Qu Yuan (340 BC ~ 278 BC), surnamed Mi, was born in Shiqu, whose original name was Jun; While his name is formal, his words are even. Han nationality, born in Danyang, Chu during the Warring States Period, is now from Zigui County, Yichang City, Hubei Province [1], and is a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong. Claiming to be descendants of Zhuan Xu, he advocated the alliance with Qin and advocated "American politics".
Qu Yuan is one of the greatest patriotic poets in China, and also the earliest known famous poet, thinker and great politician in China. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs and Tian Wen are the most important representative works of Qu Yuan. Li Sao is China's longest lyric poem. The works of Qu Yuan seen in later generations are all from the Songs of Chu compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, including one Li Sao, nine songs and eleven chapters (Taiyi, Yun, Lady Xiang, Shao Siming, Hebo, National Mourning and Ritual Soul).
Qu Yuan was trusted by Chu Huaiwang in his early years and worked as Zuo Tu and a doctor in San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clear laws and regulations, appointed talents, reformed politics, and united with Qin. While presiding over foreign affairs. He advocated that Chu should unite with Qi and * * * should contend with Qin. With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. However, due to Qu Yuan's honest and frank personality and the slander and rejection of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by Chu Huaiwang. In the first 305 years, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and exiled to the Northern Han Dynasty. Qu Yuan was expelled from Du Ying. During his exile, Qu Yuan felt depressed and began to create literature. His works are full of attachment to Chu and enthusiasm for the country and the people. His works, gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations have become one of the origins of China literature. In the first 278 years, the general of the State of Qin conquered the capital in vain. In desperation and indignation, Qu Yuan threw a big stone into the Miluo River and died. 1953 is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death. The World Peace Council passed a resolution that Qu Yuan was one of the four cultural celebrities in the world that year.
Recently, the research results of "Hanshou Theory of Qu Yuan's Hometown" submitted by Qu Yuan Society in Hanshou County, Hunan Province passed the appraisal. After carefully reading the report materials and the introduction of unearthed cultural relics, we went to Canggang Ancient Town in Hanshou County for a field trip. A large number of Qu Yuan's relics, unearthed cultural relics and descriptions related to Qu Yuan's works confirm that people have to feel that Qu Yuan's hometown is probably in Hanshou. At least, "Qu Yuan's hometown is in Hanshou" can be regarded as a well-founded new theory.
Han Yu (768-824)
Han Yu Han Yu, the word back, Jingzhou people. Han Changli, a native of Heyang (now mengzhou city, Henan Province), was originally from Changli, Hebei Province. An outstanding writer and thinker in the Tang Dynasty, the leader of the ancient prose movement, and the leader of the "Eight Masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties" occupy a lofty position in the history of China's prose development. Su Dongpo praised him as "the decline of eight generations of literature." Scientific name and official career have suffered many setbacks, and their thoughts tend to be retro. Politically, he opposed the separatist regime of the buffer region and safeguarded the reunification of the Tang Dynasty. Advocating Taoism and criticizing Buddhism and Taoism. He led the "ancient prose movement" against parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, and opposed the flashy formalism style. His prose writing theories, such as the unity of literature and Taoism, the combination of enthusiasm and propriety, the importance of expressing one's will and the order of words, have important guiding significance for future generations. His articles are magnificent, luxurious and unrestrained, full of twists and turns, novel and concise, logical and rigorous, blending ancient and modern. Whether it is discussion, narration or lyricism, it has formed a unique style and reached a height that no one has reached before. All his works are included in Mr. Changli's collection of works.
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19)
Liu Zongyuan was born in Hedong (now Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province) and Chang 'an. In the early years of Zhenyuan, he was a scholar, and he was the official governor. During the reign of Emperor Shunzong, Wang was in power. He served as the minister of rites and was determined to carry out political reform. Soon, Wang failed, and he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima and transferred to Liuzhou Secretariat. He lived in the south for fourteen years and died in Liuzhou. A famous thinker and outstanding writer in Tang Dynasty. As an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Liu Zongyuan opposed the glamorous style of writing that has enveloped the literary world since the Six Dynasties and advocated concise and smooth prose. He is the author of forty-five volumes of Liuhe Dongji and two volumes of Waiji.
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life. Most of his poems are about expressing depression, grief, homesickness and friendship, which makes him unique. What is most praised by the world is those leisurely landscapes with deep feelings. Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu, another writer in the Tang Dynasty, advocated the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. He, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and others were called "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" by later generations.
In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. Eight Chapters of Yongzhou became the representative work of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape travel notes as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes.
Landscape Travel Notes: The most popular ones are written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are even better. Eight Notes on Yongzhou: Travel Notes of Xide Xishan Banquet, Kunteng, Kunteng Xishan, Xiaoshitang, Yuanjiake, Shiqu, Shi Jian and Koishiyama. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. Eight Records of Yongzhou was written four years after Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was exiled to Yongzhou, which is now Yongzhou, Hunan Province, because of the failure of political reform. The articles are all some scenery near Yongzhou at that time. The article is short, light, concise and fluent, which has been praised by all previous dynasties. Among them, the story of Xiaoshitang in the west of Xiaoqiu is the most famous, and the author describes a quiet and peaceful scenery of Xiaoshitang through his own pen. The article is fascinating and endless. At first, Xiaoshitang was presented by hearing its sound first and then seeing its shape. Write a pool with fish, then the clarity of the pool water can be imagined; People who write about fish are happy beyond words. The author's image is vivid, subtle, economical and superb. At the end, it is written in a quiet and quiet environment, a sad feeling and a blend of scenes.
Ouyang Xiu (1007- 1072)
Politicians, writers, historians and poets in the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Yongshu was born in Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan), drunk layman on June 1, and Yongfeng, Ji 'an (now Jiangxi), calling himself Luling. Tiansheng Jinshi was disgusted with the imperial edict when he was in Renzong, and he was a bachelor of Hanlin. Yingzong, the official to the secretary of the Council, and political affairs; The Zongshen dynasty moved the Ministry of War ministers and took Prince Shao Shi as the official. A pawn is Wen Zhong. Fan Zhongyan was not only a supporter of Li Qing's New Deal, but also a leader of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is also happy to reward and punish backward, Su Shi and his son, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi are all out of his door. Poetry and prose are the best at the moment. Prose has become one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" because of its eloquence and euphemism. Poetry style is similar to prose, emphasizing momentum, smooth and natural; His poems are deep and beautiful, inheriting the lingering wind of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Co-edited the Book of the New Tang Dynasty with Song Qi, and independently wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties. I also like to collect epigraphy and compile it into Records of the Historians. There is Ouyang Wenzhong's official document collection.
After his death, he was buried in Xinzheng, Kaifeng (now Xinzheng, Henan). The existing Ouyangxiu Cemetery in Ouyangshi Village, xindian town City, xinzheng city is a state-level cultural relic protection unit. In addition, there is an ancestral temple named Liuyitang in the southern suburb of Mianyang today. Representative works include Theory of Separation, Preface to Historians of the Five Dynasties, Zuiweng Pavilion, Ode to Autumn Sound, Wen Qing in Sacrifice to Shi Man, Selling Oil Weng, etc. There are six lyrics: picking mulberry seeds (it is good after the West Lake blooms), complaining about feelings (autumn frost rolls on the curtain in the morning), stepping on sand (waiting for the residual plum blossoms in the museum), trampoline (last January), Chao Zhongcuo (Pingshan railing leans against the clear sky) and near flowers (how deep the courtyard is); Poems such as "The Play Answers Yuan Zhen" and "The Thrushcross Bird".
Susan:
[Edit this paragraph] Su Xun (1009— 1066)
Personal profile
Name: Su Xun, Zi Mingyun, Lao Quan.
Date of birth and death: 1009— 1066.
Dynasty: Song Dynasty
Literary period: Song Dynasty literature.
Genre: Su San, Tang and Song Eight Masters
Masterpiece: On the Balance between Rights and Books
Brief introduction to life
Prose writer in northern song dynasty. The Han nationality, together with its sons Su Shi and Su Zhe, are called "Three Sus", and they are all included in the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". The word Ming Yun is called Lao Quan. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. Han Qi recommended him as secretary of Wen 'an County, bookkeeper of provincial schools and master book. He is good at prose, especially in political theory, with clear exposition and vigorous brushwork. And Jia.
It is said that I didn't study hard until I was 27. After studying hard behind closed doors for more than ten years, I have made great progress in my studies. In the first year of Injong Jiayou (1056), Su Shi and Su Zhe were introduced to Bianjing, and Ouyang Xiu, a bachelor of Hanlin, was called. Ouyang Xiu admired his works, such as Power, Balance and Tactics, and thought that they could be comparable to Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and scholars rushed to tell stories, and the literary name flourished. Three years after Jiayou, Renzong called him to the Scheeren's office to take the exam, but he said that he was ill and refused to reply. For five years, Jia You served as the secretary of the provincial school book lang. Later, he wrote "Tai Chang Li" with Yao He, the magistrate of Xiangcheng County. Soon after writing, he died and was posthumously awarded as Guanglu Temple Cheng.
Su Xun is a man with political ambitions. He said that the main purpose of his composition is to "speak the important words of the moment" and "apply them to the present". In some important argumentative papers, such as Lun Heng and Shang Shu, he put forward a set of ideas of political innovation. He believes that to govern the country well, it is necessary to "assess the situation" and "smooth the situation." He advocated "respecting prestige", strengthening official management, breaking the laziness, inspiring the enterprising spirit of the people all over the world and revitalizing the Song Dynasty. Because Su Xun has a good understanding of social reality, is good at summing up historical experience and lessons, and takes history as a mirror, although his political essays inevitably have some pedantic and biased views, many of his views are still to the point.
Ceng Gong said that Su Xun "likes to call a spade a spade very much". Su Xun's 65,438+00 books, Tactics, Counting the Enemy, Balance of Power, Secret Books of Shang Dynasty, Enemy System and Book of Shang Emperor, all discuss military issues. In the famous Six Kingdoms, he believed that the downfall of the Six Kingdoms was to bribe the State of Qin. In fact, it is a mockery of the past and accuses the humiliating policy of the Song Dynasty. The investigation of the enemy further reveals that the essence of this policy of bribing the enemy is to cripple the people. The Military System puts forward the idea of reforming the military system, restoring military morality and credibility. The Bill of Rights systematically studies the strategic and tactical issues. In Ji Xiang, he pointed out the strategic mistake that Ji Xiang could not attack Xianyang. He also emphasized the strategic and tactical principles of avoiding reality, attacking the weak with strong force, making good use of surprise soldiers, suspecting soldiers, making a quick decision and winning by surprise.
Su Xun's lyric prose is not much, but there are also many wonderful chapters. In "Sending Stone to the North", he hoped that Shi, a friend of Qidan, would not be afraid of violence, write lightly and have momentum. The Portrait of Zhang Yizhou describes Zhang's deeds of governing Yizhou, and creates an image of a feudal official who is lenient and loves the people. The Story of the Wooden Rockery expresses feelings with things, praising a spirit of self-reliance and integrity.
Su Xun's prose has distinct arguments, strong arguments, sharp language and strong persuasiveness. Ouyang Xiu praised him for his "excellent eloquence" and said that "going up and down, fast-forward and fast-out, must be built deep and then stop" ("Epitaph of the Soviet Union in the Lord's Book of Wen 'an County, Bazhou"); Ceng Gong also commented on his articles "Pointing at things, saying things with an introduction" and "Worry must not be chaotic, the boss must not flow" ("Mourning for Su Mingyun"), both of which are more pertinent. The artistic style is magnificent and varied. Some articles are also good at twists and turns. Su Xun also evaluated his works as "the poet's softness, the poet's simplicity, the softness of Meng and Han, the move and merger, and the simplicity of Sun and Wu" in his book "Going to the Field with Dense Density". The language of his article is concise, concise and meaningful; But sometimes, he can be on a par with others, and he is especially good at making vivid and wonderful metaphors, such as "The Story of Brother Zhong Fu Ziwen", which uses geomantic omen as a metaphor and makes a natural description, which is an example.
Su Xun's paper is also full of penetrating insights. He opposes flashy and weird prose and advocates learning ancient prose; Emphasize that the article should be "sincerely convinced" and write "from the heart"; It is advocated that articles should be "made for things" and "words must be in the present". He also discussed different styles of * * * and different writing methods. He is especially good at evaluating the styles and artistic features of various essays from comparison. For example, the first book "The Connotation of Shang Ouyang" commented well on the articles of Mencius, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu.
Su Xun doesn't write many poems, but he is good at writing five ancient poems, which are simple and vigorous. Ye Mengde, a poet in the Song Dynasty, commented that his poems were "profound and tasteful, and the words were like their prose" (Shi Lin Shi Hua). His two poems by Ouyang Yongshu, White Rabbit, Seeing the Mountain off, Yan Shu, Answering Two Covenants and Waiting for Wu, are excellent, but their overall achievements are far less than those of prose.
Su Xun's works were popular in various versions in the Song Dynasty, and most of them had been lost. Today, there is a remnant of the Collected Works of Lao Su in the Northern Song Dynasty. Popular books include four-part collection, shadow song banknote book, nail polish collection, volume 15.
Su Shi, Zi Zizhan, Zi Hezhong, Dongpo Jushi, Meishan, Sichuan. A great writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty, with many creative talents, made unique and outstanding achievements in poetry, ci, literature, painting and books. The world is called Su Dongpo.
Su Shi (1037 ~111), a native of Song Dynasty, was called "Dongpo lay man" and posthumous title Wenzhong, at the age of 64. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong gave a surname "Wen Zhong" to pursue posthumous title. Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan), Han nationality, the fifth son of his father Su Xun, was a famous writer, painter, essayist, poet and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), he was a scholar with his younger brother. Dali was appointed as the judge and signed the book Fengxiang House. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after the expiration of his father's funeral system and sued the court for being a judge. Disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, opposition to the implementation of the new law, self-employment, and imprisonment for General Hangzhou. Move to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) and Xuzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he was involved in Wutai poetry case, and was responsible for granting Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei Province) an assistant ambassador. He was placed in this state and was not allowed to sign books or official documents. Empress Dowager Zhe Li Zong came to the DPRK and was reinstated as Langfengzhi Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province); Four months later, he was transferred to the doctor of does; Before the term of office expires, in addition to living in the government, I moved to Zhongshu, moved to Hanlin Bachelor, and knew the imperial edict and the Ministry of Rites. Yuan You went out to know Hangzhou in four years (1089), and later changed to know Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), Zhe ruled the country and was successively demoted to Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong) and Danzhou (now Danxian, Hainan). Hui Zong acceded to the throne and returned to the north for forgiveness. Zhong Jian Yuan (11kloc-0/) died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) and was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan) at the age of 65. He, his father Su Xun (1009 ~ 1066) and his brother Su Zhe (1039 ~12) are all famous for their literature, and they are also called "Three Sus". It is the same as "Cao San and his son" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) at the end of Han Dynasty. "Sansu" is three of the eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and his works include Seven Episodes of Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu. Politically, it belongs to his father Su Xun, the "Su Laoquan" who mentioned "Twenty-seven, just to get angry" at St Amethyst. Su Xun got angry late, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi would not have been able to get a good tutor since he was a child, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", let alone have a future literary master.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 21-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article "On Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment", but mistakenly won the second place among the top students in high school.
In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the examination of secondary education in China, which is commonly known as the "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third grade, which is "the first in a hundred years". He appointed Dali as the judge of Fengxiang House in judicial affairs and signed a book. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity.
At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people. He disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After taking office, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing literati during the Mao period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he led his family to cultivate a slope in the east of the city and make up for his livelihood by farming. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1084), Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. I was promoted to Mr. Sheren in the previous dynasty, and then to Mr. Sheren in Zhongshu three months later, so I was promoted to imperial academy.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, Yingzhou was released because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again and was demoted again. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.
Su Zhe (1039 ~112) was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Shi, they are called "Three Sus", ranking among the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". The son is from Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan). In the second year of Emperor Injong's reign (1057), he joined Su Shi as a scholar. Soon after, he returned to mourning because of the loss of his mother. For six years, Jiayou gave a series of lectures with Su Shi. At that time, he was not appointed as an official because of "begging for support" and has been an official in Daming House since then. In the third year of Xining (1070), he wrote a letter to Zongshen, urging the new law to remain unchanged, and wrote a letter to Wang Anshi, criticizing the new law fiercely. In the fifth year of Xining (1072), he entered Henan as an official. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), his brother Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned for writing a poem "slandering the imperial court". He wrote that he wanted to use his official position to atone for his brother, but he could not be implicated. He was demoted and sentenced to Yunzhou salt and wine tax. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, the old party was in power, and was recalled as a secretary, a provincial school book lang and a right secretary, promoted to a living lang, and transferred to the position of a Chinese book clerk and assistant minister of the household department. In the fourth year (1089), Zhezong Yuanyou authorized the official department minister to be sent to Qidan. He is also the heir to the empire. For six years, he worshipped Shang Shu You Cheng, entered the door as an assistant minister, and took charge of state affairs. In the eighth year of Yuan You, philosophers took charge of politics, and the new school came back to power. During Shao Shengyuan's reign (1094), he wrote against current politics and was demoted as an official. He knew Ruzhou and Yuanzhou, was responsible for granting special permission to Huazhou and resettling Leizhou, and was later demoted to Zhou Xun and other places. After worshiping Ning for three years (1 104), Su Zhe settled in Yingchuan, lived in seclusion in the countryside, built a room called "Yi Lao Zhai", and named it "Welcome guests and care for the elderly". He took reading and writing as his occupation and sat in meditation. After his death, he studied for a bachelor's degree in Ming Taizu Temple and decided to bury him.
Su Zhe's life knowledge was deeply influenced by his father and brother, mainly Confucianism, and he admired Mencius most and visited hundreds of schools. He is good at political theory and historical theory. In political theory, he talks about world events. For example, the new theory (1) says that "in today's world, great events are uneasy, chaotic but not dangerous, while Yoshioka is crude and does not lift them, and there is no mutation but chronic illness". Analyzing the political situation at that time can hit the nail on the head. Huang Jing said, "In this world, don't be in a hurry to have no money", and it also hit the nail on the head. Historical theory, like Father and Brother, is aimed at the disadvantages of the times and serves the present. "The Six Kingdoms" comments that Qi, Chu, Yan and Zhao can't support Korea and Wei in the past and unite against Qin, which implies that there were enemies before the Northern Song Dynasty, and then there were decadent realities. Comparing Liu Bei and Liu Bang, The History of the Three Kingdoms commented that Liu Bei was "short in wisdom but not brave" and "I don't know because he failed to win", which also implied a lesson from the past.
Su Zhe also has his own views on ancient prose. In the book "Senior Official Han Taiwei", he said: "Writers are in the shape of Qi. However, writing can't be learned, and qi can be raised. " It is believed that "nourishing qi" lies in inner cultivation, but more importantly, it depends on broad life experience. Therefore, Sima Qian was praised as "traveling around the world, visiting famous mountains and rivers, and making friends with Yanzhao, so his prose was sparse and quite strange." His writing style is Wang Yang's and full of elegance. For example, the story of Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion is a collection of scenery, narration, lyricism and discussion in one furnace, which is permeated with injustice in the vast ocean and clearly reflects the style of the author's prose.
Su Zhe's fu is also well written. For example, "Zhu Mo Fu" praised the painter Wen Tong's "Mo Zhu", and wrote the modality of bamboo carefully and realistically, full of poetry.
Su Zhe tried to catch up with Su Shi in poetry, and there are many existing poems, but compared with Su Shi, his thoughts and talents are inferior. Most of his early poems were trivial matters of life, singing about things and writing scenery, especially with Su Shi. The style is unpretentious and the literary talent is not good. After retiring to Yingchuan in his later years, he learned more about farmers' life and wrote poems such as Autumn Harvest, which deeply reflected real life. Writing personal life feelings, artistic achievements are also more than in the early days, such as "Nan Zhai Zhu": "Living in a dusty room, my wife is at leisure. Go to the south window to repair bamboo, as if you saw the old western hills. " The artistic conception is leisurely and the taste is long. Su Zhe has his own ideas about poetry. His Five Diseases in Poetry criticized Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Han Yu and Meng Jiao on the basis of ideological content. For example, Li Bai's "flashy" and "people in the Tang Dynasty didn't understand poetry" were representative in the Song Dynasty.
Su Zhe is the author of Lu 'an Ji Cheng, including Postscript, San Ji and other 84 volumes * * *, as well as a movable type book with four series. In addition, Lu 'an Cheng Ying Evonne (12) has four copies of the series.
[Edit this paragraph] Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086)
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), born in Linchuan (now Shangchi Village, dongxiang county City, Jiangxi Province), is a Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Starting from the third year of Xining, he served as a reformer twice and promoted the new law. Xi Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike and died in Zhongshan, posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). Lenin praised him as "the greatest reformer in China 1 1 century".
Politician Wang Anshi
In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar, and successively signed books for Huainan (Yangzhou), Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui) and other places to pass the verdict. He was transferred to Kaifeng as a judge of the animal husbandry department, and then transferred to Changzhou to raise officials and businessmen on Jiangnan East Road, which was called the third department. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be peaceful and chaotic, and don't rush to today when possible", demanding immediate reform of the written law; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with the young Song Shenzong Song Shenzong, which won the appreciation of Song Shenzong. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms.
Ceng Gong (10 19- 1083)
Ceng Gong (10 19— 1083) was born in Nanfeng (now Jiangxi). Known by the world as "Mr. Nanfeng", a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, and one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Song Jiayou became a scholar in the second year (1057). When I was a child, Ceng Gong and his brother Zeng Ye studied hard together, and they showed good talent from an early age. His younger brother Zeng Zhao called him "born alert, not like a teenager" in "A Journey to My Dead Brother", and he had a superior memory, "reading tens of thousands of words and blurting it out". In the second year of Jiayou (1057), at the age of 39, he was admitted as a scholar and was appointed as the Taiping Judicial Army, from which he embarked on his career. The following year, Feng recalled to Beijing, edited and collated books in the history museum, moved the museum to collate, and recruited collating talents. In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as the governor of Qi, Xiang, Hong, Fu, Ming and Bo, and was quite famous. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he moved to Cangzhou and passed the capital. When Zongshen summoned him, he proposed that economy was the key to financial management, which was quite appreciated by Zongshen, and he left three classes to serve. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, Zongshen was good at historiography, so he appointed the History Museum to compile the Outline of the Five Dynasties, but failed. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, he worshipped Zhongshu Sheren. He died in Jiangning House the following year. When operating Buddhism, we pursue "Wen Ding". Ceng Gong's performance on the political stage is not outstanding, but his greater contribution lies in his academic thought and literary career.
Ceng Gong and Applied Writing
Ceng Gong, as one of the eight famous poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, has been handed down from generation to generation with Feng Leizi and Long Ping Ji in Yuan Dynasty. Judging from his collections handed down from generation to generation, his interests mainly lie in practical articles such as historical biography and strategic theory. In particular, he has been engaged in the compilation of historical books for many years, and he has studied the writing of historical inscriptions. Studying and summarizing his theory of practical writing is of guiding significance to the development of modern practical writing.