Yichang, formerly known as Yiling, is located in the southwest of Hubei Province, at the junction of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is the seat of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River and the sub-central city of Hubei Province. It governs five counties, three cities and five districts, with an area of 2 1 10,000 square kilometers, a population of 41493 million and an urban population of1338 million.
Area code: 07 17
Postal code: 443000
Location: Yichang is located at the junction of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, at the mouth of Xiling Gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
Second, the geographical environment
Yichang (called Yiling in ancient times) was named after "the water is here, the mountain is here, and the mausoleum is here". Located in the southwest of Hubei Province, at the junction of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the transition zone from Qinba Mountain and Wuling Mountain in western Hubei to Jianghan Plain, the landform is complex and diverse. There are mountains, plains and hills in the territory, which roughly constitute the pattern of "seven mountains, one water and two fields" and are the intersection of Hubei, Chongqing and Hunan provinces and cities. Yichang is known as "the gateway of the Three Gorges and the throat of Sichuan and Hubei". Yichang has been an important material distribution center and transportation hub in western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and eastern Sichuan (Chongqing) since ancient times.
The whole territory of Yichang spans between east longitude11015' ~1204' and north latitude 29 56' ~ 3134', and the maximum horizontal distance from east to west is174.08km.. It is adjacent to Jingzhou City and Jingmen City in the east, Shimen County in Hunan Province in the south, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in the west, Shennongjia Forest Area and Xiangfan City in the north.
climate
Yichang has a subtropical monsoon humid climate. Four distinct seasons, long spring and autumn. The annual average water quantity is between 992.1~1404.1mm. There is abundant rainfall, mostly in summer, and a long precipitation process takes place from June to July, with the same rainy and hot seasons. High annual accumulated temperature and long frost-free period. The annual average temperature is 13. 1℃~ 18℃, but it decreases with the elevation, and it decreases by 0.6℃ with each elevation of 100 m. The average temperature in July is 24. 1℃~28.8℃, 1 monthly average temperature 1.7℃~6.5℃. The extreme maximum temperature is 4 1.4℃ and the minimum temperature is-15.6℃. Among them, the Three Gorges Valley, Qingjiang Valley and Xiangxi Valley have inversion layers below 600 meters due to the confrontation of high mountains and flowing water. It is warmer in winter, and the probability that the extreme minimum temperature is lower than -7℃ is only 5%. This is a unique citrus production base.
geology
Yichang has a complex geological structure. Strata of all geological ages from Proterozoic 2.5 billion years ago to Cenozoic million years ago are distributed, well developed and fully exposed. The world-famous "Li Siguang Geomechanical Structure" and the oldest and most primitive crustacean fossils were discovered in Xiling Gorge, which aroused great interest in the world geological community and was called "Natural geological museum". 1in the spring of 924, Li Siguang, a famous geologist in China, visited Yichang to investigate the geology of Xilingxia District in Zigui, recorded the geology east of the Yangtze River Gorge and the history of the Gorge, and named the strata of Longmaxi in Xintan, Zigui as "Silurian Longmayan". Among them, Sinian, Ordovician and Silurian sections are one of the standard sections studied by geologists at home and abroad. There are many karst geology in the hilly area of Central China, and there are many caves in the mountains, with thick stalactites and stalagmites piled up all over, and there is a groundwater system in the caves.
zone
Yichang city has complex and diverse topography. There are mountains, hills and plains. The terrain slopes from northwest to southeast, with Daba Mountain in the northwest, Wushan Mountain in the middle and Wuling Mountain in the southwest. Yidu, Zhijiang, Dangyang and Yuan 'an are hills, mountains and plains east of Yichang. Xingshan, Zigui, Changyang, Wufeng and other counties to the west of Yichang belong to mountainous areas, which are the eastern end of China's secondary terraces, with mountains and valleys. In the total area of the city, mountainous areas account for 69%, hills account for 2 1%, and plains account for 10%, which constitutes the geomorphological characteristics of "seven mountains, two hills and one level".
river system
Yichang water system is an outflow system, with the Yangtze River as the main vein. There are many rivers, high density and abundant water, with an average annual total water volume of 47.4/kloc-0.40 billion cubic meters. There are 99 rivers with a length of over 10 km in the city, including 64 rivers with a catchment area of over 50 square kilometers, with a total length of 3,793 km, accounting for 83.9% of the total water area of the city.
The main rivers are: Yangtze River, Qingjiang River, Zhang Ju, Huangbai River and Xiangxi River.
Third, historical evolution.
Yichang has a long history. According to historical records, Yichang has a history of more than 2700 years. One hundred and twenty thousand years ago, there were "Changyang people" living in the Qingjiang River Valley, Yichang and Zhenjiang Attic Buildings in Yichang. The discovery of dozens of Neolithic sites in China proves that the ancestors of the Chinese nation thrived on this land seven or eight thousand years ago.
Yichang belonged to Xiling tribe in ancient times. According to the Records of Yichang Prefecture, Yiling was an ancient Jingzhou area in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it was changed to Wuxian in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 year). "Xia and Shang dynasties were the domain of ancient Jingzhou, and during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the important place of Cisse in Chu, with a city built, and later it was ruled by counties, prefectures and governments in previous dynasties." In the 21st year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin set out to attack Chu, pull out Ying and burn Yiling, and the name of Yiling first appeared in historical records. In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 BC), Yichang was a county in the south. "Han inherited the Qin system", Yiling belonged to Jingzhou South County in the Western Han Dynasty, and was changed to Linjiang County in the 13th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208). In the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 2 10), Linjiang County was changed to Yidu County, which governed Yidu (now Yichang), Zigui, Zhijiang and Yidu (now Yidu). In the Three Kingdoms period, in the first year of Wu (AD 222), Yiling was changed to Xiling County, also known as Yidu County. During the reign of Jin Taikang (AD 280-289), it was renamed Yiling County. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, another county was set up in the western boundary of Yiling (between Huangniuyan and Heiyan on the south bank of the Yangtze River), and it was named "Yichang", which meant that it was suitable for national prosperity to pray for the division of counties. The name "Yichang" began to appear in history. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, both Song and Qi made friends with Jin. Liang changed Yidu County to Yizhou, the Western Wei Dynasty to Tuozhou, and the later Zhou Dynasty. In the third year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 607), Zhou Xia was changed to Yiling County, which was under the jurisdiction of Yiling, Yidao, Changyang and Yuan 'an, and Yiling County was the county, which was under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou Dudufu. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Yiling County was changed to Shanzhou, leading to the above four counties, belonging to Shannan East Road. At the beginning of Tianbao, it was changed to Yiling County. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Shaanxi was rebuilt, which governed the original four counties and still belonged to Shannan East Road. During the Five Dynasties, Shaanxi, Jingzhou and Guizhou were Nanping countries. Northern Song Dynasty, known as Shanzhou, belongs to Jinghu North Road, and still governs the original four counties of Yiling. During the Yuanfeng period (1078 ~ 1085), "Shaanxi" was changed to "Gorge". In the seventeenth year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Zhou Xia was promoted to Zhou Xia Road, leading the original four counties and belonging to Jinghu North Road, Henan Province. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhou Xiadao was changed to Zhou Xiafu. In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Zhou Xia was changed to Yiling County, leading Yidu, Changyang and Yuan 'an counties to administer Yiling, which was under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou Fujing South Road, the secretary of Guangdong and Guangxi Special Affairs Bureau. In the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (1647), Yiling County was under Jingzhou County. In the fifth year of Shunzhi, Yiling was changed to Yiling. In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Yiling Prefecture was upgraded to Yichang Prefecture, and Yiling County was changed to Donghu County, which was also the seat of Yichang Prefecture, and governed five counties, namely Donghu, Xingshan, Badong, Changyang and Changle, Guizhou and Hefeng, and belonged to Jingyi Shidao. Yidu, Zhijiang, Dangyang and Yuan 'an belong to Jingzhou Prefecture. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), the Sino-British Yantai Treaty was signed, and Yichang was turned into a trading port. The following year, Yichang set up a customs office and officially opened to the outside world.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the government-state system was abolished and the provincial and county systems were implemented. 19 12, Donghu County was changed to Yichang County, which belongs to Jingnan Road with Xingshan County, Zigui County, Badong County, Changyang County, Wufeng County and Hefeng County. Dangyang and Yuan 'an belong to Xiangnan Road. 1922, Yichang belongs to Jingyi Road. 1932, 1936 Yichang, Yidu, Dangyang, Yuan 'an, Xingshan, Zigui, Changyang and Wufeng are the ninth and sixth administrative supervision areas, and the Commissioner's Office is located in Yichang County. Zhijiang County belongs to the seventh and fourth administrative supervision areas of Hubei Province. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, Yichang was the base of Hunan-Hubei Border Region, far away from Guangxi (Zigui), Xing (Mountain)-Ba (East) and Jing (Gate)-Dang (Yang). During the War of Liberation,1August, 948, Jianghan District Committee decided to formally establish the Fourth Commissioner's Office (also known as Xiangxi Department), and 19491October changed it to Dangyang Department. On May 20th 1949, Yichang Commissioner's Office was established in Dangyang, and the Yichang Party and Government Leading Group was established in Dangyang in the same month. On June 1 1, Yichang Municipal Party Committee and Yichang Municipal People's Government were formally established in Lujiawan, Dangyang. July 1949, Yichang City was liberated. * * * Yichang organs and Yichang party and government organs immediately moved from Dangyang to Yichang City. 1949165438+1October 15, Yichang was liberated today.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Hubei Province was divided into eight administrative regions. The Office of the Commissioner of Yichang Administrative Region governs Yichang, Yidu, Zhijiang, Dangyang, Yuan 'an, Xingshan, Zigui, Changyang and Wufeng. At the same time, the original Yichang county and suburban rural areas will be set aside and Yichang City will be established, which will be directly under the jurisdiction of the Hubei Provincial People's Government. 195 1 changed to Yichang District Commissioner of Hubei Provincial People's Government, and 1955 changed to Yichang Commissioner of Hubei Province. In June, 1954, 1 1, Yichang became the leader of Yichang special agency. At this time, Yichang governs 9 counties 1 city. 1July, 955, Zhijiang County was revoked and its jurisdiction was merged into Yidu County. At this time, Yichang Commissioner's Office governs 8 counties 1 city. 1958 12. The Yichang Commissioner's Office was abolished and the Yidu Industrial Zone Administrative Office was established. 1961may, Yidu industrial zone administrative office was revoked and Yichang Commissioner's office was established. 1June, 962, Zhijiang county was restored, and it is still under the jurisdiction of Yichang agency. So far, Yichang Commissioner's Office has jurisdiction over 9 counties 1 city. 1968 1 Yichang District Revolutionary Committee was established. 197 1 year 1 month Shennongjia forest area was placed under the leadership of Yichang area, and 1972 was restored to the provincial level in March. 1In August, 1978, Yichang District Revolutionary Committee was abolished and Yichang District Administrative Office was established. 1June, 979, Yichang became the provincial capital city again. 1984 July 13, the State Council approved the revocation of Changyang County and Wufeng County, and established Changyang County and Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County respectively to implement regional ethnic autonomy. 1986 12 13, the State Council approved Yichang to establish three county-level administrative regions: Xiling, Wujiagang and Dianjun. 1987165438+1On October 30th, the State Council approved the cancellation of Yidu County and the establishment of a sub-city (1June 9981renamed as an appropriate city). 1988101On October 22nd, the State Council approved Dangyang County to withdraw from the county and set up a city. 1March, 1992, in order to meet the needs of reform and development, with the approval of the central government, Yichang was merged to implement the system of city leading county. At this time, Yichang has seven counties (Yichang County, Zhijiang County, Yuan 'an County, Xingshan County, Zigui County, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County and Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County), two cities (Zhicheng and dangyang city) and three districts (Xiling District, Wujiagang District and Dianjun District). 1March 2, 9951day, the State Council approved the establishment of xiaoting district in Yichang city. 1On July 30th, 996, the State Council approved the withdrawal of Zhijiang County to set up a city. On March 22nd, 20001year, the State Council approved the revocation of Yichang County and the establishment of Yiling District. So far, Yichang has jurisdiction over 5 districts, 5 counties and 3 cities. Although its name has changed several times: Yiling, Yiling, Xiling, Yidu, Zhou Xia, Donghu, Yichang and so on. The city site has been standing quietly and dignified at the mouth of Xiling Gorge, and time flies.