"Old Summer Palace" was named by Emperor Kangxi. The three-character plaque of Xuanye's imperial book hangs above the lintel of the Yuanmingyuan Palace. Emperor Yongzheng had an explanation for the name of this garden. He said that the meaning of the word "Yuan Ming" is: "Round and enchanting, a gentleman is in the middle of his time; bright and universally illuminating, a person's wisdom." It means, "round" It refers to the perfect personal moral character, which is beyond ordinary people; "Ming" refers to the political performance that is bright and perfect, perfect and wise. This can be said to be the ideal standard used by the ruling class in the feudal era to advertise wise kings and virtuous ministers.
In addition, "Yuanming" is the Buddhist title that Emperor Yongzheng has used since his prince period. Emperor Yongzheng believed in Buddhism and was known as "Yuanming layman" and had in-depth research on Buddhism. He is the author of 19 volumes of "Yu Selection Quotations" and "Yu Zhi Demon Selection and Differentiation Records". In the structure of Buddhist sects in the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor Yongzheng regarded himself as the master of Zen and exerted influence on Buddhism as the "Lord of the World". He worked hard to advocate the "unity of three religions" and "the unification of Zen purity". This was the first step in the history of the development of Buddhism. Very important person. When Emperor Kangxi gave the garden to Yinzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng), he named the garden "Yuanmingyuan", which was taken from Yongzheng's royal name "Yuanming". Historical Development The Old Summer Palace is one of the famous royal gardens in the Qing Dynasty. The Three Yuanming Gardens cover an area of ??more than 5,200 acres and have more than 150 scenes. The Old Summer Palace was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yinzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng). In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi's reign (AD 1707), the garden had begun to take shape. In November of the same year, Emperor Kangxi visited the Old Summer Palace in person. After Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne in 1723, he expanded the original gift garden and built the Zhengda Guangming Hall and Qinzheng Hall in the south of the garden, as well as various duty rooms for the Cabinet, Six Ministries, and Military Aircraft Department, so that the emperor could "avoid the noise and listen to politics." During the 60 years of Emperor Qianlong's reign, he spent tens of millions of dollars on constructing and renovating the Old Summer Palace every day, dredging water and removing rocks. In addition to partial additions and renovations to the Old Summer Palace, he also built a new Changchun Garden in the immediate east and merged it into Qichun Garden in the southeast. By the 35th year of Qianlong's reign, that is, 1770, the layout of the Three Yuanming Gardens had basically taken shape. During the Jiaqing Dynasty, Qichun Garden was mainly repaired and expanded, making it one of the main garden residence places. During the Daoguang Dynasty, the state affairs were declining and financial resources were insufficient. However, they would rather remove the furnishings of the "Three Mountains" of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, and stop the summer vacation in Rehe and Mulan hunting, but still did not give up the reconstruction and decoration of the Three Yuanming Gardens.
Architectural Features The Old Summer Palace is located in the northwest suburbs of Beijing and was built in the Ming Dynasty. In 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave the garden to his fourth son Yinzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng) and named it Old Summer Palace. After more than 150 years of management by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng, they concentrated a large amount of material resources, employed countless skilled craftsmen, and devoted the blood and sweat of millions of working people to carefully build it into a magnificent and beautiful temple. Leaving the palace.
The emperor of the Qing Dynasty came here every midsummer to escape the summer heat, listen to politics, and handle military and political affairs, so it was also called the "Summer Palace". The Old Summer Palace stretches for 10 kilometers around and consists of the Old Summer Palace, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. The Old Summer Palace is the largest, so it is collectively called the Old Summer Palace (also known as the Three Old Summer Palaces). In addition, there are many subordinate gardens located on the east, west and south sides of the Old Summer Palace, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain, and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). etc. The total area of ??the whole park is more than 5,000 acres.
The Old Summer Palace not only brings together several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplants Western garden architecture, integrating the culmination of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign gardening arts at that time. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions and pavilions in the garden; there is the "Business Street" symbolizing the lively market, and there is the "Mountain Villa" symbolizing the rural scenery; there are the autumn moon on the flat lake and the sunset on the Lei Feng imitating the West Lake in Hangzhou, and the lions imitating Suzhou. There are also scenic spots in the forest; there are also those built after the poetic and artistic conception of ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai, Wuling Spring Color, etc. It can be said that the Old Summer Palace is the crystallization of the wisdom and blood and sweat of the Chinese working people, and is also a model of the Chinese people's architectural art and culture. Not only that, the Old Summer Palace also contains countless priceless treasures of various styles, extremely rare historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as calligraphy and painting of the past dynasties, gold and silver jewelry, porcelain of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, etc. It can be called one of the treasure houses of human culture. It can also be said that it is the largest museum in the world.
The Old Summer Palace is a large-scale artificially created garden with magnificent scale and beautiful scenery. The flat land is stacked with mountains and waters, the garden buildings are refined, and trees and flowers are widely planted. Intermittent hills, zigzag water surfaces, pavilions, winding corridors, islands, bridges, embankments, etc. divide the vast space into more than a hundred landscape groups of different sizes, surrounded by mountains and rivers.
The water surface in the park accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of ??the three gardens. Large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially excavated on the flat land, and are connected in series by looping rivers to form a complete river and lake system. The garden is dotted with 250 large and small earth hills, which are combined with the water system. The water rotates with the mountains, and the mountains are active due to the water, forming a garden space with mountains and water, and layers upon layers. The entire garden is as blurred as the water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it seems to be created by the sky.
·Water-themed features of the building:
Most of the garden landscaping in the Old Summer Palace is water-themed, because water is the source of interest, and many of them directly draw on the interest of the famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. The Back Lake Scenic Area of ??the Old Summer Palace has nine small islands built around the back lake, which are symbols of the "Yu Gong" and "Nine Continents" in the country's territory. The small gardens or landscape groups built on each island not only have their own characteristics, but also borrow from each other to create scenery. The skylight above and below the north bank is like climbing the Yueyang Tower to have a panoramic view of Dongting Lake. "A hanging rainbow dominates the lake, winding for hundreds of feet, with railings and wings, and a wide pavilion in the middle. The reflection of the pattern, between the lintel sills, overlooking from the sky, a Vast expanse of green." The openness on the west bank resembles that of Yuquan Fish Watching in Hangzhou, commonly known as the Goldfish Pond. "The pond was dug to be a paradise for fish. Under the houses around the pond, there are thousands of brocade scales." In the west of the Yuanmingyuan, Wanfang Anhe, the houses are built in the lake, shaped like The swastika is warm in winter and cool in summer. Looking at the other shore, the strange flowers are as delicate as embroidery. Emperor Yongzheng liked to live here. The Shuimu Mingse in the north of the Old Summer Palace uses the Taixi (Xize) water method to introduce water into the room and turn the fan. "Lin Sese, the water is cool, the stream wind is roaring, and the mountain birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong liked to cool off here. Haiyue Kaijin in the West Lake of Changchun Garden has a three-story palace built on a huge round white jade platform, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
Penglai Yaotai in the sea of ??blessings is based on the mythical Penglai Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang once sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than a thousand boys and girls across the sea to find fairy lands and elixirs for him, so as to achieve immortality. Of course, this can only be "Haike talked about Yingzhou, but Yan Tao was so confused that it was hard to find a letter." Emperor Yongzheng asked craftsmen to pile rugged boulders into three islands in the East Lake of the Old Summer Palace, symbolizing the legendary Penglai, Yingzhou and Abbot "Three Immortals Mountains". Five. Jade Tower Twelve", and according to the meaning of "Xu Fuhai Zhongqiu", the East Lake was named "Fuhai". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four sides of Fuhai. Fuhai is five to six hundred meters wide in the east, west, north and south. Including the surrounding small waters, the total area is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. The water here is wide and the scenery is beautiful. Every Dragon Boat Festival, large-scale dragon boat races are held here. On the night of July 15th, the Qing Emperor watched the river lanterns here. After the ice froze in winter, the emperor took a ride on the ice bed to tour Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.
·The architecture embodies the characteristics of the whole country:
The Old Summer Palace also has a distinctive feature, that is, it has been built in large quantities with imitations of many famous gardens and scenic spots from all over the country, especially those in the south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Qianlong Hongli visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang six times in the south, Wutai in the west, Daiyue in the east, and Rehe, Shengjing (ie Shenyang), Panshan and other places many times. Everywhere he went, he would have the accompanying painters copy the famous mountains, rivers, and gardens that he liked, and then build replicas of them in the gardens after he returned to Beijing. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty direct copies of the garden scenery of the Old Summer Palace. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou, including their names, are all replicated in the park without changing their names. As the saying goes: Who knows the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, it will move the sky and shrink the earth in your arms.
After Emperor Qianlong’s southern tour, four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River were imitated in the Old Summer Palace. One of them is Anlan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai. During the 27th year of Qianlong's southern tour, he used Chen's Yuyuan in Haining as his residence and named it "Anlan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the garden's beautiful structure very much. After returning to Beijing, he renovated and added buildings near the Siyi Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan, imitating its location. After the garden was completed, it was also named "Anlan Garden". The other three famous gardens imitated at that time were all in the Changchun Garden. One is the Xiaoyoutian Garden built in the east courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled after Wang's Garden in West Lake, Hangzhou; the other is the Xiaoyoutian Garden built in the 32nd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled on the Zhanyuan Garden in Jiangning (Nanjing). Garden; one is the Lion Grove, which was built in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign and modeled on the famous gardens in Suzhou. Ruyuan and Lion Forest both have more than 16 scenic spots. The beautiful west peak of the Old Summer Palace was the place where Emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong held a Qixi Festival banquet every seventh day of the seventh lunar month. Here you can enjoy the scenery of the Western Mountains. On the west bank of the river, there is a group of overlapping mountains with steep pines and steep mountains and rapid waterfalls in the mountain streams. Looking up at it, it looks like the majestic majesty of Mount Lu, so it is named "Xiao Kuang Lu". Sitting on a stone facing the stream, it is imitated from the Orchid Pavilion in Shanyin, Kuaiji, Shaoxing. Built in the Yongzheng Dynasty, it is commonly known as Liubei Pavilion.
Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and other literati met in the Orchid Pavilion of Kuaiji on March 3rd of the ninth year of Yonghe (that is, Shangsi day), drank wine in a meandering stream, composed poems and repaired wedges (sacrificial activities), and it was passed down as a good story. The Orchid Pavilion in the Old Summer Palace is an open pavilion with three bays and double eaves. In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong's reign, 6 pieces of "Lanting Preface" calligraphy by famous calligraphers of all dynasties were collected. Together with the handwritings of the great scholar Yu Minzhong and Emperor Qianlong himself, they were combined into the "Lanting Eight Pillars Volume". Emperor Qianlong ordered the pavilion to be rebuilt into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars. Each pillar was engraved with one post. These are the famous eight pillars of the Orchid Pavilion of Yuanmingyuan. Kuoran Grand Duke, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was built after the Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern half of this scene was built in the middle of the Qianlong period, imitating the rocks in the Yunlin Stone Chamber of Panshan Jingji Villa. Jiaqing poems praised "Shuanghezhai": its structure is modeled after Huishan, and its famous garden conveys a tranquil environment. The winding roads are steep, the sycamore pines are especially luxuriant, the small caves are rugged and the rocks are not stubborn. People know that the Harmony Garden in the Summer Palace was modeled after the Jichang Garden in Huishan. In fact, a replica of the Jichang Garden was also built in the Old Summer Palace at that time. It's just that the two imitations have different artistic conceptions. The spring scenery of Wuling imitates the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring". It was built in the late Kangxi period and was called Taohuawu during the Yongzheng Dynasty. It was once the place where Hongli studied, and the study room was called "Leshan Hall". This scene is said to have thousands of mountain peaches. There used to be Taohuawu in Changmen, Suzhou, which was said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although Taohuawu in the Old Summer Palace bears its name, the splendor of the peach blossoms is far beyond what Wu Xia can compare with.
·Architectural modeling features:
The Three Gardens of Yuanming Dynasty have more than 100 gardens within gardens and scenic building groups, which are commonly referred to as 100 sceneries. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, corridors and verandas, covering an area of ??approximately 160,000 square meters. It is 10,000 square meters larger than the entire construction area of ??the Forbidden City. The buildings in the park not only draw on the advantages of palace-style buildings in the past dynasties, but also break through the constraints of official norms in terms of plane configuration, appearance shape, and group combination. They are widely collected and come in various forms. It has created many architectural forms that are extremely rare in the south and north of my country, such as Zixuan, Meiyuexuan, Tianzidian, as well as fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square Victory shape, scroll shape, etc. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation, and the scenery is in various shapes; the scenery in the garden is surrounded by each other and deepens layer by layer, forming a rich, colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. French missionary Wang Zhicheng once gave a vivid description. He said: The architecture of the Old Summer Palace has many changes in form, and is uneven and unconventional. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to strange models, as if arranged at random, and no one is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that one cannot take in the scene at a glance, but must study it carefully bit by bit.
·Religious characteristics of architecture:
The temple gardens of the Old Summer Palace also reflect an aspect of ancient Chinese culture. Anyou Palace (Hongci Yonghu) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Palace. It is used to worship the "Shenyu" of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. It is the royal ancestral temple in the garden. The palace has nine rooms, with a main ridge and double eaves resting on the mountain, and a roof covered with yellow glazed tiles. It is the largest building in the garden. There are pine trees and caps around it, and there are two pairs of Chinese tables at the southern end of the central axis, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Spot, located on the shore of the northeastern bay of Fuhai, was built according to the fantasy fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, here There are more than 2,200 Buddha statues enshrined and more than 30 pagodas. The front base of this building is made of white marble in the shape of a "mountain" and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist begins to rise in the morning, the building disappears and appears in the smoke, just like a Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among existing garden buildings in my country. Savatthi City is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built after the layout of the capital of the ancient Indian state of Qiaosara. There are 326 palaces and houses in the city. Since the Kangxi reign, whenever the emperor, empress dowager and empress dowager celebrate their birthdays, the Buddha statues enshrined by princes, princes and ministers have been stored here. Among them are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carvings, and bronze sculptures. Year after year, there are hundreds of thousands of them. The Old Summer Palace was looted and burned. The damage caused by this single place, whether in terms of economic value or cultural and artistic value, is difficult to estimate in numbers.
·Evaluation of the Old Summer Palace architecture:
The Old Summer Palace embodies the essence of ancient Chinese gardening art and was the most outstanding large-scale garden at that time. Emperor Qianlong said of it: "It is an area of ??real treasures and earthly spirits, a place where emperors travel, and it cannot be surpassed." It also occupies an important position in the history of world garden architecture. Its fame spread to Europe and it was known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens".
The great French writer Hugo made this comment in 1861: "You just have to imagine that it is a fascinating building like a castle like the Moon Palace. The Summer Palace (referring to the Old Summer Palace) is such a building." People often do this. Say: Greece has the Parthenon, Egypt has the pyramids, Rome has the Colosseum, and the East has summer palaces. This is a breathtaking and unparalleled masterpiece. Location and scale: The Qing Dynasty devoted all the material resources of the country, gathered countless skilled craftsmen, filled lakes and mountains, planted exotic flowers and trees, gathered 40 domestic and foreign scenic spots, built 145 large buildings, and housed countless art treasures and books and cultural relics. Among these buildings, in addition to Chinese-style courtyards, there are also Western-style buildings in the Changchun Garden such as Haitang Hall and Yuanyingguan, which are known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". In 1860, the British and French forces invaded Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace. In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing, burned, killed and looted. Empress Dowager Cixi took Emperor Guangxu and fled to Xi'an. Eight Banners soldiers and bandits took advantage of the fire and looted the remaining nearly 100 buildings in the garden, which had been basically restored. buildings and ancient and valuable trees were completely destroyed. Since then, the relics of the Old Summer Palace have been robbed by bureaucrats, warlords, profiteers, and even systematically destroyed by government authorities. The dignitaries of the Beiyang government, including those responsible for the protection of the Old Summer Palace, relied on their power to transport stone carvings, Taihu stones, etc. from the Old Summer Palace to build their gardens and residences. The invaders not only robbed the precious historical relics, but also reduced them to ashes without mercy. The Old Summer Palace covers an area of ??350 hectares, of which the water area is about 140 hectares. The land construction area of ??the Old Summer Palace is 10,000 square meters more than the Forbidden City. The water area is equal to that of the Summer Palace, and the total area is equal to 8.5 Forbidden City!
It inherits the excellent gardening tradition of China for more than 3,000 years. It has both the grace and splendor of palace architecture and the euphemism and variety of gardens in Jiangnan water towns. At the same time, it also draws on European garden architectural forms. Integrating different styles of garden architecture into one, the overall layout makes people feel harmonious and perfect. It can be said: "Although it is made by humans, it is like it was created by heaven." The Old Summer Palace is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection. The great French writer Hugo once said: "Even if all the treasures of all the museums in our country are added together, they cannot compare with this large-scale and magnificent Oriental Museum." Each hall in the park is decorated with countless rosewood furniture and displays many rare cultural relics at home and abroad. The Wenyuan Pavilion in the garden is one of the four largest royal libraries in the country. There are precious books and cultural relics such as "Sikuquanshu", "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books" and "Sikuquanshu" collected throughout the garden.
The Old Summer Palace was once world-renowned for its grand geographical scale, outstanding construction skills, exquisite architectural scenery, rich cultural collections and profound national cultural connotations. It was known as "all gardening" A paragon of art” and “a garden of gardens.”
On October 6, 1860, the British and French forces ransacked the Old Summer Palace and looted cultural relics. From October 18 to 19, more than 3,000 invaders broke into the courtyard and burned the buildings in the garden. The once miraculous and mythical Old Summer Palace has turned into ruins, with only ruins left for tourists to pay their respects.
1? Early scenic spots
The northwest suburbs of Beijing have always been a good place to attract tourists due to their beautiful scenery and clear water springs. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had attracted the attention of Jicheng residents and literati. During the Nanjing period of the Liao Dynasty and the Zhongdu period of the Jin Dynasty, palaces, temples and other royal and religious buildings began to be built here. It gradually developed into a scenic spot on the outskirts of Jicheng. After the Yuan Dynasty, the palace buildings in ancient gardens have been abandoned, but the large and pleasant areas scattered with ponds and swamps and pastoral streets were nicknamed "Danlingni" by poets. From then on, it became a villa resort for later dignitaries. For example, the Tsinghua Garden built by Li Wei, Marquis of Wu Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, opposite the west gate of Peking University (to the east of Kunming Lake), is a typical garden.
2? The Rise and Fall of the Old Summer Palace
The Qing Dynasty established the Central Plains and established Beijing as its capital. It inherited the cities and palaces of the Ming Dynasty and focused its infrastructure construction on the development of the western suburbs. . Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours and introduced Jiangnan scenery and architectural styles to Beijing. Changchun Garden was built on the site of Li Wei's Tsinghua Garden. This garden is a special-shaped villa outside the palace. It was completed around the 29th year of Kangxi's reign. (1690). Near Changchun Garden, there are "gifted gardens" adjacent to the suburbs. One of them is the Old Summer Palace given to his fourth son, King Yong NFDBE, in the 48th year of Kangxi's reign (1709). However, this garden is much smaller than the later Old Summer Palace.
This garden was roughly located in the later "Lao Yue Kai?" scenic spot, covering an area of ??about 500 acres. After Yinzhen ascended to the throne, he expanded the Old Summer Palace and built a palace in the south, called "Outer Dynasty", and the large group of buildings behind it was called "Outer Dynasty". "Inner Palace". After expansion, it covers an area of ??about 3,000 acres. The largest water surface is Fuhai. Emperor Qianlong also visited the south of the Yangtze River six times to collect famous places from all over the world. He "moved the sky and shrunk the earth" to embellish the garden, and spared no effort to expand and renovate the Old Summer Palace. At this time, the garden had already It was named "Forty Scenes". This led to an unprecedented heyday, and two auxiliary gardens, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (later changed to Wanchun Garden), were built in the east and south of the Old Summer Palace. The three gardens are connected by doors and form an inverted layout. The renovation project of the Old Summer Palace was still in progress during the Jiaqing period. At this time, the total area of ??the Old Summer Palace reached more than 5,200 acres. The artificial water surface accounts for more than half of the total area, with more than 300 stacked Gangfu Island embankments, a construction area of ??150,000 square meters, and 160 scenic spots. The palaces in the garden are not only exquisitely decorated and furnished, but also collections of countless ancient books, treasures, and arts and crafts. A comprehensive treasure house of art. It is a pity that such a magnificent and magnificent garden, which has been built for 150 years, was destroyed by the British and French forces in September 1860. The allied forces occupied Dagukou and moved north along the Baihe River to occupy Hexiwu, which shocked the capital. Emperor Xianfeng fled to Chengde on September 22. On October 5, the coalition forces occupied Haidian. On the evening of the 6th, the French troops entered the Old Summer Palace. On the 7th, the British troops also entered the garden. They first looted, looted and destroyed it, and on the 17th they began to burn it. The flames burned until the 19th. For three days and three nights, the flames engulfed the magnificent palace and human civilization in the Old Summer Palace.
3? The aftermath of the Old Summer Palace
The British and French allied forces originally wanted to raze the Old Summer Palace to the ground, but after all, the three gardens were too large to be covered by the evil clutches for a while, so some scenic spots such as "Kuoran Grand Duke" and "Pengdao Yaotai" survived at that time. After Cixi returned to power in the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1837), she wanted to restore the Old Summer Palace. However, due to the excessive damage to the garden and the empty treasury, the reconstruction plan could not be fully realized. It was first concentrated in the Yuanming and Wanchun gardens. Even so, due to conflicts within the ruling class and lack of building materials, construction was forced to stop when the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered Beijing in 1900. Cixi Guangxu fled west again, and the Eight Banners soldiers stationed in the northwest suburbs colluded with the palace. The police and local bullies and gangsters demolished and sold the buildings in the park, and cut down the trees, leaving the buildings in the park in ruins. In the early days of the Republic of China, the warlords and bureaucratic gangsters were even more unscrupulous, digging up the remains of underground buildings on a large scale, and even more remnants on the ground. Needless to say, Chinese watches, stone lions, stone carvings, Taihu stones, etc. have long been sold to other places. This phenomenon continued for decades, and until the eve of the founding of New China, there were still people "digging for treasures" in the relics. Because this phenomenon lasted for a long time, a special industry was formed at that time, using the ruins as a "treasure place for bulk goods".
4? How to deal with the ruins of the Old Summer Palace
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, relatively more attention was paid to the ruins of the Old Summer Palace, but there was no consensus on how to deal with it. In the 1950s, large-scale greening work was carried out here, and some houses and roads were built one after another to facilitate the management of the site. Over more than a hundred years, settlements have naturally formed in the site. Although the government has repeatedly issued orders not to allow one person per household to move into the park, natural reproduction is an irresistible force. By the early 1980s, the park was There are more than 3,000 farmers living there, some of whom are already the fourth generation. One scholar said: "Passive protection of the Old Summer Palace site is not enough. Only by renovating and utilizing it can we achieve active protection and real protection." After the mid-1980s, through the efforts of all parties, a new way to protect and construct the heritage site was found, that is, to adopt the policy of the government and management office cooperating with nearby farmers to build gardens, with private sector assistance, and using gardens to maintain gardens. So the ruins of the Old Summer Palace took on a new look. By the early 1990s, it had become a large-scale "heritage park".
(2) Introduction to the site
1. Old Summer Palace
(1) "Previous Dynasty" political activity area
To the west of 101 Middle School , north of the Summer Palace Road, is the Grand Palace Gate of the Old Summer Palace. Inside the palace gate is a group of palace areas centered on the "Zhengda Guangming Hall", surrounding the front lake, forming a central axis. This axis includes the "Jiuzhou Qingyan" behind the front lake, and a group of "Qinzheng" to the east. "NFDBE" Xian Hall", "Baohe Taihe Hall" and "Jixiangsuo"; in the west are "Fanshuxin", "Changchun Fairy Hall" and "Siyi Tower".
In this group of buildings, on both sides of the central axis are central agencies such as the Sixth Cabinet Department and the Eight Banners House that protects the Old Summer Palace.
(2) Anyou Palace dedicated to the image of the Qing Emperor
There is a special group of palace areas in the northwest corner of the Old Summer Palace, which are large in scale, solemn and dignified. This is the Anyou Palace that enshrines the images of emperors and empresses of the Qing Dynasty. This group of palaces was built in the fifth year of Qianlong's reign (1740) and was completed two years later. There are nine couplets in the main hall, five couplets in the side halls on the left and right, and five couplets in the palace gate. There are two pairs of Chinese tables in the front and back (one pair is now in Peking University and one pair in Beijing Library), and three archways. It is extremely spectacular.
(3) Wanfang Anhe
This is a group of buildings with peculiar architectural forms. It is northwest of Xinghuachun Pavilion on the west side of Houhu Lake. The layout is in the shape of "?" The font has thirty-three rooms, which can meet the requirements of keeping warm in winter and cool in summer. This form is suitable for building "outdoor rooms" in southern gardens. At present, the "?"-shaped temple foundation is still clearly visible.
(4) Savatthi City
This is another group of special buildings located in the northwest of Fuhai. There is a shopping street in the city, where palace supervisors and palace maids dress up as shop assistants, and merchants conduct transactions, similar to Suzhou Street in the Summer Palace. There are 326 palaces and verandahs in the city. Savatthi City, Fanghu Scenic Area and Anyou Palace are the three largest groups of buildings in the park.
(5) Fanghu Scenic Spot
In the bay to the north of Fuhai, there is a three-story "mountain"-shaped stone base made of white marble extending into the water, with a Luan built on it. Palace, Qionghua Tower, Zhu Palace, etc. There are few scenes comparable to this in existing gardens.
(6) Fuhai
Fuhai is the center of the whole garden. It is the largest water surface in the garden. There are three small islands in the sea. On the central island, there is a seven-room "Pengdao Yaotai". Jinlou, Sui'an room and other buildings. There is the "Yinghai Three Mountains" pavilion on the southeast island, and you can cross the bridge to the northwest to the north island. This construction also belongs to the pattern of "one pond and three mountains".
2. Changchun Garden
Go east from Fuhai and pass through the Mingchun Gate of Old Summer Palace to reach Changchun Garden. The main building in the garden is Chunhua Pavilion, with twelve corridors on the left and right. Each room is inlaid with six stone tablets, and contains dozens of volumes of calligraphy and calligraphy by ninety-nine people from various families. The most famous building in the garden is the Yuanying Temple in the west tower. The park is famous for its Chinese and Western combined-walled buildings, with beautiful scenery, majestic architecture and unique style. Other landscapes include the Lion Grove, Najing Hall, Qingman Pavilion, Zhanfeng Pavilion, Qing Shuzhai, Yanjing Tower, etc. The "Haiyue Kaijin" built in the lake is a two-story round platform building with a "Dejin Pavilion" built on it, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
3. Wanchun Garden
Located in the southeast of Fuhai, it was formerly known as Qichun Garden. The Grand Palace Gate is in the southeast corner of the garden, with east-west facing rooms in front of the gate. The main hall inside the gate is Yinghui Hall. This garden was the residence of the Queen Mother and concubines. During the reign of Cixi, the garden was rebuilt and renamed Wanchun Garden. There are thirty sceneries in the park, including "Hanguang Tower" and "Siyi Bookstore". Although the "Dew God's Platform" is not included in the Thirty Scenic Spots, the casting of the bronze figure bearing the dew is very unique. Wanchun Garden is not as magnificent as Yuanmingyuan, and it is different from the grandeur of Changchun Garden, but it has its own smooth and special style.
(3) Heritage Park
In order to achieve the goal of renovation and utilization, the government and local farmers worked together. With the cooperation of many aspects, they first completed the construction of the park for residents. relocation work, and then decided to start with the development of Fuhai, the central area, so that it can first benefit the people. In 1984, hundreds of thousands of people participated in the voluntary labor of excavation of Fuhai and piled the excavated earth into hills. People who were unable to participate in voluntary labor took the initiative to donate money to support Fuhai’s recovery. With the efforts of everyone, Fuhai restored "Pengdao Yaotai" according to the original plan. The water in the lake is crystal clear, with pointed lotus boats emerging from the water, and more than 200 yachts floating on the 800-acre lake. Fuhai finally began to receive tourists on July 1, 1985, after being exhausted for 125 years. Following the development of Fuhai, the Wanchunyuan Palace Gate and its ancillary buildings were renovated, and tourist attractions such as the Old Summer Palace Exhibition Hall, several bridges, and the Ten Thousand Flower Array were newly opened. In recent years, large-scale tours have been held in the newly revived heritage park. For example, the National Culture and Arts Festival was held in the summer of 1991. Various ethnic minorities came to the park to showcase their own cultural programs, attracting a large number of tourists. Road map of the Yuanmingyuan, Changchun, and Wanchun gardens
(4) A big classroom for patriotism education
The ruins of the Yuanmingyuan itself are ironclad evidence of the invasion of China by foreign powers. All Chinese who visit the garden, Everyone is outraged by it. More than 60 years ago, when Li Dazhao paid homage to the Old Summer Palace, he angrily wrote a poem and denounced the bandits who destroyed the garden.
Although a large area of ??greening is now being done in the garden and garden villas are built in Wanchun Garden, the ruins of the Western-style Building, Dashui Fa, Guan Shui Fa, and Yuanying Guan are consciously preserved. The ruins are cleaned up and the stone carvings are arranged to preserve the tragic scene after the disaster. , as a big classroom for patriotism education. Now it is often a place where party and league members live out their organizational lives and where young students and workers receive education.