1. There are no relatively complete royal buildings in Luoyang. 2. In terms of economic development, we are located inland, and economic development will be subject to certain restrictions. However, there is water near Beijing and it is close to port cities.
3. Back then, Beijing was a city with particularly developed education.
4. Militarily, Beijing is easier to retreat, and its routes in all directions are more reasonable than Xi'an. Beijing has always been called an ideal capital by Feng Shui experts as "surrounded by mountains and water, and must have energy". The Xishan Mountains in the west are the Taihang Mountains; the Jundu Mountains in the north are the Yanshan Mountains, both of which belong to the Kunlun Mountains. The two mountain ranges meet at the south entrance of Beijing (the south entrance is an important military base) to form a semicircular mountain bay that spreads to the southeast and the Sunda direction. The mountain bay is surrounded by the Beijing Plain. The terrain slopes slightly from northwest to southeast. Rivers such as Sanggan River and Yanghe River merge here to form Yongding River. In terms of geographical layout, "it borders Liaojie to the east, Taihang to the west, Shuomo to the north, the military capital at its back, and the Central Plains to the south." A strategy that is conducive to development and control.
1. Beijing City during the Yuan Dynasty
When the Yuan Dynasty was founded, it was inevitable that the capital of the Yuan Dynasty would be chosen here. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was planned by two masters and apprentices, Liu Bingzhong and Guo Shoujing, planners, astronomers and water conservancy experts, together with Feng Shui experts. Feng Shui pays attention to mountains and water when choosing a city location. Beijing has a given mountainous terrain, but its only shortcoming is the lack of water flow. The two then led two water veins, above and below ground, into the capital. The ground water is sourced from Yuquan Mountain Spring, which is known as "the best spring in the world". The artificial spring canal flows through Taiping Bridge-Ganshui Bridge-Zhou Bridge and directly into Tonghui River. Because the water comes from the Bagua "Gold" position in the west, it is named "Jinshui River". The underground water veins of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty also came from Yuquan Mountain. The water in this well is sweet and the water level is constant during dry seasons. It later became a holy place for the royal palace to worship the "Longquan Well God".
2. Beijing City during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Zhu Di, King of Yan in the Ming Dynasty, selected Beijing as the capital. He not only wanted to use this geographical advantage, but also wanted to abolish the remaining kings of the Yuan Dynasty. gas. The Feng Shui masters at that time moved the central axis of the palace to the east, so that the original central axis of the Yuan Dynasty Palace was located in the west, in the "white tiger" position of Feng Shui, to suppress the remaining royal aura of the previous dynasty; they also chiseled away the royal road on the original central axis. Panlong Stone, Zhouqiao was abandoned, and artificial Jingshan was built. In this way, the Feng Shui pattern of the main mountain (Jingshan) - Gongxue (Forbidden City) - Chaoan Mountain (the "Yandun" of Datai Mountain outside Yongding Gate) was re-formed.
The internal situation of Beijing’s Feng Shui pattern is more detailed. She strictly followed the layout of the stars and became the "City of Stars".
In ancient China, the center of the sky was divided into three walls: Taiwei, Ziwei and Tiandi. Ziwei Yuan is in the center, where the Emperor of Heaven resides. The emperor of the Ming Dynasty named the palace "Ziwei Palace" (hence the name of the Forbidden City). The architects at that time placed the Fengtian Hall (later known as the Hall of Supreme Harmony), the largest in the Forbidden City, in the center for the emperor's use. Fengtian Hall, Huagai Hall (Zhonghe Hall), and Jinshen Hall (Baohe Hall) symbolize the three walls of Tianque. There are three levels of steps under the three main halls, symbolizing the "Santai" star under Taiwei Yuan. The above is "front court", which belongs to Yang. Based on the mathematical theory of odd yin and odd yang, the yang area has the structure of "three front halls" and "three dynasties and five gates", while the yin area has the pattern of "six palaces and six bedrooms".
The "back bed" part is Yin, and the whole layout is according to Ziweiyuan. In the center are the three palaces of Qianqing, Kunning, and Jiaotai, and on the left and right are the six east and west palaces. There are fifteen palaces in total, which are equal to the number of Ziweiheng's fifteen stars. Between Qianqing Gate and Danjie, there are six columns with dragons on both sides, symbolizing the six stars in the pavilion between the River God Star in the sky and Ziwei Palace. The Meridian Gate is in front, and there are five towers on it, also known as the "Five Phoenix Tower", which is the "yin in the yang". The Qianqing Palace in the inner courtyard is the emperor's bedroom, opposite the Queen's Kunning Palace. The Qianyang in the sleeping area is the "yang in the yin". Although the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Palace of Qianqing both belong to Yang, their geographical locations are different. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is supported by a three-story white marble platform, and the bright hall in the front square is magnificent. The front courtyard of the Qianqing Palace has a unique platform base. The front half is a white stone hooked railing Xumizuo, and the back half is a blue brick platform, forming a unique harmony of "yin and yang combining virtue". The city of Beijing has a convex shape and the outer city is yang. There are seven city gates, the number of which are Shaoyang. The inner city is Yin and has nine gates, which are the number of old Yang. There are few old people inside and few foreigners, forming an inner master and outer slaves. According to Bagua Yili, Lao Yang and Lao Yin can form a changing hexagram, while Shao Yang and Shao Yin remain unchanged. The number nine is used internally as "Yang in Yin". The south wall of the inner city belongs to Qianyang, and there are three city gates, which are based on the sky.
The north gate is equipped with two, which belong to Kunyin and take the image of the earth. There are five gates in the central sequence of the imperial city, which are based on human figures. The three talents of heaven, earth and man are in perfect harmony. The whole city is like a microcosm of the universe. The shape and number of the city match, just like the Bagua formation covering the heaven and earth.
The buildings on the central axis of the Forbidden City: Yongding Gate - Arrow Tower - Zhengyang Gate - Duanmen - Meridian Gate - Inner Jinshui Bridge - Taihe Gate - Hall of Supreme Harmony - Middle Harmony Palace - Baohe Palace - Qianqing Gate - Qianqing Palace - Jiaotai Palace - Kunning Palace - Kunning Gate - Tianyi Gate - Yin'an Palace - Chengguang Gate - Shunzhen Gate - Shenwu Gate - Jingshan Gate - Wanchun Pavilion - Shouhuang Gate - Shouhuang Hall - Di'anmen Bridge - Drum Tower and Bell Tower. The building axis is fifteen miles long, which is the longest in the world. It also reflects that the directions of Luoshu are often fifteen miles.
In terms of color application, it also fully reflects the "Five Elements" thought. The palace walls and pillars should be red, as red is fire and bright. Use yellow for the roof. Yellow belongs to earth and belongs to the center, so the emperor must be in the center. The eastern roof of the palace is green, which belongs to the oriental wood green and belongs to spring, and is used for the residence of the prince. The wall color of Tianyimen in the north of the imperial city is black. The north belongs to water, so it is black. All individual buildings also use different colors due to their different properties. The Wenyuan Pavilion, where books are stored, uses black tiles and black walls. Black is water, which can restrain fire and is conducive to collecting books. In the Wenyuan Pavilion on the second floor, the upper floor is one large room, and the lower floor is divided into six rooms, which embodies the idea of ??the Book of Changes that "the sky creates water, and the earth creates it". No trees are planted from Tiananmen to Duanmen, which means that the south belongs to fire.
The architectural Feng Shui layout is also reflected in the fact that the name is consistent with the principles of the "Book of Changes". The beautiful main gate at the south end corresponds to the hexagram Li hexagram, "The sun and moon are as beautiful as the sky." Sunchengmen and Anzhenmen are located in the northern harem, and they are in line with the Kun hexagram, which says, "Oh, Kun Yuan, all things grow, it is Shuncheng Tian" and "The land of Anzhen, the land has no boundaries." The emperor's Qianqing Palace and the queen's Kunning Palace correspond to the meanings of Qian and Kun. It is not advisable to add wood to start a fire, as this is not conducive to disaster prevention of the forest structure.
In addition, mathematically, it is also consistent with Yili. The yang of Yi hexagram is nine, and the fifth line is "flying dragon in the sky". The emperor is called the "Nine Five Emperors" (and those who have not yet ascended the throne are called "Qianlong"). The emperor's rooms on the central axis are all nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, including nine or five rooms. Nine dragon wall, nine dragon chair, eighty-one door nails (nine vertically, nine horizontally), five ridges on the large roof, and nine horned animal decorations on the eaves. The Kowloon wall is composed of 270 pieces (including nine), and the turret structure of the Forbidden City has nine beams and eighteen columns. For this reason, in the 35th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was explicitly stipulated that soldiers and civilians were not allowed to count between nine and five. The "Ninth Five-Year Plan" was reserved exclusively for the emperor and became a rule. The total number of rooms in the Forbidden City is 9999.5, which is also a metaphor for the "Ninth Five-Year Plan". Even the detailed decorations of the buildings are full of Feng Shui layouts. The ancient palace buildings are scattered in heights and intrigues. In order to resolve the evil spirits in Feng Shui, the Tai Chi method is mostly used (but the suppression method and reflection method are rarely used). . For example, the sparrows between beams and columns, and the colorful paintings on beams and rafters are mostly represented by S-shaped curves. This shape is the dividing line between yin and yang in Tai Chi. It is an abstract simplification of the image of Tai Chi diagram and is a commonly used method in Feng Shui to eliminate evil spirits. , in line with the Feng Shui concept of "quds bring good luck, straight lines bring bad luck". The color red is widely used in the Forbidden City. Red represents fire and brightness, which is in line with the meaning of "honest and upright" and also conforms to the principles of Yili and Feng Shui.
Because successive governments have protected Beijing (the Forbidden City), especially after liberation, the central government listed the Forbidden City as a national key cultural relics protection unit, making the Forbidden City the only fully preserved cultural relics in the world that have survived the past five years. century ancient capital. The city of Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was planned and constructed entirely under the guidance of Chinese Feng Shui theory. From site selection and layout to detailed decoration, Feng Shui ideas were incorporated into everything. It is a typical physical example of Feng Shui.