The management system of the Three Tombs of Shengjing in the Qing Dynasty was not prepared before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, so there was no corresponding perfect system and organization in management. For example, the representative figures guarding Fuling at that time were Twelve Mafa, all trusted relatives and heroes of the emperor. Until the Qing dynasty entered the customs, there were only more than 20 guards in Fuling, who were responsible for the guards and sacrifices of Fuling. The highest official was named the general manager.
Shinto and Stone Elephant Life in Zhaoling
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Three Tombs of Shengjing, as the ancestral graves of the Qing emperors, received special attention. Not only has it been repaired in time, but also many buildings have been added, making the mausoleum system more and more perfect. On this basis, the management code system of 30 is becoming more and more perfect. In the Qing Dynasty, the management of imperial tombs was mainly handled by the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Industry and the yamen of the Mausoleum Industry. Shengjing Sanling is mainly managed by Shengjing Interior Office, Shengjing Ritual Department and Ministry of Industry. As a special management, the Qing court set up the Prime Minister's Office of the Three Tombs in Shengjing (known as the Prime Minister's Office of Shengjing Mausoleum Affairs in the late Qing Dynasty), which is the highest official institution to manage the Three Tombs in Shengjing, and the regional chief general Shengjing is also the Minister of Prime Minister's Mausoleum Affairs. The office is located near Fujinmen (now East Gate) in Shengjing. There is a yamen to undertake the affairs of the Three Tombs, which is responsible for the sacrifice and repair of the Three Tombs. The official positions are as follows: one tube, one committee, eight wishes, sixteen compliments, one four five seven products, four six products and nine foreign ministers. The above-mentioned officials were appointed by the Industry and Housing Department in Shengjing Lane. Specifically, each mausoleum has formed its own two sets of civil and military positions, namely, the yamen in charge of customs defense and the yamen in charge of customs defense. The number of officials depends on the specific situation of each mausoleum. Take Fuling as an example. In the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656), Fuling General Administration Office was established. It is the highest authority in Fuling, and the Wu Zhi institution responsible for guarding the safety of Fuling's tombs of mountains, rivers and trees. Fuling main house is located one mile west of Fuling, with six rooms. The highest official in charge of the yamen is the general manager, and his rank is the official road. He was directly under the orders of the Prime Minister of Sanling. In addition to patrolling the guards, he also inspected the raw materials and finished products of the sacrifices to ensure the absolute cleanliness of the sacrifices and presided over the ceremony. It consists of a left-wing commander and a right-wing commander, ranking from three ranks. The left-wing commander governs the officers and men of the Yellow, White, White and Blue Banners, while the right-wing commander leads the officers and men of the Yellow, Red and Blue Banners. Flags below the wing length will be defended by two people and sixteen people. There are 176 cavalry (armor) under defense. In addition, there are two people who manage documents and files, sixty-five Zhang Jing-level officials, seven hereditary Yun Qi viceroy, two hereditary riding and shooting viceroy, two hereditary six-level officials, five hereditary seven-level officials, four hereditary eight-level officials and four reminders, who are responsible for leading armored soldiers to patrol guards and manage money and grain files.
As the Wu Zhi organization guarding Fuling, the government office in charge of Fuling bears an unshirkable responsibility for the all-round security of Fuling. As mentioned earlier, the boundary markers in Fuling are divided into three layers: white and green. The red pile is about one mile away from the mausoleum, the white pile varies from ten to twenty feet due to different topography, and the green pile is about ten miles away from the white pile. There are 40 green piles, 26 white piles1piece and 27 red piles1piece. Each boundary pillar is ten feet high and one foot in diameter, with a circular watchhead at the top and a wooden sign hanging on it, which reads: soldiers and civilians are not allowed to borrow soil, take stones, cut down or pick and choose, and offenders will be convicted; Forbidden areas in mausoleum areas are closely related to geomantic omen. Set up boundary markers and prohibit cutting wood and farming. General manager of Fuling yamen, set up a pile house (also known as pile house, brand house, Karen house, etc. For officers and men of the Eight Banners in Hu Ling to stand guard near the boundary pillar) to ensure the safety of Fuling. Stacking rooms are stacked outside and inside. The outer crib house is near the green crib, and the inner crib house is near the red crib and dismounted horse in Fuling. There are six dismount monuments in Ganling, four in front of the mausoleum and two in front of the East and West Red Gates. The stone tablet is either engraved with five characters of Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese, Hui and Tibetan, or with three characters of Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese. The content is nothing more than asking officials below the king to dismount and so on. All buildings in the cemetery are also guarded by officers and men under the general manager's yamen.
Zhang Guan yamen in Fuling is a non-governmental organization, which is mainly responsible for the annual renovation of Fuling, undertaking sacrifices, offering sacrifices and managing relevant officials and officials. Fuling Zhang Guan yamen is juxtaposed with the main yamen. The highest officer in charge of yamen is the officer in charge of customs defense, and he is the fourth level. It consists of two deputy customs officers, an inner tube leader (who is also in charge of tea and rice), a deputy inner tube leader, an official food, an official food, an official food, two official food, eight official food, six official tea people, fifteen worshippers, eight table setters, twenty courtiers, leaders and able-bodied men. In addition, there are 1000 able-bodied men (also known as chitose husbands), spicy eaters, librarians and so on.
Zhang was in charge of Fuling's architecture and furnishings, supervised the sacrifice, participated in the sacrifice and protected the cemetery. The leader of the inner tube manages the pungent diners and the bartender, and is responsible for offering sacrifices and doing odd jobs. Shangshan Administration and Shangsha Zheng Zheng are responsible for the protection of tea offerings, and Shangshan people, Shangxiang people and Shangsha people are the specific managers of tea, rice, incense and other offerings. Beitang 'a is a deacon who takes and puts sacrifices. The pen-and-paste type is the person in charge of the secretary's file. Bricklaying, maintenance of Fuling buildings and weeding in cemeteries are undertaken by craftsmen and thousands of servants. In addition, Fuling also governs granges, orchards, vegetable gardens, fishing berths, pheasant catchers, honey pickers and pine nuts pickers. Ensure an adequate supply of sacrifices.
Sacrifices prepared by the yamen include sacrificial vessels, offerings and utensils. Regarding the ritual vessels, based on the principle of "death is like life", the ritual vessels used in Fuling are extremely precious and exquisite, including gold, silver, gold-plated silver, bronze, enamel and porcelain. In particular, the gold wares are inlaid with all kinds of priceless gems, such as golden incense burner, golden basin, golden bowl, Jin Jue, golden plate, golden dish, golden knife and three inlaid ivory. As for the offering, a black cow is needed. It must have pure black hair and a straight head. Two sheep. After the cow is cooked, put its head, tail, spine and four hooves into a bowl for the whole cow to eat. When the sheep is cooked, give it to the whole sheep. Feast of soup and rice, 18 plates of * * *, 65 plates of cake-baited fruit, full of Chinese flavor. In addition to delicious food, there are also milk tea, sachima and other wines and dairy products. All the offerings are the favorite food of Manchu ancestors.
The duties of the generals' yamen and the guards' yamen in Yongling and Zhaoling are the same as those in Fuling, except that there are fewer Wuling civil servants in Yongling and more Wuling civil servants in Zhaoling.
In addition, compared with the Eastern and Western mausoleums in the Qing Dynasty, Shengjing also had a special member guarding the mausoleums. These people guarded Fuling and formed a completely different management system in the three mausoleums outside the Shanhaiguan pass-the descendants of ethnic relatives and uncles became a special group guarding the three mausoleums in Shengjing.
Zhaoling Burning Boge
The uncles and grandsons of ethnic relatives refer to the descendants of Nuerhachi and Huang Taiji. Because they are relatives of the emperor and have high status, they are called relatives of the country. The descendants of uncles are called uncles and aunts, collectively referred to as uncles and aunts. Nurhachi's mother is Sitara, and * * * has three brothers and two sisters. The descendants of the three brothers became the descendants of Uncle Guo Qi, surnamed Sitara; The two sisters married Ilgen Chorosh and Saskatchewan, respectively, so Ilgen Chorosh and Saskatchewan became descendants of national aunts. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), when the Taizu Mausoleum was first built, Sitara and Ilgenjue Roche, as descendants of ethnic relatives and uncles, respectfully guarded Fuling. Sa's descendants used to be policemen in Xingjing Yongjing, but were transferred to Fuling in Tiancong four years (1630). With the expansion of the cemetery scale and the improvement of the management system, the power of the descendants of relatives and uncles of the country has gradually increased. In the 13th year of Shunzhi (1556), when the Qing Dynasty, who settled in the Central Plains, incorporated the management of the tombs outside the customs into the official system, it acknowledged and affirmed the fact that the descendants of ethnic relatives and uncles kept the three tombs in Shengjing for life, and clearly stipulated that the management institutions should give vacancies to the descendants of ethnic relatives and uncles. For example, the 65 members of Fuling Zhangjing rank should be selected from the soldiers of relatives and uncles of the country, and the number of soldiers of uncles and aunts should be 100. The descendants of relatives and uncles guarding Zhaoling are descendants of Ashdar Khan, Ye He Na Lala's younger brother, Filial Piety Queen, descendants of Ulamantai, Huang Taiji's aunt, Guarga and Ilgen Juerosh. The descendants of uncle and aunt Yongling are Xitala people. Therefore, from the date of its establishment, the Three Tombs of Shengjing have been guarded by the descendants of relatives and uncles of the state capital, and the descendants of relatives and uncles of the state capital are even more sui generis, and they have obtained the qualification to guard the imperial tombs in a legal capacity until the late Qing Dynasty.
The Qing court gave very generous treatment to the descendants of Uncle Guo Qi, including money, land and fields for sacrifice. All Guo Qi's uncles and grandsons who have reached the age of 16 can be armored as soldiers, and they can be reimbursed 22 taels a month, and they are exempt from farmland 15 days (6 mu a day), and if they are Zhang Jing, they are exempt from farmland for 20 days ... And the descendants of Guo Qi's uncles and aunts are also conscientious in guarding the Three Mausoleums of Shengjing, from guarding the imperial tomb to offering sacrifices and even keeping festivals. Therefore, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty treated their descendants with high courtesy. Not only did they host a banquet for future generations in the capital of Shengjing, but the emperors also gave Jin Ou wine, silver, saddles, pythons and silks and satins. Even today, many descendants of relatives and uncles of the Qing Dynasty still live in villages and towns around Fuling.
Zhaoling minglou
In a word, the management system of the descendants of foreign relatives and uncles guarding the ancestral graves is in sharp contrast with the management system of the imperial clan in Guannei. The main reason is that after the Qing dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, the establishment and management of its tombs were Ming-style, which tended to be perfect from the beginning, excluding the natural formation process and soil of the Shengjing Three Tombs, and the descendants of ethnic relatives and aunts became grave keepers; Secondly, after the Qing rulers entered the customs, they greatly accepted the Confucian ritual system, changed the customization of ancestral tombs with national interests as the main component, and it was logical to send princes to guard the tombs. What's more worth mentioning is that, under the general trend that the Qing tombs in Shanhaiguan pass become imperial clan customization, the Qing court did not change the status quo of the Three Tombs of Shengjing, but made it a major feature of the Three Tombs of Shengjing, which shows that it is reasonable and feasible for the Seven Emperors to guard the imperial tombs. Therefore, this kind of indissoluble bond between descendants of ethnic relatives and uncles and Fuling should not be lost in the vast historical records, but should be made public.