlikely to be in Quyang. As for Zhang, the first ambassador of Yiwu, he was the authority to build large-scale tombs. However, according to historical records, this kind of life is frugal and does not conform to the luxurious style of the grange tomb. In addition, from the analysis of the burial system of Zhang's descendants in urban and rural areas of Tang Dynasty, Zhang's tomb seems to be in urban and rural areas of Tang Dynasty. Wang Chucun was also the envoy of Yiwu Army in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. However, according to the book of the New Tang Dynasty, Wang Chucun acted cautiously, and it seems impossible to build a mausoleum beyond his identity for himself.
Liang Yong, a famous scholar in Hebei Province, believes that the owner of the Grange Tomb is probably Wang Du. Wang Duguan is the deputy ambassador of the film festival. According to historical records, he was a big collector, and he bought 30,000 books and hundreds of famous paintings and musical instruments at great expense. Besides, Wang was treacherous, imprisoned and killed his adoptive father. Wang Du rebelled in Dingzhou after the Tang Dynasty, and was captured and killed after the defeat.
Great collector-according to this keyword, combined with the fact that there are so many ear rooms in the grange tomb, Liang Yong made a judgment: "It is entirely possible for Wang Du to build a luxurious mausoleum for himself, and a large number of ear rooms in the grange tomb may be just for placing his treasures and books. After he was defeated and killed, it is possible that the coffin of the tomb was smashed by the later Tang Emperor and he was thrown into the grave. There is a male remains in the tomb, with a broken limb, which is more in line with Wang Du's life experience. 」
In addition, after exploration, archaeologists of Hebei Wenyan Institute found that there are more than 30 meters of Shinto in the south of Tianzhuang Tomb, and there are six groups of stone statues on both sides. In this regard, Liang Yong said: "According to the traditional burial system, a tombstone should be erected for the owner of the grave before Shinto. If the Shinto of the Grange Tomb has only smashed and buried stone statues and no tombstones, it further proves that the owner of the tomb is Wang Du. It was because he was killed in defeat that he didn't have time to carve a tombstone for him. 」
As for whether it was an Anshi Rebellion, Liang Yong bluntly concluded: "I think this is unreliable and impossible. But no matter who the tomb owner is, Zhang, as the captain of the archaeological team, thinks: "It's just speculation, and there is no strong empirical evidence to determine the identity of the tomb owner. "But in fact, in the eyes of archaeologists, it is inclined to Quyang Grange's tomb, which may be An Lushan's tomb.
Hao cited the following examples: Judging from the murals, the age of this tomb is not far from that of Prince Zhang Huai's tomb in 706 AD. Moreover, Wang Chucun's younger brother is also Wang Du's adoptive father. The tomb of Wang Chucun is located in Xiyanchuan, Quyang, and the mural style is obviously different from this tomb. Therefore, the age of this tomb is unlikely to reach the Five Dynasties period.
"In this period, what's the problem with building such a large tomb that is rare in the country?" Hao said, "History has defined this range. Perhaps only the Great Yan Emperor An Lushan could do such a thing. Maybe he started quietly building a mausoleum before he became an "emperor". 」
Secondly, there are so many lines on the murals-the tomb is so well repaired, and the architectural painting in the wing is so careful and meticulous. Only when everyone was buried, the murals on the tomb entrance were painted in such a hurry, indicating that the owner of the tomb may have ended up in a hurry because of accidental death.
"Ann was killed by his son, and she didn't tell him at first. Hao said, "It is not impossible to complete the mural of the tomb during the concealment period. 」
From the archaeological point of view, such a grand and spectacular grange tomb with rich connotation was destroyed and made public on a large scale shortly after its completion, which shows that the owner of the tomb is extraordinary. In addition, there are also many villagers surnamed An. According to this information, Hao said that among these candidates, An Lushan is the most likely. As for why the stone tablet of "Jin Huangtong Rebuilding" appeared, it is still unknown.