Different methods of obtaining information in each historical period
Advanced methods in each historical period. Methods for people to obtain information in different periods
In the early days of mankind, through human and Information was obtained through messages between people;
Later, information was obtained through letters, carrier pigeons, beacon fires, announcements, etc.;
In modern society, information was obtained through radios, broadcasts, and newspapers. *,
In modern society, *** is obtained through radios, televisions, newspapers, mobile phones, and the Internet. Houses in different historical periods
Common buildings
Teaching objectives:
1. By searching for information, you can tell the origin of houses and various types of buildings from ancient times to the present. History of change and development of architecture.
2. By reading the materials in the textbook, you can feel people's talent in architectural design, thereby motivating students to study hard and design more modern and scientific buildings in the future.
3. Let students understand different styles of houses and buildings with different functions, so that they can classify common buildings.
Teaching focus and difficulty:
1. Understand the origin of houses and the changes and development of various buildings from ancient times to the present.
2. Can common buildings be classified?
Lessons: 2 lessons
Lesson 1
1. Import:
1. Teacher’s statement: Houses are the place where human beings live and survive. It is precisely because of houses that humans ended the history of camping in the wilderness; with houses, humans have a stable life. What do you know about houses?
2. Blackboard writing topic: Common buildings
2. New teaching:
1. Changes in houses:
Teacher’s description: In order to survive, people in ancient times had a place to shelter from wind, rain and cold, so they thought of using thatched sheds and caves as houses. How have houses changed from caves to today’s high-rise buildings?
2. Report the results of the discussion (answer by name)
3. Compile the results of the speech and discussion just now and fill in the form on the fourth page
Houses in different historical periods Appearance, main materials, main functions, tools and techniques used
Cave, straw shed, tree nest tent, animal skin to protect from cold, summer, wind and rain, insect, snake and beast handcraft
Wooden house with branches tied outside the wooden frame , the branches are tied into the roof, and the outside of the house is covered with mud. Wood, branches, and mud are used to protect against wind and rain. Homemade simple tools (stone tools)
Various palaces, golden walls, brilliant bricks, tiles, and lime are used to live in. Semi-manual operation< /p>
High-rise buildings, long-span buildings are beautiful, occupy less cement, steel, glass, plastic, concrete work, rest, entertainment, hold various ceremonies and other comprehensive functions mechanization and automation
4 , give a detailed introduction to the form just filled in (each person introduces a house in a period)
Second Lesson
1. Import:
Teacher Description: Houses of different styles have different shapes, materials and functions. Let’s take a look at them together. (Show pictures)
2. New award:
1. Discussion: How do the characteristics of houses in different regions adapt to the local environment and people’s lifestyles? (8 minutes)
2. Report the discussion results
3. Teacher’s statement: In addition to houses used for living, we will also encounter various buildings, and Different buildings have different functions. Let’s take a look at buildings with different functions that we are familiar with. (Show pictures)
4. Students freely discuss how to classify buildings with different functions.
(Classify the buildings on page 7 of the textbook)
5. Teacher inspection results (name students to answer)
6. Independent inquiry:
Students are divided into groups Discussion: What materials are the buildings around us made of? What features and functions do they have? (8 minutes)
7. Each group reports the discussion results
3. Knowledge expansion:
1. The earliest house:
Primitive humans lived in caves or in trees to avoid cold, heat, wind and rain, and to protect themselves from insects, snakes, and beasts. This is the so-called "cave dwelling" and "nest dwelling" (nesting in trees). After continuous evolution, the ancients began to build houses. According to current archaeological excavations, the earliest house construction in my country occurred in the Neolithic Age about six to seven thousand years ago. There were two main types of houses at that time. One was the northern architectural model represented by the Banpo site in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province - semi-crypt houses and houses on the ground. Semi-crypt houses were mostly round, with deep and shallow crypts. The wall of the pit is used as the foundation or wall; a roof is built over the pit, and grass and soil are plastered on top; in some cases, wooden pillars are erected on the four walls and in the middle of the room to support the roof. One is the architectural model in the Yangtze River Basin and the south area represented by the Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province - Ganlan style architecture; generally, vertical wooden piles or bamboo piles are used to form a chassis above the ground, with large and small structures on the chassis. A suspended floor supported by beams, on which bamboo, thatch, etc. are used to build housing. People live in the stilt-style buildings above and livestock are raised below.
2. Modern architectural art: solar building integration technology
In today’s world where energy and environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious, solar energy is a very valuable renewable resource that can be used energy. And relative to the history of human development, it is an inexhaustible, clean and permanent energy source. Building-integrated solar technology is a need to expand the suite of solar applications. Combining solar energy with buildings and developing houses, which for thousands of years have been simple places for human beings to live in, shelter from wind and rain, and escape the cold and heat, into new buildings with independent energy and self-circulation, is also a sign of human progress and the development of society and science and technology. inevitable.
4. Homework:
Query information about building structures
Blackboard design:
Common buildings
Changes in houses
Houses of different styles
Buildings with different functions
Main materials of house shapes in different historical periods Tools and techniques used for the main functions
Cave, grass shed, tree nest tent, animal skin to protect from cold, summer, wind and rain, insect, snake and wild beast handcraft
Wooden house is tied with branches on the outside of the wooden frame, and the branches are tied Make a roof, and plaster the outside with mud wood, branches, and mud to keep out wind and rain. Make simple homemade tools (stone tools)
Various palaces, golden walls, brilliant bricks, tiles, and lime to live in. Semi-manual operation
High-rise buildings, long-span buildings are beautiful, occupy less cement, steel, glass, plastic, concrete work, rest, entertainment, hold various ceremonies and other comprehensive functions are mechanized and automated.
1. The earliest houses:
Primitive humans lived in caves or in trees to avoid cold, summer, wind and rain, and to protect themselves from insects, snakes and beasts. This is the so-called "cave dwelling" and "nest dwelling" ” (nesting in trees). After continuous evolution, the ancients began to build houses. According to current archaeological excavations, the earliest house construction in my country occurred in the Neolithic Age about six to seven thousand years ago. There were two main types of houses at that time. One was the northern architectural model represented by the Banpo site in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province - semi-crypt houses and above-ground houses. Semi-crypt houses were mostly round, with deep and shallow crypts. The wall of the pit is used as the foundation or wall; a roof is built over the pit, and grass and soil are plastered on top; in some cases, wooden pillars are erected on the four walls and in the middle of the room to support the roof. One is the architectural model in the Yangtze River Basin and the south area represented by the Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province - Ganlan style architecture; generally, vertical wooden piles or bamboo piles are used to form a chassis above the ground, with large and small dimensions on the chassis. A suspended floor supported by beams, on which bamboo, thatch, etc. are used to build housing. People live in the stilt-style buildings above and livestock are raised below.
2. Modern architectural art: solar building integration technology
In today’s world where energy and environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious, solar energy is a very valuable renewable resource that can be used energy. And relative to the history of human development, it is an inexhaustible, clean and permanent energy source. Building-integrated solar technology is a need to expand the suite of solar applications. Combining solar energy with buildings and developing houses, which for thousands of years have been simple places for human beings to live in, shelter from wind and rain, and escape the cold and heat, into new buildings with independent energy and self-circulation, is also a sign of human progress and the development of society and science and technology. inevitable.
Beijing Heyuan is actually a type of Heyuan building. The so-called Heyuan is a courtyard with houses built on all sides. It is a four-sided house with a courtyard in the center. This is the Heyuan. Courtyards are in Beijing's hutongs. In the east-west alleys, there is a large row of courtyards to the south; a large row of courtyards to the north are north of the hutongs. Each household has one house, and each house has several courtyards. The courtyard runs through the central axis. The north house is the main house, and the houses in the east and west directions are wing rooms. The door of the south house opens to the north, so it is called an inversion.
When the family is rich and has a large population, they can build front and rear buildings. The two courtyards are connected from north to south. No matter how extravagant a wealthy family is, they can build three or four courtyards, which are connected from front to back. Plant flowers and fruit trees in the courtyard for viewing.
The smaller ones have 13 houses, and the larger ones have one or two courtyards, with 25 to 40 rooms. The houses are all single-story. The back wall of the wing room is the courtyard wall, and brick walls are built at the corners. The large courtyard is surrounded by walls from the outside, with tall walls and no windows, showing a defensive nature. The whole family is in the courtyard. The people living in the courtyard are very comfortable. The door is closed at night and it is very quiet. It is suitable for family-centered reunion life.
During the day, the flowers, plants and trees in the courtyard are very beautiful. At night, the flowers are fragrant and the air is fresh. At night, the family sits in the courtyard to enjoy the shade, rest, chat, and drink tea, and the whole family enjoys it. No matter what the family members do in the yard, outsiders cannot see it. This is in line with Chinese habits.
The courtyard house is divided into rooms. The elderly live in the north room (upper room), with the large living room (middle room) in the middle. The eldest son lives in the east wing, the second son lives in the west wing, and the servant lives in the opposite room. , daughter lives in the backyard, no impact.
The design and construction of courtyards in Beijing is relatively easy. The materials used are very simple. No steel bars and cement are needed. They are blue bricks and gray tiles. They are a combination of brick and wood. It is a mixed building. Of course, the wooden structure is the main standard structure, which is light in weight. In case of an earthquake, you are not afraid no matter how big the magnitude is, which means that the courtyard is earthquake-proof. The overall building color is gray and blue, giving people a very simple impression and making life very comfortable.
The courtyards in other areas are basically the same as those in Beijing. However, they are large and small, high and low, with similar materials and similar styles. These courtyards are important buildings for the Chinese people. heritage.
The differences between courtyards in Beijing and those in other places are as follows: Siheyuan is used in surrounding areas, mainly in Beijing, and is symmetrical with the central axis. The main door opens in the southeast direction due to south. The main house faces each other, that is to say, the main door opens in the southeast of the courtyard. This is based on the orientation of the Eight Diagrams. The main house is located in the north as a Kan house. If you want to build a Kan house, you must open the Xun gate. Xunmen" is good.
Therefore, the gate of Beijing courtyard opens in the southeast direction. This is determined based on Feng Shui theory. This is only done around Beijing, but not elsewhere.
The Dai bamboo house is a gantry-style building, and its roof is in the shape of a "herringbone". Southern Yunnan has a tropical rainforest climate with heavy rainfall, and the "herringbone" roof is easy to build. Drainage will not cause water accumulation. Dai bamboo houses are generally two-story buildings with stilts. The stilts are used to prevent moisture from the ground. The bottom floor of the bamboo house is generally not occupied by people, but is a place for raising poultry. The upper floor is where people live. This floor is the center of the entire bamboo building. The indoor layout is very simple. It is generally divided into two parts: the main room and the bedroom. The main room is located where the wooden ladder enters the door. It is relatively open and has a large paved floor in the center. The bamboo mat is a place for entertaining guests and discussing matters. There is a balcony and a corridor outside the main room. On the balcony corridor are the Dai people’s favorite water-fetching tools, bamboo tubes and water cans, etc. This is where Dai women make A place for needlework. There is usually a fire pit in the main room, with a triangular bracket set up on the fire pit, which is used to place pots, kettles and other cooking utensils. It is a place for cooking.
Walking in from the main room is the bedroom separated by bamboo fences or wooden boards. The floor of the bedroom is also covered with bamboo mats. This is a place for the whole family to rest. The entire bamboo building is very spacious, with a large space, few obstructions, and excellent ventilation conditions, which is very suitable for the humid and rainy climate conditions of Banna. What are the characteristics of scientific methods in different historical periods
Generally speaking, there are two characteristics: one is science that relies purely on experience (in fact, it is not strict science); the other is that it relies on strict Logical reasoning, modern scientific methods derived from scientific experimental research.
Haha ~ This is of course just an answer to your question from a certain angle. I wonder if it will be of any help
The different functions of haha ??tea in different historical periods
As early as before the Qin and Han Dynasties, tea drinking was popular in Sichuan, my country. During the Western Han Dynasty, tea was a specialty of Sichuan and was introduced to the capital Chang'an through tribute. It turns out that the east of Sichuan and the west of Hubei were the birthplace of tea trees in ancient my country, and this was where the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors first lived. Shennong is the leader of the "Sanmiao" and "Jiuli" tribes. In ancient books such as "Historical Records of Wu Qi" and "Shuoyuan", there are records of "the three Miao clan, with Hengshan Mountain to the south, Qishan Mountain to the north, the slope of Dongting on the left, and the Pengli River on the right." This shows the origin of the Shennong clan. In the mountainous areas of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei, this is the area where Shennongjia is today. In such an environment with lush vegetation and still rich in tea, it is entirely possible for Shennong to taste all kinds of herbs. Later, these tribes continued to move north or east, and the northwest became the political center of China.
By the time Emperor Shun abdicated to King Yu, the political center of the clan society had moved to Dengfeng, Henan. In the past few years, relics of the Xia Dynasty had been excavated in Wangchenggang there. Dayu took over the throne. It was all smooth sailing. At the beginning, we controlled the water along the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, diverted water into the sea, guided Tiao River and Yubu River into Taihu Lake, and overcame the flood problem. Later, they defeated the Fangfeng clan and gradually moved northward. Emperor Shun learned that Dayu had made great achievements in controlling floods, so he gave way to him. The descendants of the "Three Miao" were not convinced, so the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors" recorded that "the Three Miao were in Jianghuai, and Jingzhou was in chaos." Dayu controlled floods in the south of the Yangtze River, and there is evidence in historical records: after Qin Shihuang unified China, he once "went to Kuaiji to worship Dayu." When Sima Qian was 20 years old, he also "went to Kuaiji to explore Yu's cave." Therefore, there are remains of Dayu in Shaoxing, Zhejiang today. Xia Yu originally gave way to Boyi, the "Hundred Insect General", but his son Xia Qi seized power. Qi had three sons, Taikang, Zhongkang and Shaokang, and there were constant battles for the throne. By the time of Yu's sixth generation grandson Xia Zhu, the political situation was unified. When the country was strong, he once led his troops to search for their roots in the south, to the west of Zhejiang and to the area of ??Yanluan Miaofeng in the southeast of Jindou Mountain in Hua, so the mountains in this area were called Zhushan. At that time, there are still some relics such as Xiawang Village of Bita City in Shannan. Xia Zhu declined eight generations later, and Lu Gui (Jie) was destroyed by Qi, who established the pre-Shang dynasty.
It is not difficult to see from the existing historical data that the place where the "San Miao Clan" in the clan society lives, the tea production has continued throughout the ages. For example, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Anzhou was mentioned in "Liu Kun's Book of Tea Purchasing" (Today's Anlu, Hubei); "Tongjun Lu" mentions Youyang (today's Huangfengdong, Hubei) and Badong (Fengjie, Sichuan); "Jingzhou Land Records" mentions Wuling (Changde, Hunan). Both are rich in tea. Historical materials from the Tang Dynasty mention that Jiangling, Nanzhang in Hubei, Pengjing, Anjing, Qionglai and other places in Sichuan were rich in tea. Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" mentions that among the eleven states where the quality of tea is unknown, Ezhou is now Wuchang, Hubei. It can be seen that the "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" records: "Shen Nong tasted hundreds of herbs, encountered seventy-two poisons every day, and got tea to relieve them" should have happened in the Central Plains of our country. Even judging from the facts of tea drinking and tea selling recorded in "Wang Baotong Yue", before the Han Dynasty in my country, the production and utilization of tea in eastern Sichuan and western Hubei were already quite developed. It is not difficult for people to imagine how long it would take to go from picking wild tea to artificially cultivating tea trees, and from self-sufficiency to "production, supply and marketing". Therefore, the ancestors of our country have a long history of discovering and utilizing cultivated tea. Common methods and approaches for obtaining historical information are data collection and accumulation methods. Including:
(1) Reading method. Read relevant archives, newspapers, magazines, books, materials, etc. to obtain the required information.
(2) Purchase method. Purchase relevant information from education science centers, consulting service units, educational research institutions, relevant colleges and universities, etc.
(3) Listening method. Obtain relevant information from radio, telephone, etc.
(4) Questioning method. Ask relevant information sources for relevant information.
(5) Viewing method b Obtain relevant information from TV, videos, movies, etc.
(6) Forecasting method.
Use forecasting methods and techniques to analyze and predict relevant information.
(7) Collection method. Purposefully dispatch special personnel to relevant areas and departments to collect relevant information.
2. Survey research method. For the collection of some information without fixed sources, survey research methods need to be used.
(1) Investigation method. Survey methods include interview survey method, written survey method, retained questionnaire survey method, telephone survey method, etc. In school management, the most commonly used method is the interview survey method. It refers to listening to the opinions, requirements, reactions, criticisms, and suggestions of the person being investigated face to face. In terms of breadth, there are individual interviews, group interviews and symposiums. Both symposiums and individual interviews should pay attention to selecting different types and models to make them representative. In terms of depth, there are one interview, multiple interviews and repeated in-depth interviews; In terms of strategy, one is to conduct a prepared investigation and ask the other party to prepare sufficient opinions on the outline in advance; the other is to consciously prevent the other party from preconceptions and talk casually to obtain the other party's more intuitive opinions and requirements; in terms of methods, there are Ancient methods of obtaining information by visiting people's homes
Ancient communication methods include: beacon fire to convey military information, swan geese to convey messages, fish to convey rulers, bluebirds to convey information, yellow ears to convey information, flying pigeons to convey information, and kite communications. Bamboo tubes, lighthouses, etc.
The following is a detailed introduction to several communication methods:
1. Beacon fire to convey military information
"Beacon fire" is a type of communication method used in ancient my country to transmit border military intelligence. Communication methods began in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and extended to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They have been used for thousands of years. Among them, the scale of the beacon organization in the Han Dynasty was especially large. On the heights of border military fortresses or traffic hubs, high platforms are built at regular intervals, commonly known as beacon towers, also known as beacons, piers, smoke piers, etc. There was a garrison on the high platform waiting for the enemy to invade. During the day, firewood was burned to give an alarm with "burnt smoke", and at night, firewood was burned to give a "beacon" (light of fire) alarm. When one tower lights up beacon smoke, neighboring towers will also light up their fires one after another when they see it. They will pass it from tower to tower, thousands of miles away, in order to achieve the purpose of reporting the enemy's situation, dispatching troops and generals, seeking reinforcements, and defeating the enemy. In the history of our country, there is another story of "playing beacon fire with princes" in which beacon lights were lit at will in order to please a beautiful woman, which eventually led to the destruction of the country.
2. "Hongyan Chuanshu"
The allusion of "Hongyan Chuanshu" comes from the story of "Su Wu Shepherding Sheep" in "Hanshu Biography of Su Wu". According to records, in the first year of the Han Dynasty (100 BC), the envoy Zhonglang of the Han Dynasty, Su Wu, was detained by the Shanyu, the Marquis of Tutankhamun, on an envoy to the Xiongnu. He was brave and unyielding, and the Shanyu exiled him to Beihai (today's Lake Baikal). ) Shepherding sheep in no man’s land. Nineteen years later, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and the Han Dynasty reconciled and got married. Envoys from the Han Dynasty came to threaten Su Wu and demanded that Su Wu be released. However, the Chanyu refused and could not say so, so he lied and claimed that Su Wu was dead. Later, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Huns. Chang Hui, the deputy envoy who went to the Huns with Su Wu and was detained, secretly met with the Han envoys one night with the help of the jailer, told the Han envoys about Su Wu's situation, and He came up with a plan and asked the Han envoy to tell Shanyu: "When the emperor of the Han Dynasty was hunting in Shanglinyuan, he shot a wild goose. There was a letter written on silk tied to its foot. It said that Su Wu was not dead, but It's in a large swamp." The Han envoy was very happy after hearing this and rebuked Shan Yu according to Chang Hui's words. Chanyu was greatly surprised after hearing this, but could not deny it, so he had to let Su Wu go. Regarding "Hongyan Chuan Shu", there is another story circulating among the people. During the Tang Dynasty, Xue Pinggui was away on an expedition, and his wife Wang Baochuan stayed at the cold kiln for decades with determination. One day, Wang Baochuan was digging wild vegetables in the wild when she suddenly heard the cry of swan geese in the air, which aroused her longing for her husband. Emotionally, she asked Hongyan to pass a letter to Xue Pinggui, who was away on an expedition, but where could she find pen and ink in the wilderness? In desperation, she tore off her skirt, bit her fingertips, and wrote a letter with blood and tears in which she missed her husband and hoped for their early reunion, and asked the swan geese to take it with her.
3. Flying pigeons to deliver messages
According to our country’s historical records, carrier pigeons were mainly used for military communications. For example, in 1128 AD, General Zhang Jun of the Southern Song Dynasty inspected Qu Duan's army. When Zhang Jun arrived at the military camp, he saw that there was no one around. He was very surprised and asked Qu Duan to summon his troops. Upon hearing this, Qu Duan immediately handed Zhang Jun the roster of the five armies he commanded and asked him to click on which army he wanted. Zhang Jun pointed to the roster and said: "I want to see your First Army here." After receiving the order, Qu Duan calmly opened the cage and released a pigeon. In an instant, all the soldiers of the First Army were in full gear. Armed, arrived quickly. Zhang Jun was shocked and said: "I want to see your entire army.
"Qu Duan opened the cage and released four pigeons. Soon, the rest of the Fourth Army arrived quickly. Facing the troops neatly gathered in front of him, Zhang Jun was overjoyed and praised Qu Duan even more. In fact, Qu Duan The five pigeons released are all well-trained homing pigeons. They have already been tied with troop deployment documents. Once released from the cage, they immediately fly to the designated location and deliver the troop deployment documents to the corresponding troops. In hands. The mission of the party in different historical periods
21-45, resistance to aggression, national independence
45-49, people's liberation
49-56, society Socialist transformation
56-Today, the different names of various historical periods in Guangdong during the socialist modernization construction
Pre-Qin: Baiyue
Qin Dynasty: Nanhai County (western Guangdong) Part of it belongs to Xiang County and Guilin County, and part of northern Guangdong belongs to Changsha County)
Late Qin-early Han Dynasty: Nanyue Kingdom
Western Han Dynasty: It belongs to Jiaozhou Governor-Nanhai County. (Central Guangdong and eastern Guangdong), also including Cangwu County and Hepu County
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: the Jiaozhou Governor's Department was changed to Jiaozhou
Western Jin Dynasty: The hinterland of today's Guangdong Province belongs to Guangzhou, and northern Guangdong It belongs to Jingzhou, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island belong to Jiaozhou
Tang Dynasty: Guangzhou
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Southern Han
Song Dynasty: Guangnan East Road
Yuan Dynasty: Today's Guangdong is divided into Jiangxi Province and Huguang Province
Ming Dynasty: Guangdong and other places in Xingzhongshu Province - Guangdong Province
Qing Dynasty: Guangdong Province