The planning and construction of ancient Chinese cities adhered to the ideological system.
(1) The Western Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the development of my country's slave society, and strict planning was made for the nature of the city. "Book of Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji" records that "the craftsmen established the country, with a square area of ??nine miles and three gates on the side. There are nine meridians and nine latitudes in the country, nine tracks in the meridian, the ancestors on the left and the community on the right, the market in the front and the market in the market. "This idea has basically become the ideological system followed in the planning and construction of ancient cities in my country;?
(2) The Eastern Zhou Dynasty produced "a hundred schools of thought", which was an era of diversification of urban planning ideas in ancient my country. That is, there was Confucianism in the same line as "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji", which maintained the traditional social hierarchy and religious etiquette. There is also the Jiaogeng thought represented by Guanzi, which emphasizes the concept of "because of the natural resources and the favorable location, the city does not need to follow the rules, and the road does not need to be within the yardstick"; △ However, since the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and only respected Confucianism. "After that, the promotion of etiquette thought with Confucianism was conducive to consolidating imperial rule. Because the urban form recorded in "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji" reflects the influence of ancient Chinese capitals more and more completely. ?
Ancient Chinese planning thoughts and typical cities (craftsman camp thought, Guanzi city construction thought)?
(1) "The Book of Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" records that "craftsmen camp" The country has nine li square, three gates on the side, nine longitudes and nine latitudes in the middle of the country, nine tracks on the meridian, the ancestor on the left and the community on the right. The front is for the city and the back is for the city. "Most of the capitals in ancient China were built according to this idea, which is the most typical. Among them are Cao Wei, Yecheng, Yuan Dynasty, etc. ?
(2) Guanzi believed that the location of the city should be "high but not close to the Fu and enough water, low not close to the water but free of ditches and defenses." "Because of the natural materials and the convenient location, the city wall does not need to be If you follow the rules, you don’t have to hit the mark on the road.” (See question 6 for details.) The city most obviously affected by the Guanzi is Nanjing. Nanjing has a complicated terrain. The Yangtze River flows from southwest to northeast and is surrounded by mountains. Only the middle part of the city has a relatively flat terrain. It is one of the oldest cities in ancient China. A typical irregular capital city. The city has a regular Miyagi area and a shopping area that reflects the spontaneous growth of commerce and handicrafts. ?
The improvement and development of residential areas in different historical periods
The residential areas in ancient Chinese cities were called "Luli". There are always closed living units. Lu is the door inside. It is a strictly managed form of residence.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, this strict management of the residential system developed to the extreme and formed the "Lifang system", which was characterized by strict management. For example, the city square is ordered to open and close with the sound of street drums in the morning, and no one is allowed to open the door on the square wall except for the residences of officials of third rank or above. Second, the area is very large. ?
The strict Fangli system of the Tang Dynasty was gradually abolished towards the end of the Tang Dynasty. The residential area in the Song Dynasty was completely different from that in the Tang Dynasty. It was a group of courtyards connected by streets and alleys. Although there were still houses at this time, the name of the residential area was set up with an archway at the entrance and the name of the house written on it. This is consistent with the Pingjiang Mansion in Song Dynasty. The description above is similar. The residential area is divided into long strips by lanes. This strip of land is composed of several courtyards connected in parallel. At the entrance of the lane, there is often a signpost building, a gatehouse, and some small shops serving daily life. Sometimes there are also gates for security purposes.
In towns in water network areas, the layout of the directorate is directly related to the river network system. The residential area develops in a strip along the river, with residential streets in front of the river and behind the river or streets in front of the river and back. Between the river and the road is a strip-shaped residential area. The river becomes an extension of the living space. Rivers are also transportation channels. There are many bridges on the river, and the bridgeheads are often the center of life supply and social activities in residential areas.