Due to the complex landforms of the Indian Ocean seafloor, in addition to the "in"-shaped mid-ocean ridge in the middle of the ocean floor, the eastern East Indian Ocean ridges, island arcs, and trench zones are among the ridges, sea hills, and sea platforms. There are many ocean basins distributed among them. The mid-ocean ridges of the Indian Ocean include the Central Indian Ocean Ridge, the Arabian-Indian Ridge, the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge and the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge. The Central Indian Ocean Ridge extends northward from Amsterdam Island, generally 1300 to 2500m higher than the ocean basins on both sides, with an average width of about 800km. On the seafloor of the Indian Ocean, due to being cut off by some vertical or oblique fault zones, a mid-ridge rift is formed that appears intermittently. Therefore, the Indian Ocean ridge looks rugged and broken.
In addition, the Central Indian Ocean Ridge extends to the northwest, forming the Arabian-Indian Ridge, which is relatively high and continues to extend northwest into the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. The Central Indian Ocean Ridge separates from the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge to the southwest from Rodrigues Island, passes through the Prince Edward Islands, and connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean Ridge; the Central Indian Ocean Ridge reaches the San Por Island and connects the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge to the southeast, and then connects the Pacific Ocean and Antarctica to the east. Ridge and East Pacific Ridge. Therefore, the Indian Ocean ridge is one of the remarkable features of the seafloor landforms.
Tectonic belts are another landform form on the Indian Ocean seafloor in addition to mid-ridge ridges. These structural belts are parallel to each other and extend very far. Among them, the East Indian Ocean Ridge is consistent with the 0 line east longitude and is the straightest ridge in the world. It starts from the Andaman Islands near 10° north latitude in the north and ends at the fault ridge at 31° south latitude. It is about 5000km long and about 150-250km wide from east to west. Because it is distributed along 90° east longitude, it is also called the 90° east longitude ridge (or Carpenter Ridge). The Indian Ocean Ridge is in the shape of an "in" and divides the Indian Ocean into the following three sea areas:
First, the eastern sea area. This sea area is divided by the East Indian Ocean Ridge and is flanked by the Central Indian Ocean Basin and the Western Australian Basin. The Central Indian Ocean basin runs from north to south, and in the north is the Sri Lankan abyssal plain covered by the underwater alluvial cone of the Ganges River. The northern part of the Western Australia basin is connected to deep ocean trenches, while the southeastern part is divided by ridges, sea hills and sea platforms, forming complex seafloor landforms.
Second, the western sea area. The seabed topography in this sea area is the most complex. It is divided by ridges and islands and is mainly divided into the Somali Basin, Mozambique Basin and Madagascar Basin.
Third, the southern sea area. The seafloor topography of this sea area is relatively simple and is mainly divided into three basins: Crozer Basin, Atlantic-Indian Ocean Basin and Antarctic-East Indian Ocean Basin.
The geomorphological characteristics of the Indian Ocean continent are that the average width of the continental shelf is narrower than that of the Atlantic Ocean, and the slope of the continental slope is also smaller. In addition, the large number and wide distribution of continental rises or sea platforms are also prominent features of the Indian Ocean continental margin landforms. Some of the Indian Ocean continental rises are formed by turbidity currents or sliding collapse of the continental slope, which accumulate a large amount of clastic material on the edge of the abyssal plain; some are formed by the differential subsidence of part of the continent. There are the Agulhas Platform and the Mozambique Platform on the coast of Africa, and the Madagascar Platform south of Madagascar. On the coast of Australia are the Exmouth Platform and the Natcheralist Platform. On the west side of the Indian peninsula is the Chagos-Lakdive Platform. It is precisely because of these sea platforms that the continental landforms of the Indian Ocean have distinctive features.
Tropical oceanic and monsoonal climate are obvious characteristics of the Indian Ocean climate. We know that most of the Indian Ocean is located in the tropical and subtropical ranges, so the vast sea area changes under the influence of temperature, and the distribution of temperature also changes with changes in latitude. Therefore, distinct climate characteristics of the Indian Ocean are formed.