Portrait of Tao Yuanming (13) Tao Yuanming was born in Ji Dong for about three years (about 365-427). Speaking of fame, he was called "Mr. Wuliu" because there were five willow trees in his family and he married "Jingjie" privately (it was initiated by a friend after death, not promulgated by the court, so it was called private marriage. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors. He is the first pastoral poet in China. Ren Jiangzhou offered wine, Jianwei joined the army, Zhenjun joined the army, Pengze county magistrate, and then abandoned his official position and retired. Later generations called Mr. Jingjie. There is Tao Yuanming's collection. Its recluse culture has three styles: one is soft, the other is light, and the third is far away.
When I was a child, my family declined. When I was nine years old, I lost my father and lived alone with my mother and sister. Orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "-"The Biography of Meng Zhen, General of the Western Expedition in Jin Dynasty ". Yuan Ming "deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors." -catching Qin. In the future, his personality and accomplishment will largely be his grandfather's legacy. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".
When Tao Yuanming was a teenager, he had the ambition of "running away from the world and loving Philip Burkart"-Miscellaneous Poems. He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "saving the world", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he "couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days" —— Biography of Jin Shu Tao Qian. After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." -"Xin Chou's Night Tour in Jiangling in July" has a sense of regret for Shi Huanxuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" -"Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From the Capital to the Ruling Forest" made a deep sigh for the official life of people who bowed to their knees. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his title to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is normally closed. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under Emperor Wu of Song (Tao Yuanming joined the army after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and held Huan Xuan hostage as the whole story of Andi's arrival in Jiangling, thus realizing his will to resist the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" -The fourth chapter of Mr. Murong. After Emperor Wu of Song entered into health, his style was quite remarkable. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by "abolishing all officials". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he first banned it by threatening (prohibiting it in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change their customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. However, shortly after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Huan Xuan's meritorious Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his love affair, he appointed Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, as an important official, such as recorder and master of Yangzhou secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. On the 8th1day, I met Du You of Xunyang County, and his subordinates said, "Make a leather rope to meet him." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.
Tao Yuanming resigned from his post (Figure 5) Tao Yuanming resigned from his post and returned to Li, leading a life of "plowing the fields and killing himself". Because there are five willows planted in front of his house, he is called Mr. Five willows. His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, Liu Yin Houyan, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan"-"Drinking" has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first, and then said to the guests, "I'm drunk enough to sleep." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "-"Drinking "declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to send money to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What is the way to die? It shows that he is so natural about death.
In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three monuments, one big and two small. In the middle of the regular script, the "Tomb of Mr. Jingjie, Duke of Jin" is engraved with the epitaph on the left and the word "Qu Ci" on the right, which was written by pottery descendants in the first year of Qing Qianlong. [2]
Tao Yuanming is the most outstanding poet, lyricist and essayist in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties since 800 years ago. There are 125 existing pottery poems, including 9 four-character poems and 6 five-character poems11. Wen Tao has 12 articles, including 3 words, 5 rhymes and 4 essays.
The leisure fu in Tao Yuanming's ci and fu is made by imitating Zhang Heng's fixed love fu and Cai Yong's static love fu. The content is to write a dream about love, which is meaningless. "Feeling Men Encounter Fu" is a copy of Dong Zhongshu's Feeling Men Encounter Fu and Sima Qian's Sad Men Encounter Fu, and its content is to express the resentment under the door valve system. Gui Xi Ci is a political declaration that Tao Yuanming publicly broke with the upper class when he resigned and retired. The article uses a lot of space to write about his infinite joy of leaving the officialdom, imagine his infinite joy after retiring to the countryside, and show the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion. The article skillfully integrates narrative, discussion and lyricism to create a vivid, natural and fascinating artistic realm; The language is natural and simple, washing away the strong local flavor. "Poetry Rhyme" consists of nine chapters, namely: painting a fan, reading history, offering sacrifices to Cheng's sisters, brothers and oneself. Prose includes "Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition to Jin Dynasty", also known as "Biography of Meng Jia", which is a biography written for Meng Jia, the ancestor of foreign nationalities; In addition, there are Biography of Mr. Wu, Peach Blossom Garden, Sparse and Yan Zi, etc. Generally speaking, Wen Tao's numbers and achievements are not as good as Shi Tao's.
Tao Yuanming's poems are sincere, simple and natural, and sometimes reveal Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts of escaping from reality and taking pleasure in knowing life. Therefore, Tao Yuanming is known as the "pastoral poet" and the originator of the pastoral school. His poems can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.
Drinking poems
Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. Twenty of his "Drinking" articles are "intoxicating" or accuse right and wrong of being upside down, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. In a metaphorical way, Shuo Jiu records the process of usurping power and changing dynasties subtly and twists, and expresses infinite grief over the downfall of the Hejin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming has lived in seclusion for many years, and he is used to troubled times and usurping power, but this poem still reveals his unforgettable secular spirit.
Poetry of the soul
Tao Yuanming's homesickness poems are represented by Miscellaneous Poems 12 and Reading Shan Hai Jing 13. More than twelve miscellaneous poems show their political depression after retirement and express their noble personality. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinitely deep and broad. Thirteen poems in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas express the same content by reciting the strange things in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. For example, in the tenth poem, by praising Jing Wei and Xing Tian for their "fierce ambition", they express and show that their ambition to help the world will never die.
idyll
Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also reflect his predicament in his later years, which can help readers indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasant class at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden was written in the early Song Dynasty. It depicts a utopian ideal society. It shows the poet's complete denial of the existing social system and infinite admiration for the ideal world. It marks that Tao Yuanming's thought has reached a new height. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. His pastoral poetry, with its simple and natural language and lofty artistic conception, opened up a new world for China poetry and directly influenced the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. In his pastoral poems, his boredom with dirty reality and his love for quiet pastoral life can be seen everywhere. In Returning to the Garden, he described officialdom as a "dust net", compared being in it to "catching birds" and "pond fish", and compared retiring from the countryside to rushing out of the cage and returning to nature. Because of his actual labor experience, his poems are full of the joy of laborers, showing the thoughts and feelings that only laborers can feel. For example, the third poem "Returning to the Garden" is a powerful proof that this is the progress of his pastoral poetry.
Tao Yuanming's poems had little influence in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. When Liu Xie wrote Wen Xin Diao Long, he said nothing about Tao Yuanming. Zhong Rong's Shi Pin lists Tao's poems as domestic products, calls Tao Yuanming "the ancestor of reclusive poets in ancient and modern times" and thinks that his poems "originated from ying". Liang Daizhao, ming prince and Xiao Tong spoke highly of Tao Yuanming: "His articles are unusual, his writing is excellent, his ups and downs are obvious, and he is unique. This is heartfelt and heartfelt, this is not Beijing. " Selected Works contains more than ten poems by Tao Yuanming, and it is the author with many works. Tao Yuanming's pastoral recluse poems had a great influence on Tang and Song poets. In Du Fu's poem, he said, "It is better to write a poem than to let go of your heart, which means I will wait for you all my life." Su Dongpo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, spoke highly of Tao Qian: "Poems of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties seem slow at first glance, but when they are familiar, they have strange sentences. ..... Only when the rate is high, the meaning is far-reaching, the meaning is wonderful, and the language is refined can it be like this. It's like a great craftsman carrying a catty, but he can't see the trace of an axe. " Su Dongpo also wrote Farewell to Tao, Two Drinks Alone with Tao, Five Drinks with Tao to Persuade Agriculture, Nine Things to Imitate Ancient Times with Tao, Eleven Miscellaneous Poems with Tao, Four Poems with Tao Bie Yun, Shadow and Tao, Liu Chai Sang and Tao.
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Characteristics of works
Tao Yuanming is good at poetry, and his poems mostly describe natural scenery and rural life scenes. Among them, his excellent works are full of boredom with officialdom and secular society, showing his interest in leading an honest and clean life, but also advocating negative thoughts such as "impermanence of life" and "happy fate". Its artistic features are simple and bright, simple and natural in language, extremely refined and unique in style. He is the first pastoral poet in China. And take the yearning for a better life as the theme. Peach Blossom Garden is one of Tao Yuanming's representative works. Written in the second year of Yongchuan (42 1), it depicts a paradise. Based on the whereabouts of Wuling fishermen in and out of the Peach Blossom Garden, this paper depicts a society without class, exploitation, self-sufficiency, peace and tranquility, and everyone enjoys himself.
[6] According to the research of "Wuling Baojian" by Changde historian and collector Mr. Zhou: "Wuling is the second administrative division in Changde history. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wuling County governed the counties in the Yuanshui River Basin. " Wuling County was established in the second year of Emperor Gaozu (205 BC), which lasted for 963 years and was no longer used. The areas under its jurisdiction were renamed Langzhou (Sui and Tang Dynasties), Dingzhou (Northern Song Dynasty), Changde House (Southern Song Dynasty), Changde Road (Yuan Dynasty) and Changde House (Ming and Qing Dynasties). Wuling County was established in the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (589) and lasted until the second year of the Republic of China 19 13. The word "Wuling" generally refers to "Wuling County" before the Tang Dynasty. For example, Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" said: "Jin Taiyuan Zhongyuan, fishing", this Wu Lingren is regarded as "Wuling County people". Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty, Jin Dynasty (Shang Dynasty) praised Wuling to the Five Dynasties, and the word "Wuling" in "The King of Wuling" should also refer to "Wuling County", which no longer exists at this time because of its name. From the Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, it generally refers to "Wuling County". However, no matter before or after the Tang Dynasty, most of the northern part of western Hunan, which originally belonged to "Wuling County", was customarily called "Wuling".
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Historical evaluation
After Tao Yuanming's death, his close friend Yan Yanzhi wrote the Poem of Tao Zheng for him, and named posthumous title as the "Quiet Festival". Yan Yanzhi praised Tao Yuanming's character and integrity in his obituary, but did not fully affirm his literary achievements. Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature has not been fully affirmed and recognized in the decades after his death. Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of Liang Dynasty, attached great importance to Tao Yuanming's poems and couldn't put it down. Xiao Tong personally compiled, prefaced and biographied Tao Yuanming. The Collection of Tao Yuanming is the first collection of literary works by scholars in the history of China literature, which is of great significance. Xiao Tong praised "his prose is not crowded, his words are brilliant, his ups and downs are obvious, he is superior to others, and his cadence is as bright as Beijing".
Southern Dynasties
Although Tao Yuanming's literary position has not been affirmed as it should be, his poetry and prose works have spread more and more widely and exerted more and more influence.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, more and more poets liked Tao Yuanming's poems and praised him more and more. Wang Ji was an idyllic poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Like Tao Yuanming, he lived in seclusion in the countryside for many times, entertaining himself with Gin.