Mbth: Confucius
Alias: Confucius, Zhong Ni
Nationality: China.
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Birthplace: Lu (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City)
Date of birth: September 28th, 5565438 BC +0.
Date of death: April 479 BC 1 1.
Occupation: teacher
Faith: Confucianism
Main achievements: Founding the Confucian School.
Compiling the Spring and Autumn Annals and Revising the Five Classics
Establish private schools and break the traditional aristocratic education.
Representative works: Spring and Autumn Annals and Ten Wings
Father: Shu: Mother: Yan Zhizai.
Main fields: ethics, social philosophy
Personal life
Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC1year ~ April, 55 BC1year), son's surname.
Portrait of Confucius (39), with Confucius as the surname, the famous mountain and the word Zhong Ni. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people lived in Changping Township (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). He was a great thinker, educator, theoretical politician, founder of Confucianism and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world in ancient China. The second child at home. China was an ancient writer, thinker, theoretical politician, educator, social activist, ancient literature collator and editor of Confucian school, and was praised as the founder of Confucian school by later generations. According to legend, he composed poems and wrote books, ordered rites and music, and prefaced Zhouyi into Chunqiu. He has been engaged in preaching, teaching and dispelling doubts all his life, and is honored by the people of China as "the most holy teacher and an eternal model". Confucius' disciples and their descendants recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and made The Analects. In the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about ghosts and gods and advocated "staying away from ghosts and gods". Confucius and Mencius are also called "Confucius and Mencius", and their thoughts are also called the Tao of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius was honored as the "most holy" and "king of vegetarianism", Ceng Zi was a saint and Mencius was a "second saint". His words and deeds were written by his students as The Analects of Confucius, a masterpiece of creation. He is also the most famous cultural celebrity in the world. Is the founder of the Confucian school. However, another handsome theory, Yang, an anti-Confucius elite, thinks that Confucius is useless. However, another theory, Mr. Yang, thinks that Yang is useless and his behavior is purely grandstanding. Confucius is proficient in Zhouyi and is said to be the author of Ten Wings. Confucius was the first person who broke through the religious attitude towards natural landscape in ancient China. I love nature more, including disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes and dinosaur extinction. The natural landscape is always good feng shui. He put forward the famous aesthetic proposition "The knower enjoys water and the benevolent enjoys Leshan" (The Analects of Confucius Yong Ye).
Confucius' ancestor was a descendant of Yin Shang (Huaxia nationality), so he was named Kong. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang made Wei Zi his brother in the Song Dynasty (Xiayi) and was a loyal minister of the Shang Dynasty. Now he is buried next to Weishan Lake in Weishan County, Shandong Province. After Wei died, his younger brother Wei Zhong succeeded to the throne. Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius.
After Jia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, his father, descendants began to take Confucius as their surname. His great-grandfather Kong fled from the Song Dynasty to Shandong to escape the civil strife in the Song Dynasty. Confucius' father Shu (word, name Ge) is a famous military commander in Lu. Shu first married Shi and gave birth to nine daughters, but no son. My concubine gave birth to a son named Meng Pi (the eldest son is Bo and the eldest son is Meng), but he has foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither a woman nor a disabled son should inherit. Later, Shu married the third daughter of Yan State and gave birth to Confucius. Because he prayed in the mud mound before his death, he was named Qiu, ranking second, so the word was (according to the Interpretation of Confucius' Family Language and His Real Name, Shu had nine daughters and no children. His concubine gave birth to Meng Pi, whose name was Meng Pi Bernie, and she was ill. So he proposed to Yan. The Yan family has three daughters, and the youngest son is Zheng. ..... private prayer mud hill, gave birth to Confucius, hence the name "Qiu Zi Zhong Ni".
Confucius gives lectures (Figure 8) When Confucius was three years old, Shu died of illness. After that, Confucius' family was quite poor. Because of the troubled times, the benevolent policy advocated by Confucius has no room for display, but during the three months of governing Lu, the powerful state of Qi was also afraid of Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is worthy of the title of outstanding politician. Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius once worked as a scout in Lu, then traveled around the world with his disciples and finally returned to Lu to concentrate on teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and started a private school, with as many as 3000 disciples, including 72 sages and 72 famous sages. Many of these 72 people are the pillars of senior officials in various countries. It also continued the glory of Confucian school. Confucius' son, like Mencius', Zhuangzi's and Laozi's son, is a kind of title and honorific title. According to the titles of Duke, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong in the Zhou Dynasty, although they were not governors, they enjoyed the title of the fourth title among governors.
Personal realization
Confucius' film and television image (Figure 8) has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he "kept his word but didn't do it", he was known as "the sage of heaven", "the sage of heaven" and "the sage of the ages" when he was alive, and he was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time. Later generations honored him as "the most holy" (the sage among saints) and "the teacher of all ages", and thought that he had compiled poems, books, rituals and music, prefaced Zhouyi (also known as Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) and wrote Chunqiu. The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. The Analects of Confucius, University, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are also called the Four Books. There are twenty popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Moreover, in ancient times, Confucius was the first person that children worshipped when they entered school. Emerson, an American poet and philosopher, thinks Confucius is the glory of all nations in the world. 1988, 75 nobel prize winners gathered in Paris and issued a joint declaration after the meeting, calling on the world that "if human beings want to survive in the 2 1 century, they must look back 2,500 years ago and learn wisdom from Confucius." He has many disciples, such as Zi Gong, Lu Zi and Yan Yuan. Mencius, revered as a "saint" by later generations, was a disciple of his grandson Kong Ji (Zisi).
political career
Confucius Sculptures (6 pieces) Confucius was extremely clever and studious when he was young. At the age of 20, he was already very learned and was praised as "knowledgeable and versatile" by people at that time. At the same time, little known is that Confucius inherited his father Shu's bravery, and he was nine feet six inches tall. Now he is more than 1.9 meters, specifically, 196.8cm. His arm strength is extraordinary, far from the image of a weak scholar that some people in later generations thought. Besides, Confucius was an extraordinary drinker, and it was said that he had never been drunk. But Confucius never prided himself on being brave and addicted to alcohol. Confucius in film and television works
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about many issues of governing the country, and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but was stopped by the doctor Yan Ying. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius ruled Zhongdu (now Wenshang County) for one year, and achieved outstanding results. He was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big Sikou, taking photos and taking care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the leaders of Sanhuan (,Shu, III, because they are descendants of the third son, they are called Sanhuan. At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees. Confucius adopted the measures of "benefiting, benefiting and strengthening the three capitals". Later, the actions of Sandu were abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong sent 80 beautiful women to Lu to accept female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world. Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return. In the second year (Confucius was fifty-nine), Confucius left the country, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and arrived in the state of Chen, so the laborers besieged Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops in the back. Zigong ate up all the food they brought, and finally found the Chu people. The Chu people sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
Forget to eat hard and take pleasure in forgetting your worries.
When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "He is also a human being. He forgets to eat when he is angry, and forgets his worries when he is happy. He doesn't know that his old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius didn't give up because of difficulties. He was still optimistic, stuck to his ideals and even knew he couldn't do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; You can't go anywhere unless you take the main road. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "How dare I be a saint and a benevolent person?" Never tire of it, never tire of teaching. "Confucius learned that there was no regular teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Follow the chosen ones, and change the bad ones. "
Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself. Confucius established a moral theory with benevolence as the core with the idea of being kind to others. He is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful and sincere. " Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. ""The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of adults, but that of young people. "Bowing to others" and so on. , is his life rule.
Edit the ideological system of this paragraph
political thought
Its core is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. Full-body portrait of Confucius
This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy broke the traditional creed that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
Economic thought
The most important economic thoughts of Confucius are the concept of valuing righteousness over profit, distinguishing right from wrong and enriching the people. This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought. Have a great influence on future generations. Confucius' so-called "righteousness" is a social moral standard, and "profit" refers to people's pursuit of material interests. In the relationship between "righteousness" and "benefit", Confucius put "righteousness" in the first place. He said, "see what you want". (1) requires people to consider how to conform to "righteousness" before material interests. He believes that "righteousness follows", that is, it can only be obtained if it conforms to "righteousness". Confucius even suggested in The Analects of Confucius Zi Han that it is necessary to talk less about "profit", but we should not avoid it. "Zuo Zhuan's Two Years of Success" records that doing immoral things to get rich is like floating clouds, and ② disdaining ill-gotten gains. Confucius also believed that the attitude towards "righteousness" and "benefit" can distinguish "gentlemen" from "villains". A gentleman with morality can easily understand the importance of righteousness, while a villain who lacks moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in the Analects of Liren: "A gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial". Confucius in film and television works
Some people think that since Confucius values righteousness, he must despise manual labor. This view is wrong. According to the Analects of Confucius, he was very dissatisfied with Fan Chi, a disciple who wanted to study agriculture, and called him a "villain". This is because Confucius believes that people should have greater ideals and pursuits and shoulder greater responsibilities. He wants his students to be value bearers, not farmers. Because of Confucius' conservative political attitude, the reform of economic system also reflects conservative thoughts. For example, in the fifteenth year of Shandong (594 BC), the "initial tax mu" was implemented to legally recognize the legal status of private land, which was a major economic reform in the Spring and Autumn Period; However, according to Zuo Zhuan, Confucius recorded the "first tax mu" when compiling Spring and Autumn Annals, in order to criticize its "indecency". People are not rich, and you are not rich. It is also recorded in the Analects of Confucius that Confucius advocated "benefiting people", that is, doing things that are beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he advocated that taxes should be lighter, and the apportionment of corvees should not delay the farming season. According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius also preached to politicians at that time, demanding that politicians should not be too extravagant and pay attention to thrift. He said: "luxury is not bad, frugal and solid." It is better to be practical than to feel inferior. " At the same time, it also advocates "saving and loving others". This includes applying Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to the economic field.
Educational thought
Confucius put forward for the first time in the history of China that people's natural qualities are similar, and the differences in personality are mainly influenced by acquired education and social environment ("similar in sex, far from learning"). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "no education for all", founded private schools and enrolled more students, which broke the monopoly of slave owners and nobles on school education and expanded the scope of education to civilians, conforming to the trend of social development at that time. He advocated "learning to be an official" and went to be an official after he completed his studies. The purpose of his education is to cultivate a political gentleman, who must have high moral quality. Therefore, Confucius emphasized that moral education must be placed in the first place in school education ("Disciples are filial when they enter, filial when they leave, sincere when they believe, and loving the people is close." Learn to write if you have spare capacity "). The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the moral standard, and "benevolence" is the highest moral standard. "Rite" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "ceremony". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ceremony" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward methods such as determination, self-denial, practice, introspection and courage to reform. "Learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating being shameless and eager to learn, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), and at the same time, he should "apply what he has learned" and apply what he has learned to social practice. He first proposed heuristic teaching. He said, "No anger, no anger, no anger." This means that when students think seriously and reach a certain level, teachers should inspire and inspire students. He was also the earliest educator who adopted the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in teaching practice. Through conversation and individual observation, he understands and is familiar with students' personality characteristics. On this basis, according to the specific situation of each student, different educational methods are adopted to cultivate talents in morality, language, politics and literature. Confucius loved education and engaged in educational activities all his life. He never tires of learning and teaching. We should not only set an example, but also teach by example and influence students with our own example behavior. He loves his students and they respect him very much. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient teachers in China. Confucius' educational activities not only cultivated many students, but also put forward his educational theory on the basis of practice, which laid a theoretical foundation for China's ancient education.
Modern development
The new development of Confucius' theory in modern times refers to the neo-Confucianism produced under the condition of collision and blending of Chinese and Western civilizations after modern western civilization was imported into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is the highest achievement of the development of contemporary neo-Confucianism.
Confucius Conference: It's a pleasure to have friends coming from afar.
Confucius, a cultural saint who "respects heaven and earth, permeates ancient and modern times, deletes six classics and respects the constitution through the ages"; Confucianism is a value concept and ideological system based on Confucius' theory and Confucian masters' theory of past dynasties. A few days ago, in Qufu, Shandong Province, Confucius' hometown, the first World Confucianism Conference jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and the Shandong Provincial People's Government was held grandly. It is an international cultural forum and a high-standard academic event, and its convening is a major event in Confucianism. Xu Jialu, former Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), Zhou Heping, Vice Minister of Culture, Masahiko Takemura, former Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary, and 172 experts, scholars and people from all walks of life from 22 countries and regions such as Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, as well as 86 Confucian research institutions such as Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, the United States, France, Britain, Denmark and Australia. These experts, scholars and people from all walks of life from different countries, nationalities and cultures have conducted in-depth discussions and extensive dialogues on the historical research, contemporary value, modern interpretation, world communication, Confucianism and harmonious culture of Confucianism. Once upon a time, the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing vividly displayed the splendid 5,000-year Chinese civilization in front of the whole world. People of insight pointed out that its main line is the essence of Confucianism, that is, "being happy and eager to learn, respecting the middle and emphasizing harmony." The 887 movable type version transforms the word "harmony" into three different fonts, expressing China's humanistic concept of "harmony without difference" and "harmony is precious". The excellent Chinese traditional culture represented by Confucianism has been further spread in five continents, and "Confucius fever" and "Confucianism fever" are "paid help to add fuel to the fire". Zhou Heping said that in the long river of history, Confucianism not only maintained its kind and harmonious spiritual characteristics, but also carried the cultural imprint of different times. It has developed with an open attitude and made important contributions to the continuation of world civilization. At the first World Congress of Confucianism, Confucianism in the new century once again issued a voice of the times that conforms to historical development and human interests.
Confucianism: How to popularize it in China and spread it around the world?
Du Weiming, one of the most famous contemporary Confucian scholars, once pointed out that compared with South Korea, Singapore and even Taiwan Province Province in China, there is still a gap in maintaining the Confucian tradition in Chinese mainland. Many scholars believe that with the China people's thirst for traditional culture, the popularization of Confucianism in China and its spread around the world should become an important topic in the current study of Confucianism. Wang Junlin of Shandong University thinks that if Confucianism only stays in the small circle of Confucianism, it is usually regarded as a kind of thought and theory, and it is hard to say that it is a kind of culture. Only when Confucianism goes out of the small circle of Confucianism, comes to the society, goes deep into the public, becomes something that people like to see and hear, promotes ethical codes, regulates people's behavior, and advocates benevolence and righteousness to change social atmosphere, will Confucian culture be bred from Confucianism. Macao scholars also suggested that Confucius should be read for one minute every day in primary and secondary schools. On September 28th, the delegates went to the Confucius Temple in Qufu to attend the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius. Therefore, some delegates discussed the ceremonies of offering sacrifices to Confucius around the world. Kong Xianglin of Confucius Institute pointed out that there are Confucius temples in China, South Korea, Vietnam and Japan. In ancient China, there were also Confucian temples at all levels of government, which had three important social functions: respecting morality, serving the public and educating people. Through Confucius Temple, the government educates its subjects to study Confucianism, respect morality and emphasize righteousness, sharpen ethics and strengthen moral cultivation. This kind of cultural facilities plays a very important role in the spread of a cultural spirit, and should be paid enough attention and protected in today's society. Zhao Rongguang, a professor at Zhejiang Gongshang University, compared the Confucius Temple ceremonies in Qufu, Taibei and Sungkyunkwan in China, and thought that the Confucius Temple ceremony should reproduce the original historical appearance according to the museum principle, and strengthen a series of specific matters such as related systems, etiquette, music and dance, costumes, utensils and sacrifices. When the conditions are met, the relevant parties should "apply for the legacy" to the United Nations. Dong Jinyu, Taiwan Province Province, introduced that ancient sacrificial ceremonies were divided into "autumn sacrifice" and "spring sacrifice". The "autumn sacrifice" in Taiwan Province Province mainly followed the "ancient ceremony", that is, in terms of etiquette, clothing, music and dance, it followed the rules of sacrificial ceremonies in the Ming Dynasty, and compressed the ritual time according to the characteristics of the times, accepting women to participate in sacrificial ceremonies; "Spring Festival travel rush" incorporates more characteristics of the times and adopts a way acceptable to young people. Its main function is to attract young people to approach Confucius and get in touch with Confucianism. Some experts pointed out that under the current complicated cultural background, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, will go further to the world and be understood and accepted by more and more countries and people in the world, thus bringing mankind into a new era of peace, stability, prosperity and progress. As Mr. Zhang Dainian once said-"The era of blindly criticizing Confucius has passed, the era of blindly respecting Confucius has also passed, and the era of scientifically studying Confucius has arrived." Confucius belongs to China and Confucianism belongs to the world. Confucius is the founder of China's Confucianism. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has been regarded as an orthodox precept by rulers of past dynasties, and even as the standard of Ren Xian's energy use, and its influence has lasted for thousands of years. Zi Lin said: "The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night."
Confucius and his disciples
There are as many as 3,000 disciples in Kong Qiu, including 72 sages, many of whom are the pillars of senior officials in various countries. The most important ones are: Yan Hui, a native of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, from 52 1 to 48 1. Zi Yueyuan, also known as Yan Yuan, is Confucius' favorite disciple. "Eternal Night" said that he "eats and drinks once, and when he is in a mean alley, people can't bear his worries, and he won't change his pleasure when he returns". Modest and studious, "not angry, not jealous." He respects his teacher very much and is always dissatisfied with Confucius. Yan Yuan is famous for his virtue, and Confucius praised him for "returning with virtue" and "returning without violating benevolence in March" (Ode to Leaves). Unfortunately, he died young. Since the Han Dynasty, Yan Hui has been ranked as the first of 72 sages, and sometimes only Yan Hui enjoys it when offering sacrifices to Confucius. Since then, posthumous title has been added to the rulers of all dynasties: Emperor Taizong respected him as a "master", Emperor Xuanzong respected him as "Yan Gong", Song Zhenzong as "Yan Gong" and Yuan Wenzong as "Yan Fuguong". In the ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, it was renamed "Restoration of Saints". There is also a "Fuxing Temple" in Qufu, Shandong. Zhong You was born in Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, surabaya county City, Shandong Province from 542 to 480. He was Shi's butcher and later the doctor's butcher. In 480 AD, his mother made his younger brother Kuaiqin the monarch, threatened Wei to dismiss him, and fled after hearing the news. When Lutz heard the news outside, he went to town to see Quine. The crown tassel shot by Kuai Ming's troops has its eyes torn out. He severely reprimanded, "The death of a gentleman is inevitable." Fasten the hat and tassel resolutely, and die calmly. Duanmu Ci was born in 520 ~ 456, whose real name was Duanmu and Mingci, and he was a native of Weiguo (now Xunxian County, Henan Province). He used to be the spokesman of Lu and Wei, the most successful of the 72 sages of Confucius, and a leader in the field of speech. Zi Gong was a great diplomat and businessman in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was praised as "the originator of Confucian businessmen" by later generations. Confucius once called it "the instrument of Hu Lian". He is eloquent, eloquent, practical and knowledgeable. He is also good at doing business. He once did business between Cao and Lu, which made him rich. Become the richest man among Confucius disciples. Sima Qian's Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples, written in Historical Records, used the most pen and ink on Zi Gong, and his biography was the longest among Confucius' disciples. This phenomenon shows that in Sima Qian's eyes, Zi Gong is a very unusual figure. We follow this idea of Sima Qian, and then carefully read the Analects of Confucius and other books, we can see that Zi Gong is an unusual figure. His great influence and role are beyond the reach of Confucius' disciples: excellent academic performance, rich cultural accomplishment, outstanding political and diplomatic ability and superb financial management ability. Yan Yan, a native of Changshu, was the only disciple of Confucius who spread to the south in the Spring and Autumn Period. At the age of 22, he left his hometown and went north to learn from Confucius. He is modest, studious and good at literature. Lu, who used to be the butcher of Wucheng, educated the people with rites and music. There are string songs everywhere in the territory, which won the appreciation of Confucius. I returned to the south after my studies, and countless disciples traveled to France. He is considered to be the first person to spread southeast culture. Since the Tang Dynasty, he has been named marquis of Wu, Wu Gong, Wu Gong and sage Yanzi. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, a doctor of the Five Classics was specially appointed to be inherited by his descendants. Yan Yan has made great contributions to the prosperity of Wu culture. Also known as Zeng, he was born in Wucheng (now Nanwucheng in Weizhuang Township, Pingyi County, and Nanwu Village in Mandong Town, Jiaxiang County) in the Spring and Autumn Period. The dates of birth and death are unknown. The father of Zeng Shen, one of the 72 sages of Confucius' disciples. He and Meng, the father of Yan Hui and Mencius, were enshrined in the shrine behind the Confucius Temple in Qufu. In The Analects of Confucius, he sat with Luz, You Ran and Gong Xihua to talk about his personal interests. Speaking of personal interests, he stopped playing drums and piano, said that he would put on his spring clothes in late spring, and in 1009 (the second year of Song Dazhong Xiangfu), he sealed the "Laiwu Hou" with five or six like-minded adults. 1530 (the 9th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty) was renamed as "Saint Zeng". Ceng Dian's tomb is in Nanwucheng, his hometown. Zeng Shen, a native of Nanwucheng (now Pingyi) in the late Spring and Autumn Period, was born in 505-436 BC. People all address themselves as Ceng Zi. A disciple of Confucius. Ceng Dian's son is a small official who is famous for his filial piety. It is believed that "wisdom, loyalty and forbearance" are Confucius' "consistent" thoughts, and the cultivation method of "I live three times a day" is put forward. He advocated that "I should be cautious in the end (carefully handle the funeral of my parents), pursue the future (sincerely remember my ancestors), cherish the people's morality" and "commit crimes without learning (cultivate my mind)", and persistently practice Confucius' theory. Legend has it that there are "filial piety" and "university". Under the door of Confucius, he was regarded as a descendant of Taoism and was honored as a "saint" by later rulers. There are 18 pieces recorded in the Records of Han Literature and Art, which are incomplete, and there are 10 pieces from Lishi to Tianyuan. In Qing Dynasty, there was a note of Ceng Zi in Ruan Yuan. There is Zeng Temple at the southern foot of Nanwushan, 20 kilometers south of Jiaxiang, also known as Zongsheng Temple. Ten philosophers in four subjects: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong and Zeng Shen's Ci: Kill Me, Politics of Zigong: You Ran, Literature of Luji: Ziyou, Xia Zi.