China has been excavating ancient tombs for a long time. The earliest recorded mausoleum in history is Shang Tang, the first king of Shang Dynasty. 3600 years ago, grave robbery first appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty more than 2770 years ago. Someone got a jade seal from the excavated ancient tomb with a cross on it, and no one could recognize it.
Laws and methods of grave robbery
There are two kinds of grave robbers. One is official thieves, such as Dong Zhuo and Sun Dianying in the Republic of China, who are very popular. They use a large number of soldiers to carry fire sticks, and the other is a large number of civilian thieves distributed all over the country, concentrated in the surrounding areas of Henan, Shaanxi and Changsha, Hunan.
Professional thieves usually commit crimes in partnership with two people. Many gangs are a minority, and even fewer go it alone, because one person can't take care of them. It takes one person to dig, and one person is not good at clearing the wind and clearing the soil. Later, one person entered the tomb, and another person picked up the items on it. Two friends can kiss each other, but father and son rarely cooperate. When looking for a partner, you need to be very careful to prevent anyone from becoming greedy.
These people have been engaged in grave robbery for a long time, and they are experienced, good at camouflage and very good at anti-theft organs. After the goal is determined, if the small tomb will not take too much effort, it will be dug in a few nights, and the items will be taken out and left. If it is a large or medium-sized tomb, they will plant corn sorghum and other things around it in the name of farming, and cover up their two-month grave-robbing activities with green curtains. Second, they will build a house next to the grave to hide their eyes and ears.
Four-word decision on tomb robbery in Changsha
There is much water in the south, and Luoyang shovel is not very good. The ancients summed up many experiences and came to the conclusion that a decision must be made.
I hope to see feng shui, that is, grave robbers often have feng shui, and judge the size of the cemetery through feng shui.
Second, smell is the skill of smelling and playing with the nose. A handful of dirt can tell which generation of tombs you belong to. You are surprised by this letter. There is a legend that a grave robber robbed the tomb for three generations and developed a skill. But he was arrested in the' 80s and should be dead. But because of his skill, he was sentenced to life imprisonment and worked for the archaeological cause all his life.
Most of the three questions are eloquent people who travel around the country and talk with the elderly about the past and the present in order to obtain tomb information.
Four-finger pulse-taking. There are three kinds of statements. One is to judge the age and size of the tomb according to the soil layer. The other is to touch the objects of the deceased in the coffin of the grave, from the head to the anus and finally to the feet, as an undifferentiated pool. Must be delicate. The third is to judge the value of the unearthed objects by touching them with your hands.
Tomb-raiding and treasure-hunting have existed since ancient times, and they are even more brilliant today. Its methods, techniques and tools have developed to be more modern, collectivized and intelligent today. They use military compasses for detection, detectors, detonators, explosives, chain saws, cars for transportation, and mobile phones for communication. So if you want to learn this technology, it is complicated and arduous, and there is a long way to go.
Modern grave robbers have developed grave robbing tools. ...
General Luoyang shovel has been eliminated, and the shovel used is modified on the basis of Luoyang shovel, which is divided into heavy shovel and lifting shovel (also
Called a trowel). Because the wooden pole attached to the back of Luoyang shovel head is too long ... the target is too big, so it was abandoned and replaced with rebar.
The tube ... is half a meter up and down, and can be layered ... and extended at will. I usually take it apart when I look at the terrain ... and carry it on my shoulder.
In the bag.
Similarly, different graves were dug ... different tools were used to rob tombs. Dig the tomb of Tang Dynasty with the heavy shovel evolved from Luoyang shovel.
When using a flat shovel (similar to crescent shovel of Lu), when entering the Han tombs (most of the Han tombs are pits, and most of them have collapsed).
Rolling fork and skimming knife.
Generally speaking, there is no wing in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and there are two more wings in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is a sign. Tombs in the Tang Dynasty were built of bricks.
There is no bonding between bricks, thus forming a dome. However, the Han tombs with brick tombs are not common (except the big tombs), and most of them are pits or pits.
Jiamufang Ming and Qing tombs are mostly brick structures with lime and iron pieces embedded in the middle, and some Ming tombs are more than two meters thick at the top (
Seven spokes and seven coupons) ... very strong.
The depth of the Ming tombs from the ground is generally no more than six meters, and they can be excavated overnight without special methods. Hanmuyi
It is about 1 1 and 12 meters from the surface, and the Western Zhou Tomb is deeper. If you want to finish the excavation overnight, you must use special methods.
Especially the tombs of the Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty are very old and miracles are hard to find. There is a process of "finding a place" first. Determine the position and get off.
Probe, shovel, look at the ash in the pit, determine the shape and orientation of the tomb (that is, determine the age) ... and then we can be ready.
The excavation was completed overnight in a special way.
Grave robbers are very targeted, such as ... entering the tomb will dig directly to the coffin position ... and then in "
Left shoulder and right foot "to find things, and then to the ear room (Dongcang and Xiku) to collect, ... As for other positions, it depends on the length of time.
Set, abandoned in a short time. There is also a lot of "experience" when looking at the terrain. For example, "Qin Buried Ridge, Han Buried Slope" and other ancient grave pits are square pits, but in modern times they are round pits.
This is the so-called "ancient garden square"
Anti-tomb robbery: the origin of the legend of "suspected tomb"
The most common way to prevent grave robbery is to hide the grave so that the grave robbers don't know where it is. It is said that one of the main starting points of ancient tombs is to prevent illegal excavation, not to seal trees, and not to set obvious signs on the ground.
Tomb raiding in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty led to the emergence of so-called "suspected tombs" and "virtual tombs" in various forms of anti-tomb raiding, that is, the situation of confusing tomb robbers with true and false tombs. Among them, the "suspected tomb" set by Cao Cao is the most famous. According to folklore, there are as many as 72 suspected tombs of Cao Cao, some of which even stand in the water. Quanzhou folks once said that General Shi Lang had seven "virtual tombs", which were located at the gates of several ancient cities in Quanzhou.
The traditional anti-tomb-raiding methods are solid stone walls and iron walls, anti-theft chisel with accumulated sand and water, and the way of killing tomb robbers with poison smoke from crossbows.
The ancient tomb was stolen seriously, and the losses caused were incalculable. Take thousands of Han tombs that have been excavated in China as an example. It is reported that only three tombs have survived.
"When we excavated the ancient tomb, what we were most worried about was that the ancient tomb was looted by grave robbers." A scholar who has been engaged in archaeological work for a long time said this.
"From an archaeological point of view, the ancients regarded death as life, and ancient tombs became important cultural relics for studying ancient society. The cultural relics in the ancient tomb represent the historical imprint left by a long civilization. In order to record the historical and cultural information fed back by ancient cultural remains most completely, archaeologists do not dig ancient tombs at will according to their own preferences, but carry out scientific cleaning, recording and drawing, and then analyze, compare and date them, so as to maximize the information fed back from ancient tombs for future research and use, so as to supplement or enrich history. Grave robbery, to be honest, interferes with and destroys archaeological work.