The author of this article is Ni.
Where is the place where grave robbers have been the most? There is no doubt that it is Mangshan Mountain in Luoyang, Henan Province. In fact, not only Mangshan, but also the whole surrounding area of Luoyang City, grave robbery activities were quite active in the past.
There are too many underground tombs in Luoyang, too rich.
At first glance, the mountains are full of graves, large and small, dense. From tens of meters underground to several meters underground, there are tombs of different periods in different soil layers. The farther you go, the deeper the grave is buried.
So many graves, how many funerary objects! Grave robbers will naturally not let go.
Mangshan's first grave robbery occurred in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
In troubled times, wars are raging, the world is cold, and people may kill each other. Wage-starved warlords and hungry people picked up shovels and went up the mountain to dig graves.
One of the best grave robbers is Dong Zhuo.
According to the Xian Di Book of Filial Piety, in April of the 6th year of Zhong Ping (AD 189), Liu Hong, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died. Four months later, in August, Dong Zhuo led the troops into Luoyang, arbitrarily ruling state affairs. In September, the emperor was abolished, Liu Xie (Xian Di) was transferred, and the queen was killed ... It made people panic. After the whole living, Dong Zhuo never spared the dead. At the funeral, he opened the newly buried Wenling Mausoleum of Emperor Han Ling and stole the buried treasures.
Emperor Han Ling reigned for more than 20 years. Although his national strength declined at that time, there was no shortage of funerary objects, which were cheaper than Dong Zhuo.
After the news came out, the ruling and opposition parties were shocked and people and gods were angry. Even Cao Cao, a grave robber, couldn't help it. He opposed Zhuo.
But Dong Zhuo was not afraid at all, so he let Emperor Han Xian move to Chang 'an. He stayed in Luoyang and sent someone to dig all the graves in Luoyang. This is recorded in the biography of Dong Zhuo in the later Han Dynasty: "(Dong Zhuo) asked Lu Bu to send the tomb of the emperor and the tomb below the public."
It is worth mentioning that Dong Zhuo, after stealing all the tombs on the ground in Luoyang, went to Chang 'an to dig the tombs there. Dong Zhuo's grave-robbing depth charge is Lu Bu, and the story of Lu Bu's grave-robbing is not groundless, but has historical basis and criminal record.
It's terrible that Mangshan tomb in Luoyang was stolen! A Jin native Zhang Zai's Seven Wounded Poems said: "In times of chaos, thieves are like jackals. When the soil is destroyed, the toilet will open to you. The pearl leaves the jade body and sees the treasure. The garden became a market. Zhou Yong was completely blocked ... "
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, during the "Five Revolts" in China, the wind of grave robbery in Luoyang revived.
At that time, the three capitals of Hanoi, Hedong and Henan, centered on Luoyang, were occupied by the Hu people. The Sima family even fled to Jiangzuo to settle in the southeast and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, regardless of their ancestral graves.
After Liu Cong, Schleswig-Holstein and Liu Yao successively entered the Central Plains, they were more ruthless than Dong Zhuo.
According to the biography of Wang Jin, Liu Yaohe was "trapped in Miyagi, went to the front hall of Taiji, and the soldiers were plundered. The emperor is at the end door, forcing the sheep queen to humiliate, killing the prince and robbing the tomb ... "
Schleswig-Holstein and Skillon are the most greedy. They plunder "gold, silk, pearls, jade and exotic foreign goods", but he is still not satisfied. "The tombs of emperors and sages of past dynasties have not been excavated, but they take treasures and goods."
Therefore, the tombs of the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties in Luoyang are hard to find now, and even if they are found, they cannot be confirmed. This is the root cause.
Since then, Luoyang has not stopped, and grave robbery activities on the ground have not decreased-mainly among the people.
Don't think that the folk grave robbery will be merciful and the damage will be as serious. Warlords rob graves unprofessionally. They can still leave something behind. For example, Dong Zhuo stole the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because it was wartime and in a hurry, it was impossible to rob the tomb cleanly, and many things would stay. Folk tomb raiding doesn't work. These people are more knowledgeable and professional-they will steal more!
In "Guang Zhi Yi" written by Amin Wang Shixing, the situation of robbery in Luoyang was described: "Luoyang is rich in water and soil, and the burial place is not as good as the spring, and the person who lost money is ten feet long." However, although buried, thieves can still smell it with an iron cone, and they will be angry with gold, silver, copper and iron. "
As we all know, grave robbers in Luoyang in the Republic of China were very fierce, and Luoyang shovel was invented. After reading Wang Shixing's account, we found that the grave robbers in Luoyang in the Ming Dynasty were not inferior at all, but felt worse, far better than the modern grave robbers who used expanded explosives:
One is to have a grave robbery weapon.
At that time, the iron cone used by grave robbers should have been specially invented for grave robbery, and its function is similar to that of the probe used in modern archaeology.
Then there is the gimmick of robbing the tomb.
Smell the rustic smell with your nose, and you can know if there are any valuable gold treasures and what kind of funerary objects are there. These grave robbers have a high spirit. If there are no yellow and white goods such as gold and silver, they don't care at all.
At that time, the local government in Luoyang, like now, banned the excavation of the imperial tomb, which was actually impossible and uncontrollable.
Or netizens will feel sorry for the theft of Luoyang ancient tomb, such a precious and non-renewable human cultural heritage was stolen and destroyed. If you know about tomb raiding in the Republic of China, you will feel that it was not ancient times that brought devastating damage to Luoyang tombs, but the Eastern Zhou tombs that escaped the ancient tomb raiders during the Republic of China and did not escape the shovel of the tomb raiders during the Republic of China.
In the twelfth lunar month of the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), I heard that there was a tomb of Zhou Lingwang on Zhoushan Mountain near Sunqitun Village in the western suburb of Luoyang. The leader of the local Red Gun Club led more than 100 people to dig wildly for dozens of days and dug up thirty or forty pieces of Eastern Zhou bronzes.
Wu Guijie, a local antique dealer, has seen these bronzes with his own eyes: "The most prominent one is a bronze man with a height of seven or eight inches. The sacrificial plate with a chain has a size, the diameter is one foot four or five, and the size is about one foot small. The pattern is quite neat. The rest are Ding Yi and others. "
Among the stolen tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the most famous one is located in Jincun, the eastern suburb of Luoyang.
Jincun is located at the southern foot of Mangshan Mountain, just in the tomb area of Zhou Wang and nobles. 1929- 1933, a number of tombs were stolen here. How crazy were the grave robbers at that time? When robbing a tomb, they held their own guns and weapons and forced the excavation. Insufficient funds, raise money to rob the tomb.
Wang Guangqing, former president of the National Henan University, described what he saw and heard in his article "A Passage to Ancient Luoyang": "In the eighteenth year of the Republic of China, a large number of antiquities were unearthed in Dongcheng, including dozens of pieces of silver, jade, copper, bamboo and wood ... I have seen Zhang's photo, which is in the shape of a bull's head made of silver wire. This equipment was sold for178,000 yuan. The wind excavated later benefited a lot. By the end of the 22 nd year of the Republic of China, antiques were unearthed in 1956, and the price could reach 500,000 yuan ... Luoyang villagers raised funds with guns to dig. "
There are three rich people in Jincun, namely Zhang and Zhang Xiqinghe. There is a jingle circulating in the village: "Jincun Street, Sangaoweng, Wang." How did they get rich? Is to sell cultural relics by robbing tombs.
There are also three powerful people in Jincun, namely Zhang Lantang, Zhang Shifu and Majiazi, who are called "Three Jia Family in Jincun Street". "Jia Family" is a dialect that refers to powerful people. They ate black while robbing the tomb and made a fortune.
How rich is it? For example, a heavy smoker's vest smokes opium, wipes the cigarette on a plate instead of paper, but takes out a 5 yuan or 10 yuan bill. ...