1956, the Brazilian government chose the address of the new capital in a wasteland in the central and western state of Goias, and moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in 1960. After scientific planning and design, Xindu has developed from a small town with a population of more than 100,000 to a world famous city with more than 2 million residents. Today, Brasilia's GDP ranks fifth among Latin American cities and third in Brazil. Per capita GDP is the highest among Latin American cities. Brasilia, as the world's largest city built after the 20th century, has no historical sites and no bustling metropolis. However, its urban pattern full of modern ideas, novel and unique architecture and rich artistic sculptures were listed as world heritage by UNESCO in 1987. The per capita green space in the new capital of Brazil is 100 square meter, ranking first in the world. Its development has been strictly controlled by the government, and all walks of life in the city have their own "resettlement areas". In order to protect the shape of the "plane" from being destroyed, new residential areas are not allowed in the city, and residents try to live in the satellite city outside the city.
Due to over-emphasis on functional zoning, the administrative, commercial, sports and other functional areas in the city are too deserted on holidays, lacking vitality and vitality, and many designs are somewhat "beautiful and not easy to use". In the eyes of Brazilians, this is not an ideal city to live in. Brasilia is definitely worth seeing, but one day is enough. Most multinational companies are not headquartered in Brasilia, but choose Sao Paulo, Brazil's largest city. Many officials prefer to resign because they don't want to give up the good life on Rio beach.
Brazil has enjoyed the dividend brought by new capital for nearly 40 years. After the completion of the new capital, Brazil's economy once developed at a high speed, creating a miracle. But many problems can't be solved by moving the capital. Since 20 14, global commodity prices have plummeted like a cliff. In 20 15, Brazil's economy fell into the biggest recession since the 1930s. Facing the grim situation of financial deterioration, currency devaluation and unemployment growth, it is urgent to launch an "economic reform". Brazilian President Rousseff was impeached and suspended 180 days, and the Rio Olympic Games arrived as scheduled. As a "literary youth", Brasilia probably wants to find a place to be quiet.
On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2005, Myanmar announced the relocation of its capital. The official reason is that "Yangon was the capital determined by the colonial rulers in those days and did not represent the will of the Burmese people. The Myanmar government decided to move the capital to Binmana because it is located in the center of Myanmar's national territory and has strong radiation capacity, which is conducive to government administration. " According to outside analysis, Myanmar moved its capital because it was worried about the US attack. Yangon is near the Andaman Sea. Once attacked by the powerful American navy and air force, there is no way to retreat. It moved to Binmana, relying on the surrounding jungles and mountains, and its sense of security was greatly enhanced, which gave it a strategic security advantage. Some people say that the government moved to the north to solve the control problem in the northern minority areas, while those who believe in "Feng Shui" think that moving the capital is based on the arrangement of astronomical phenomena.
The new capital has a new name: "Naypyidaw". Naypyidaw is an old Burmese saying, meaning "Kyoto, the capital". Naypyidaw is located 390 kilometers north of Yangon and belongs to central Myanmar. 320 kilometers further north from Naypyidaw is Mandalay, the famous ancient capital of Myanmar. Naypyidaw is located in the narrow strip of Xitang Valley between Bagu Mountain and Bennong Mountain, with a strategic position, with mountains in the north and Pingchuan in the south. The city has a total area of 2,724.75 square miles and a population of 924,608 (2006). The main residents are Burmese. Agriculture and forestry are pillar industries. As a "city of peace", Yangon, with a population of 3 million, mainly exists as an economic and cultural center.
However, Myanmar's move to the capital has also brought many inconveniences. The infrastructure construction of the new capital is far less than that of the old capital Yangon, and the related social service facilities such as education, medical care, commerce, transportation, life and entertainment are not in place. Many middle-and lower-level civil servants in the government have not moved their "home" together, enduring the pain of "separation of flesh and blood"; Most of the diplomatic agencies in Myanmar are still stationed in Yangon, which is "isolated" from the Myanmar government, and it is more difficult to contact, communicate and handle affairs with the Myanmar government; Foreign companies in Myanmar need to travel frequently between Yangon and the new capital, spending many times more time, energy and money than before; According to the plan, the administrative, military, commercial and living areas of the new capital will be relatively independent, separated by several kilometers or even more than ten kilometers. Therefore, the planned area of the new capital is nine times larger than the original capital Yangon, and the construction has not been completed so far. People who have been to Xindu recently said, "After so many years, Naypyidaw is still the same, unpopular and deserted. Many streets are empty, and occasionally a few cars can be seen. Going to Naypyidaw is basically an office matter, and you must contact various ministries to go. "
For security reasons, Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Astana in the 1990s. The hidden truth is to balance the distribution of productive forces in the whole country, crack down on separatist forces in the northern region where the Russian population is the majority, and "reverse Russia's colonial policy for more than a century" to promote the transfer of Kazakhs to the northern region where the Russian population is the majority. After Astana became the capital, the population tripled, and now there are 750,000 people. Urban planners believe that this number is expected to rise to 654.38+200,000 in 2030. The average age of the population there is about 30 years old.
The disadvantage of Almaty is that it is too close to the southern border, with limited space for urban development and being in an earthquake zone. However, although Astana has become a brand-new city after years of construction and a lot of state investment, the cost of living there is very high, and the temperature in winter can be as low as MINUS 50 degrees Celsius. Today, Almaty is still the cultural and economic center of Kazakhstan and the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population nearly twice that of Astana. Recently, the government of Kazakhstan put forward the slogan of building Astana into a "regional financial center". It is reported that the National Bank of Kazakhstan will move to the capital, and foreign companies in Kazakhstan are also required to set up offices in Astana. However, tourists believe that political slogans are often no match for economic laws.
South Korea's construction of a new administrative capital is mainly due to security factors, and economic factors cannot be underestimated. Seoul accounts for 0.6% of Korea's land area, but its GDP accounts for 2 1%. Most central state organs, 83% of state-owned enterprises, 9 1% of large enterprises and nearly 50% of the national population are here, resulting in high housing prices, tight educational resources and traffic jams. Seoul is only 40 kilometers away from the 38th parallel, and its strategic depth is extremely shallow. North Korea has deployed tens of thousands of cannons. Once the war breaks out, the city will become a sea of fire. What's more, the presidential palace, the Ministry of National Defense and other central institutions are all within the range of North Korean artillery, and it is said that the housing prices in Jiangnan District are high outside the range of North Korean artillery.
In order to solve the "big city disease", major state-owned enterprises and institutions in South Korea have also begun to disperse to local areas. South Korea has decided to relocate the Prime Minister's Office 16 government departments and 20 affiliated institutions to Sejong City, which is located in the middle and 20 kilometers away from Seoul 120. Sejong is 0/20km away from Seoul/Kloc-,but sometimes it takes more than four hours to drive back and forth. Civil servants who commute said, "I am used to it, but there are still many inconveniences." However, the coexistence of the two capitals has caused many government officials and nationals to travel long distances between the two cities, resulting in low administrative efficiency and violating the original intention of moving the capital.
Although Seoul has concentrated too many functions, urban diseases are prominent. However, moving some functions of the capital to other places only means the transfer of the power center, and other functions attached to power have not been stripped. Sejong's land price increase of 15.5% last year has already explained this problem. Xindu is on the old road in Seoul. After several decades, it is a city full of diseases. Moving the capital is not the only choice to solve the "big city disease".
Moving the capital is not a family matter. After the reunification of Germany, it took nearly 10 years to move the capital. 199 1 year, Berlin beat Bonn by 18 and became the capital of new Germany. It was not until1August 25th, 999 that German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder moved into the temporary chancellor's office in Berlin as planned. According to the capital relocation plan, not only a large number of institutions will move from Bonn to Berlin, but also many institutions will move out of Berlin, such as the Federal Administrative Court and the German Foundation for International Development. Many people are reluctant to leave Bonn. In order to solve the employment problem, the government has also set up a vocational exchange center. The government naturally actively encourages those officials and staff who are willing to move with the government. In order to minimize its economic losses, the federal government provided a series of subsidies.
Germany's move to the capital is an important symbol of the government's efforts to integrate the former West Germany and East Germany into one country. Since the reunification of Germany and Germany, the German government has transferred about 2 trillion euros to the eastern region, but on the whole, there is still a big gap between most parts of eastern Germany and the western region. Until now, the economy in eastern Germany still lags behind that in the west. The average unemployment rate in the east is 12%, which is nearly twice as high as that in the west. The per capita wage income is only 85% of that in the west, and the pension gap is even greater. The psychological gap between the people of the two places is a more serious problem. Only 48% of the respondents in West Germany think that the advantages of reunification outweigh the disadvantages, while two-thirds of the residents in the east think that they are treated as second-class citizens.
Look at the serious Germans, who have not settled the "sequela of moving the capital" in the past 20 years. People who don't move the capital in order have no idea that this is a beautiful fireworks with ugly wallets. Different people have different interests. In order to meet their own requirements, some small groups will enlarge the current defects and exaggerate the effect after making changes. In fact, all they want is to find opportunities for profit in the process of change. As for the result of change, it is often borne by the lowest level of society. (End)