Looking from bottom to top along Fanxi, Yongning Gate is tall, solid and majestic. There are wings on the left and right, and the magnificent gatehouse stands in the middle. The doorway is about seven meters high, and with the gatehouse, it is about twelve or thirteen meters high. The left-right span is about ten meters and the thickness is more than ten meters. It is made of huge city bricks. At the top of the sluice, eight wooden pillars in front and back hold up towering pavilions, carved beams and painted buildings, which are antique. The golden glazed tiles on the top of the pavilion shine in the sun, and the faucets at both ends of the roof are lifelike.
On the right side of the spillway tunnel, there is a Gu Song, whose trunk pine bark is old and cracked, winding like a dragon trying to fly. It is said that this Gu Song is still a fairy tree! Between Gu Song and the wall of the city gate, there are six stone tablets, large and small, which record the construction and restoration of the city gate. Due to the age, most of the handwriting is vague and illegible.
Go through the doorway of Yongning Gate, walk about seven or eight steps to the right, turn the section, and there is a narrow ladder that goes straight to the attic at the top of the door. Go up the stairs and then enter the building door, and you can see the building situation of that year. The corridor is also narrow, which can accommodate two people in parallel. The railings and eaves can vaguely see the prosperity of the carved beams and painted buildings in those days. Looking at those faintly visible traces, people can't help but add many memories of the vicissitudes of the past.
Go to the middle of the corridor and turn right, and you will see the pavilion hall. There are no doors and windows in the front and back, which is very refreshing and has a literati feeling leaning against the railing. The same mural painted on the left and right walls of the pavilion with the meaning of "Two Dragons Playing with Beads" looks closely at Shuanglong, with a wide blood mouth and claws and fangs surrounding a bead, and the painting is even, magnificent and amazing; The brushwork came out through the wall, as if to break the wall and fly away, which almost made people suspect that it was made by the famous painter Zhang monk in the Liang Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. There is a small room on each side of the pavilion with the same layout. On the walls at both ends of the small house near the gate, the archways of that year were clearly visible.
Standing in the attic at the top of the sluice overlooking the riverbed, I can't help but think of how the once turbulent river passed through this sluice hole. I don't know why this door was named "Yongning Gate" from the beginning. Now it seems that it does mean that the river will be peaceful forever and it is willing to exist for a long time. In the Jinxi Hall of the Ming Dynasty, there once sat a Zhuangzi, Wang Guoguang mentioned at the beginning of this article. It is Wang Guoguang's success that arouses a thousand waves with one stone and ripples in the minds of scholars. Learn martial arts, goods, and the imperial family. As a result, during this period, a culture of attaching importance to academic qualifications and officials was formed, which lasted for hundreds of years after two dynasties, leaving a folk song of "Guoyu Sanzhuang went up and down the Buddha and raised people to show their talents by 2500".
Those literati, whether during or after their official career, spared no expense to create an ideal comfortable home for the glory of their ancestors and the ostentation and extravagance that officialdom should have or the comfortable life after their official career. Take Shangzhuang as an example, the earliest ancient residential buildings were in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. During this period, the first juren named Wang Zun was born in Baixiang, who was Wang Guoguang's great-grandfather. He is a gentleman and naturally rich. Probably from him, he paid attention to architectural culture and created an ideal living environment, which opened the curtain of ancient buildings. Wang Guoguang built "Tianguan Mansion", which is composed of Shangshudi, Sinongdi and Wang Ancestral Hall. Wang Guoguang's nephew and Huguang's political participation in Wang Shuling Jianshi. Wang, the grandson of Wang Guoguang and a political participant in Shandong Province, built buildings such as the Moon Tower, Senate, Hall and Yangshanju. During the Republic of China, Fan Cifeng, then deputy director of the secretariat of Shanxi Provincial Office of appeasement, built Fanpu New Courtyard, Fan Shi Ancestral Temple, Garden and other buildings. After more than 400 years, Shangzhuang has finally built a building community with mountains and rivers, green water and beads, quadrangles dotted with tall buildings, which is quite characteristic of Jiangnan water town. This is a unique village layout formed by the integration of farming culture and natural interest, and it is inhabited by famous ministers, scholars, giants and their descendants. When we appreciate these buildings from a cultural perspective, you will find many cultural mysteries. Wang Guoguang's portrait, for one thing, is exquisite and compact-a quiet Confucian style. We have three cultural areas in Shanxi, the northern part of Shanxi is a nomadic cultural area, and the living environment of herders is narrow after they end up living on aquatic plants. Jinzhong is a commercial and cultural area, with the expansion consciousness of "connecting the four seas and reaching the three rivers", covering a vast area, with a series of courtyards of dozens and hundreds of acres. Southern Shanxi and southeastern Shanxi belong to farming cultural areas. Because of the high land price, the land area is generally small, that is, the rich have the right to build houses. It is also small and exquisite, and one or several quadrangles occupy less than a few areas. In addition, people who study and work for the government have a profound Confucian cultural mentality, pay attention to inner happiness and restrain external prestige. Their houses are relatively exquisite and elegant, with rigorous structure, not spacious, lofty and dignified, and strong positive consciousness. So there are many small buildings with two or three floors, mainly two or three halls, with the same style and one integrated mass. In higher places, we will build towering moon towers and houses in spring. The "Shangshudi" built by Wang Guoguang is only the East and Westinghouse, with a width of 20.3 meters and 46.3 meters, which is equivalent to 0 mu and 0 point. Is it because he can't afford to build a bigger house?
Second, advocating nature-the ideological realm of harmony between man and nature. Shangzhuang village is surrounded by mountains on three sides, with water in the middle, forming the traditional feng shui pattern that "mountains are surrounded by water and there must be gas". Mountains are established and cannot be changed, so they are based on mountains; There is water in the village, which becomes the central axis of the building and takes water as the soul, thus forming the pastoral characteristics of mountains and rivers. Deep curtilage courtyards built along the slope are lined with pavilions and pavilions, which set each other off and become interesting. It extends from top to bottom to one side of Fanxi and from bottom to top to the south hillside on the other side. The whole building complex takes the arched gatehouse across Fanxi as a high-pitched rest, which is really a crested leopard tail with extraordinary momentum. From bottom to top, it coincides with the proverb "Sesame blossoms higher and higher". It is not difficult to see the cultural charm of advocating nature, imitating nature, attaching importance to the unity of man and nature, putting people first and emphasizing the unity of man and nature. Climbing to watch, magnificent, very majestic; Look closely at the pattern, it is chessboard-shaped, very scientific; Personal inspection, family reunion, and happiness; See the big from the small, and win by surprise. In the pursuit of aesthetics, science, human relations, spiritualism and philosophy, the ancient community in Shangzhuang Village is a typical agricultural cultural product with strict layout and overall harmony. Strict layout, overall harmony,
Third, the appearance is closed-the defensive consciousness of exclusion and aggregation. In ancient China, the society was in turmoil, clan disputes and national wars continued. The site selection and architecture of the village particularly emphasize the safety of defense, with mountains and water at the back and high terrain, which forms the natural barrier of the village. Shangzhuang village is like this, surrounded by mountains on three sides, blocking the pace of invaders and blocking the chilly northwest wind; The water in the middle is another line of defense, which also facilitates the living needs of people on both sides of the strait. The layout of ancient buildings is rigorous, the whole is harmonious, and it has the cultural mentality of "external demolition and internal integration" (this is a common feature of quadrangles in northern China, and the most typical one is Runcheng's foundation city). The streets are deep and mysterious; Towering pavilions can not only enjoy the moon, listen to the spring and watch the water, but also observe the enemy's situation and actively defend themselves. Many houses have gates, two gates, three gates and secret doors, and there are wells in the yard, which have complete functions of external defense, internal communication, production, life and etiquette. This is the product of the collision between the farming culture in the Central Plains and the nomadic culture in the northwest, which has been formed for thousands of years.
Fourth, cultivate and learn the architectural concept of officials and businessmen-improving cultural taste. Several famous officials and their buildings in Shangzhuang are listed in front of me. I want to make it clear that the important factor to improve the village culture and economic taste is the number of celebrities as a breakthrough. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were five scholars and five juren in Shangzhuang village, hundreds of tribute students and scholars, and a large number of businessmen and rich people. In architecture, there are Wang Fan Ancestral Hall, Shangshufu, Jinshi, Sinongdi, Senate and Fanpu New Hospital. These buildings are set off by tall gatehouses standing at the entrance to the road. Its original intention is to highlight the family, which has the dual characteristics of practicality and aesthetics. Under this dual function, human landscape and material landscape are produced. The former is marked by imperial examinations, poetry, calligraphy and painting, folk customs and regional customs. There are many famous officials and poets, such as Wang Guoguang. There are Wang Shu 'an's Poems, Wanli Accounting Records and other works, specializing in economics. Wang Yutai and Fan Daji were famous poets at that time, and some poems have been passed down to this day. Jia Fan has never been a scholar or a juren, but he is a famous local businessman who has opened dozens of stores in and out of the province. The latter is marked by commodity circulation, production technology and architectural relics. Fanpu New Hospital is very imposing and well-organized, symbolizing that money will not flow out, and four waters will return to the hall, full of strict precautions.
Shangzhuang ancient architecture complex is unique in rural areas of China, and is praised by experts as "a pearl in northern residential buildings", and its cultural significance deserves in-depth and detailed study. I am not an architect, so I wrote this rough article in order to attract more attention. On the Defense Planning and Function of Diji City
Diki city
Runcheng Village, which is 0/0 km away from Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province, has preserved a settlement of more than 20,000 square meters-"Foundation City". Foundation city is located on a natural boulder in the middle reaches of Qinhe River, surrounded by water on three sides and villages and towns in the south. Qinhe River is also called "Huishui" in this section. From a distance, the city is like a pillar, towering high and hitting the water directly, hence its name. It takes "residence" as the foundation and "defense" as the defense, and forms a settlement system integrating residence and defense according to local conditions. This paper tries to make a preliminary analysis of the defense planning of "Dijicheng" from two levels, and urges experts and scholars to correct me.
Defensive construction of going it alone-"hard" defensive system
As the case may be, the city is like a turtle, facing south, with an area of 23000m2 and a circumference of 704m. Surrounded by rocks, streams and pools, and surrounded by water on three sides, the situation is extremely dangerous and it is a natural barrier for defense. In ancient times, China was dominated by plane operations. According to this law, the planning and construction level of Dijicheng's defense against the enemy is divided into four levels from the outside to the inside, which is generally horizontal: protecting the river-the city wall-the street-the house.
The first level, Qinhe natural barrier.
The site selection art of Dickey City is unique, and the site selection standards are in line with modern science and technology. In artistic conception, he pursues broadness, vitality and appropriateness, and gives people aesthetic feeling and enjoyment in visual effect. It skillfully borrows a big stone in the middle of the Qinhe River, making it face waves on three sides, resulting in the advantage that the unique geographical conditions are easy to defend but difficult to attack. It caused natural geographical obstacles and psychological fear factors to the invaders. There is a folk proverb: "It is better to be separated from Qianshan than from water." Blue waves on three sides are better than a million soldiers. Diji City stands tall and enjoys it, "not angry and arrogant". Give people an inviolable momentum. In the landing part of the south gate, the left and right forts are towering, and the firepower is blocked layer by layer, accounting for only a quarter of the city wall. "Concentrated forces always get twice the result with half the effort."
The second layer is the overall defense of the city wall.
Panorama of dickey city
The city wall is the highest and most direct defensive building in Diji City. Generally, city walls are made of masonry, and rammed earth barriers are also common, but it is rare to build cities with iron crucibles here, which is very strong and unusual. Known as "Water Besieged City", "Honeycomb City" and "Crucible City", it not only reflects the developed smelting industry here in ancient times, but also records the wonderful creation of people adapting to local conditions and turning waste into treasure. Although the designer may not have a strong sense of environmental protection, it embodies the excellent concept of being close to the people, simple and practical!
The south wall of the foundation is made of blue bricks, with a height of about 10m. The outer walls of the east, north and west sides of the river are limestone and river pebbles, and the height is about 10m. Ironmaking crucibles are mostly used for the inner walls around, and the mortar is mixed with lime and ironmaking slag, which is stronger than today's cement mortar, and the longer the calcification time, the stronger it is. Rows of crucibles are arranged vertically, alternating with reality, neat and rich in texture. The city wall is equipped with a battery, a watchtower, a butterfly stack, a hidden soldier cave, etc. The ring road is connected with the gatehouse and can patrol around the city. On the one hand, the fortress wall "prevents bandits during the day and thieves at night", and at the same time, it is also wind-proof and waterproof, carrying many functions.
The south gate is the only exit for early urban construction. The gatehouse has three floors, with a height of 15m, and the amount is "foundation city". The corridor on the lower floor has two gates, inside and outside, and there is a concierge on the west side. There is an iron gate in front of the outer door, submerged in the red stream of "big steelmaking" in 58 years. The middle layer is the ammunition depot, which stores traditional weapons and equipment such as cannons, old guns, shotguns, gunpowder iron ore, rocket launchers and flying saucers. It remained intact until after liberation. There are windows on all sides of the top floor tower, and an iron clock is hung inside, which is used for daily timing to prevent bandits from calling the police.
A city wall made of river pebbles.
During the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, two acres of land were developed on the stone slope in the low-lying area north of the city, and the residents in the city raised funds to build the urn gate and the north gate, that is, the "Watergate". It connects the north and south veins, and also facilitates the residents to wash. The "mountain ventilation" of the front door confirms the original intention of the construction. Watergate Building is a five-story building, and the top floor is "Ancestor Pavilion". When the tide is high, the waves are rolling. On the Ling Ran Pavilion, you can see the vastness of the water and feel the sadness of life. There are two doors, two buildings and two landscapes in the north and south. The last densely populated small cave in the inner wall of Watergate was a typical "honeycomb city". In ancient times, horses were raised and troops were stationed to protect the city. It is integrated with the gate tower, turrets everywhere and the ring road to protect the activities of soldiers in the city from interference with residents.
There are wells and mills in the city, which not only solve the residents' diet and drinking water, but also prevent the enemy's fire attack.
The third level, inner ring roadway construction.
The whole road network layout of Baozhai looks like a maze, which is closer to the characteristics of natural villages than the strict road structure in other officially built castles. The passages in the city crisscross vertically, naturally forming ten blocks. The roads are all "D" lanes, but there is no "X" lane entrance, which is for the sake of defense and geomantic omen. Large and small "D" lanes are cleverly connected with the inner ring road and the ring road, and an end lane (commonly known as Bao Road) is set up in the east-west inner ring road and the "D" road of the city. The roadway space is tortuous and changeable, showing rational color and mystery of "gossip" everywhere. This is a group of road network models with external exclusion and internal cohesion. Due to the limitation of foundation, the buildings are dense and tall, the walls are high and the lanes are deep, and the streets are narrower and quieter. Narrow roadway width itself is one of the defensive measures. Each roadway is rarely straight, and it gives people a rich sense of direction and exclusiveness through twists and turns, changes in slope and width. When a stranger first enters it, it twists and turns, like entering a maze. For people who are familiar with geography, this changeable roadway is like an invisible road sign, which has a strong identification orientation. There are also street gates and buildings in Key Lane, which are guarded by special personnel and layers of guards.
Chengmenlou
The inner ring road inside the city wall is connected with the D-shaped driveway, and together with the ring road at the top of the city wall, it forms a dual-dimensional "visual control" system, which is convenient for defending and monitoring the enemy. This is a consideration that attaches importance to defensive mobility. From the perspective of hierarchical defense, it is also a higher-level urban street network. The inner ring road at the bottom can also be used as a way to mobilize troops. It is convenient to carry out peripheral battles quickly and directly, and reduce cross-interference with villages.
The fourth level, the unique house series.
The overall planning and layout of urban residential buildings was formed in the Ming Dynasty. Among them, Zhang Fu, Fu, Hong Kedi and Zhang Dunren's former residence are all famous families. Every household in the city has an inscription, which is very bookish. Courtyard is generally two or three entrances, all of which are piled with bluestone, with blue brick walls and gray tile roofs. The wing is two stories high, and the eaves gallery is hung by cantilever beams. The main room is a three-story attic, the watchtower is a four-story, and the light room and small room are sealed with lattice doors and windows. The house creates a pleasant space atmosphere in a unique proportion, and the exquisite carving of wood and stone components such as doors and windows, verandahs, arch columns, eaves and tile ridges reveals a bit of simplicity and elegance. From the perspective of security defense, the defensive nature of Imperial City pays more attention to the details of construction. For example, the closed and restrained sense of security is reflected in the heavy and solid external walls of residents, or there are no windows or only small windows. Due to the tight border and narrow courtyard, several floors are built at the same time, which is also directly related to the strengthening of defense functions. In some courtyards, the watchtower rises from the top as a "watchtower" with the function of guarding houses. The most wonderful thing is that there is a secret door between the courtyard and the courtyard in the wing or inconspicuous place. Courtyards between neighborhoods can collude with each other, and neighborhoods separated by roads are connected by "street buildings". There are many underground buildings in the courtyard of Baozhai, some of which are as deep as three or four stories, which are proved to be empty and ventilated by the banging of feet. Form a three-dimensional defense system in the innermost layer. On weekdays, every household has its own yard. In case of danger, they can be connected in series and transferred underground. Let outsiders look confused and mysterious. Coupled with the monitoring function of the street building and the watchtower, it can more effectively curb intruders, and villagers can use the organs everywhere. Protect yourself from intruders.
Zhai Market is located in Taihang Mountain, Taiyue Mountain, Zhongtiaoshan Valley, between Fanhe River and Qinhe River, surrounded by green mountains and clear water on three sides, and it is a "land of geomantic omen" with natural pattern. Generally speaking, acupuncturing pays attention to "hiding the wind and avoiding water" and adopts a negative attitude of adapting to the weather and geographical location to choose a land of feng shui. However, acupuncture in Foundation Town is original and innovative according to local conditions. With a positive attitude, "dividing water in the wind", on the riverbed of Qinhe River, a stone in the middle of the river is skillfully used to build a village and a city, which is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Its city is like a turtle, and the golden turtle explores the water; If the village is a phoenix, the phoenix spreads its wings; Another example is a ship, water impact flows; Rationality of road network layout display. The whole city is high in the northeast and low in the southwest, with the threshold as the main factor, sitting in the shade. The courtyards in the city are all in the order of eight diagrams, and there are closed fort walls, double doors and water gate urns, all of which are considered to be windproof and air-tight. After the water gate is repaired, it should be treated from geomantic omen to dredge the pulse gas. The application of geomantic omen, in addition to superstitious color, has many connotations that shine with scientific light. It attaches great importance to the choice of a good ecological environment, coupled with effective geographical advantages, so that people can take advantage of the weather to get protection in all natural things. The foundation city is densely populated, the land is narrow, and courtyards and houses are dense. But like other traditional settlements, temples and ancestral halls are not inferior because of lack of foundation. On the contrary, they are more numerous and have higher specifications. This is the exact expression of people's strong peace-seeking psychology in the turbulent period on the spiritual level.
In this tiny place, there are Guandi Temple, Heilong Temple, Sanguan Temple, Sanmiao Temple, Tudi Temple, Wengong Temple, Fengdu Temple, Shen Lei Temple, Yellow Deer Temple, Wenchang Pavilion, Zushi Pavilion and Baiyi Cave. At the same time, the management scale and site selection arrangement of temples can also reflect the spiritual needs. "Wenchang Pavilion" and "Guandi Temple" are two adjacent large buildings, occupying the "central position" of the village in the city. This arrangement reflects the admiration of many literati in the city for the former "Wenchang Palace"; The latter shows the villagers' devotion to Guan Gong, the protector in his mind. Corresponding to the material defense of the castle, people put their spiritual safety on Guan Di, and the defense symbol of the castle came into being.
"History of the Five Elements of Han Dynasty" records: "If you simply build a temple, don't raise a shrine and waste the sacrifice. If you go against the sky, Shui Mu will not be nourished. " People in Diji market also attach importance to ancestor worship. There are ancestral halls of various ethnic groups in the city, such as Zhang, Wang and Guo, which show a strong cultural color of ancestral halls and pray for the protection of ancestors. A large number of symbolic and symbolic spiritual components with different images and similar functions are widely distributed at all levels from the settlement to the residents, such as iron ox, stone lion, stone drum, stone tablet, Taishan Shi Gandang, Yingbi, Yuyue Longmen, Fengshui Building and tile, beast head on the roof, threshold and many other auspicious patterns, which have played the role of exorcising evil spirits and regulating the gas field, and entrusted the residents with the intention of seeking happiness and eliminating disasters during their stay. They are distributed in every node of space and everywhere, enriching the spiritual defense system of settlements.
Virtual image effect of defense
This refers to the defensive countermeasures, which skillfully arrange the external space of the building through the organization of regional space and visual space, so that the occupants have a psychological sense of security and the offenders are afraid. This "attack tactics" can provide ideas for today's architectural design and help to build a humanized security defense space.
First of all, the settlement defense thought of emphasizing deep encirclement can be said to be the ultimate for Diji City. According to the theory of American architect Jane Jacobs, "Sparse density can't guarantee residents to get rid of crime and troubles. On the contrary, appropriate high density can bring vitality to the residential area. " The courtyards of the foundation city do not interfere with each other, and the neighbors depend on each other, so that residents can eliminate their sense of helplessness. Secondly, the wonderful setting of overpasses, tunnels, street gates and watchtowers coincides with the "panoramic prison" in Jeremy Bentham. Because the offender is not sure whether he includes the supervisor, as a permanent and comprehensive inspector, he must pay attention to his behavior. Its perfection lies in that although there is no watchman, in the eyes of the criminal, it is like an eye that has been watching, making him want to do something but dare not do it.
The dual defense systems of material and spirit complement each other, creating the outstanding cultural personality of the Imperial Capital. This precious cultural heritage records the special architectural form under the background of a specific era, so it is of great research value and sightseeing content. At the same time, the exploration of safety and defense is of practical significance to today's planning and architectural design. At the time of large-scale modernization in China, the urbanization process of urban and rural areas is changing rapidly, and the traditional rural houses are on the verge of disintegration. In this context, perhaps we should take the time to review the experience of our predecessors in building homes for thousands of years, and sort out and keep those disappearing wealth. Tiantan Mountain is located in Liu Shan Village on the west bank of the Qinhe River in Runcheng. As a famous Taoist mountain, it has experienced more than 1300 years of vicissitudes since the Sui Dynasty. According to legend, in the thirteenth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty and Emperor Zongshen of Wanli built an altar here to offer sacrifices to heaven, land and land, and pay homage to the earth. Echoing the King of Wu from afar, it has always been a holy place for Taoist worship and a good place to visit. The famous provinces are Jin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Huizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Qin.
"The mountain is not high, there is a fairy by this name. The water is not deep, and the dragon has spirit. " Tiantan Mountain is magnificent and beautiful, surrounded by water, and nature and humanities, religion and philosophy blend organically. Looking at its shape, it is naturally ingenious; It embodies its spirit, human nature and infinite significance. Guan Gong's architecture is extraordinary and exquisite, which not only retains the magnificent beauty of natural mountains and forests, but also embodies the excellent charm of Feng Shui, which can be described as a natural place. The traditional temple fair in Tiantan Mountain on the 15th day of the third lunar month has lasted for more than 1000 years. This place is not only a sacred place to worship Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, but also a place where merchants gather and mixed Confucianism gathers. It is an important place for economic, cultural and non-governmental exchanges in northern China.