In all introspection, there is a strong background, that is, after the technological innovation and rapid economic growth after the Second World War, the modernization of the West, that is, industrialization itself, exposed its fundamental defects, that is, it inevitably led to environmental pollution, the consumption of non-renewable resources, and irreversible species extinction, which led to an ecological crisis and finally threatened to put mankind in the realm of genocide.
However, the western road is not a dead end, and the traditional road in China is not a golden belt. Fate is cruel to China people of our generation: we tried to save the nation from extinction, enlighten modernity and eliminate traditions, but when modernity began to take root in people's hearts and traditions were almost eliminated, we heard that the industrialization of foreigners was ineffective, but by this time, the things of our ancestors had almost been forgotten. This is not entirely a bad thing. In China's wisdom, there is a saying called "put all your eggs in one basket". In fact, the truly feasible road may be different from the western tradition and industrialization. In the development of human society, each unique cultural development can neither surpass time (extend tradition) nor beyond space (extend the west). We ask for the third way, and we have been taking the third way. In the past, we did not engage in feudalism, capitalism and socialism; Today, we do not engage in western capitalism or traditional socialism, but take the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. There is always a third way out of us and at our feet; There is always a third way, waiting for us to explore. When we are about to enter the 2 1 century, when there are more and more global problems and the voice of sustainable development is getting louder and louder, we are still facing a new third road. I think this is the road to a green China.
1, industrialization road and "sustainable development" as its amendments.
The capitalist west has created a new development model in human history. In terms of production, a new pattern of production departments dominated by large industries has emerged, and in terms of social exchange and circulation, a new mechanism of market competition and free trade has emerged. Since the industrial revolution, industrialization has become a typical embodiment of modernity.
As far as its production process is concerned, its work is highly organized, standardized products are produced in batches and assembly lines, and the labor efficiency is improved by ten to one hundred times with new energy power and machines rich in new technologies. As far as the flow process is concerned, money is accelerated into products and products are accelerated into money. In these two acceleration processes, money and products are in a snowball-like growth process. The more money rolls, the more products roll, so the wealth of the country is increasing.
Therefore, the fundamental feature of this development model can be summarized as snowballing exponential growth. To put it simply, this process is to make products cheap through mass production, occupy the market through cheap products, stimulate consumption through the market, and stimulate production through consumption to complete a positive feedback process. The end result is higher and higher consumption level and more and more national wealth. After the industrial revolution, human beings created more wealth in 100 years than all the wealth created before in history.
Where did this magical wealth come from? Putting aside all the difficult theories of economic development and only tracing the flow of energy and matter, we can find that all the wealth rolling in exponentially comes from two aspects: one is people and the other is the earth.
The man who created so much wealth is not what he used to be, and his way of life and existence has changed fundamentally. People who change their direction to adapt, coordinate and promote the industrialized mode of production have become a part of industrial society and a part of a big machine, performing a single function. The rich, complex, pluralistic and organic way of existence has changed into a monotonous, simple, single and inorganic way of existence.
The industrialized mode of production is characterized by fast pace, monotonous repetition, high organization, highly specialized division of labor, and the pursuit of efficiency, effectiveness and benefit. The pursuit of practical results has become the main theme of human life, which is the fundamental difference between modern and pre-modern.
This difference is first manifested in modern science. The spirit of modern science is the spirit of simplification (reduction). It is untrue to claim the uniqueness of everything in quality as an illusion. The only real world is a quantitative world, and all qualitative differences are "essentially" only quantitative differences. For example, the difference in hardness is only the difference in material density; The difference of color is only the difference of light wavelength; The sound level is only the difference of sound wave frequency. "People once thought that the world they lived in-a world full of colors and sounds, fragrant air, joy, love and beauty, and purposeful harmony and creative thoughts-is now all squeezed into a corner of the organism's brain. The really important external world is a rigid, cold, colorless and silent dead world; A world of quantity, a world that can be mathematically calculated and moved according to the laws of mechanics. " In the scientific world, there is no longer irreducible qualitative uniqueness, but only mathematical symbols, so the effectiveness of prediction and control can reach the maximum state. What dominates the trend of modern science is the effectiveness of prediction and control.
This difference is of course also reflected in social life and personal life. In order to pursue efficiency, benefit and effect, social life presents a high degree of organization, specialization and fast pace. Highly organized makes human beings more dependent on artificial systems and artificial environments, while specialization restricts the development of individual diversification. In the industrial society, full liberalization has become a hope only for the future (for example, everyone's all-round development * * * socialist ideal). The fast pace shows a major change in human society and personal life, that is, the sense of urgency of time suddenly becomes a major daily psychological state. "Almost all technological discoveries and devices are related to acquiring or saving time, and their purpose is to overcome' slowness' and improve speed. This is true of household appliances, communication tools and transportation, as well as computers, energy output devices and military equipment that can complete operations that can be completed by generations in a fraction of a second. Speed is a respected god everywhere. Although traffic is taken as an example, it is at the expense of a lot of accidents and sacrifices. " Power and efficiency are the basic technical indicators of almost all technical equipment, which are related to whether time can be saved.
Therefore, you don't need advanced economic theory to understand that once people change their leisure state and become busy, and what is busy is a single type of thing, this thing is naturally better than before. This thing is to establish a human-centered structural system of domination, control and conquest. All the goals are to make human beings feel fit and realize their will. As for the dominated, controlled and conquered nature, our earth and all other life living on it, industrialization can't manage that much. Modernity assumes that they are all dead and have no independent intrinsic value, and their value depends on the needs of human subjects.
However, it is land, including air, sea and land, that has provided the source of all great wealth since industrialization. In fact, this source has always existed, and what it can provide should be far greater than that squeezed by industrialization. The earth, like the mother of human beings, continuously provides nutrients for human beings. This kind of supply is like a clear spring and flowing water, naturally without any difficulties. This kind of supply is rich and varied, which enables human beings to bathe in natural nutrients wholeheartedly. However, just like the literal meaning of the word "squeezing", human beings are far from being satisfied with the eternal gift of nature and are not sleepy. Instead, they should destroy the sacred gift structure of nature according to their own will and take what they think is beneficial to them until they do not hesitate to destroy the life structure of nature in order to get these beneficial things. Just like killing an elephant to get an ivory, killing a black bear to get a bear gall, industrialization to destroy vegetation to get minerals, and destroying the entire earth ecosystem to get energy. In the eyes of industrialists, the earth has never been alive, and its proper function is to store energy, store things and dump places.
It is precisely because of the destruction of the earth's ecosystem that human beings get enough energy and materials to support the snowballing exponential economic development. However, the requirement of exponential growth is a greedy requirement, and it is a very difficult requirement to meet. An oriental wise man said well that the earth can satisfy people's needs, but it can't satisfy people's greed. One day, the earth will be drained, all the drained things (energy and matter) will be exhausted, and the ability of the earth's ecosystem to regenerate these things will be lost. Today, people speak with one voice and shout loudly about environmental problems, which is the evil result of industrialization. It ignores all life and "kills life" by seizing effective energy and useful materials. Today's four shocking environmental problems, namely, environmental pollution, ecological destruction, population explosion and resource depletion, show the restless ending of industrialization after tossing the earth.
So we can see that industrialization and its great achievements have two secret sources in essence, namely, the one-sided existence of human beings and the wanton plunder of the earth's resources (even killing the goose that lays the golden egg and exhausting the resources).
In the history of modern European thought, the reflection on industrial civilization has always been accompanied by the development process of industrialization itself. During the Enlightenment, there was a very strange and harsh voice in the enlightenment discourse that promoted the infinite progress of human society. This is Rousseau's criticism of scientific and technological progress. He pointed out that the progress of science and art (craft) not only did not help to curb vulgarity, but led to immoral results; He praised those "noble barbarians" with simple hearts and simple lives, and thought that they were physically and mentally healthy and noble. In the history of economic thought, Malthus, a British economist, once pointed out that the geometric growth of population and the arithmetic growth of grain will inevitably cause great pressure on resources by population. In the 20th century, more and more thinkers reflected on the western industrial civilization, and the intensity of reflection became stronger and stronger. Among them are philosophers, artists and social activists.
In the United States, the most modernized country, a mass nature conservation movement appeared at the beginning of this century, and many national parks with nature reserves were established. After World War II, serious environmental problems caused by rapid economic development first appeared in the United States and were exposed by people of insight in the United States. Kaji's Silent Spring published in 1962 caused a large number of insects, birds and animals to die because of the extensive use of DDT pesticides, thus making spring a dead spring without birds singing, which triggered a debate in American society about how to use chemical products correctly and also triggered a massive mass environmental protection movement in the modern sense. Since then, the environmental protection movement has been in the ascendant among the marginalized people.
Due to the increasingly serious environmental problems, and the scope has changed from an early local problem to a global problem, in the 1970s, the contemporary environmental protection movement led by people's awakening finally attracted the attention of the mainstream society. 1972, the United Nations held a conference on human environment in Stockholm, Sweden. The keynote report of the conference, that is, "There is only one earth", puts the problems of all mankind and saving the earth's ecosystem on the agenda.
However, as a problem, environmental problems are sharply raised, which is still the product of calculation and weighing, not because of "consciousness". First put forward by developed countries, it does not mean that developed countries have carried out moral liquidation on industrialization itself, but still focus on the economic consequences of environmental problems. Because of this, many developing countries are not very enthusiastic about environmental protection at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. They think that the developed countries have taken the first class on the earth spacecraft and enjoyed energy and materials that are dozens or even hundreds of times higher than the world average, but now they ask us developing countries to pay attention to protecting our common environment. Is this a conspiracy to stop us from developing industrialization and keep us poor and backward forever?
By the 1980s, developing countries were eager to catch up with developed countries, and the powerful demonstration role of modernization still existed, because developed countries did not change themselves first and pursued a higher quality of life with the same high consumption and high growth, but the quality of life began to include environmental quality. In a world that continues to take the road of industrialization, the pursuit of high environmental quality by developed countries is nothing more than the transfer of environmental entropy to poor countries. Take Japan as an example. This is an aggressive country. In the past war years, it brought disaster to the Asian people. Today, it has become the number one "environmental aggressor" in the world. Its forest coverage rate is 66% of the national territory, but it imports a large number of disposable chopsticks from China every year, and the forest coverage rate is only 13%. Its annual timber imports account for 40% of the world's total timber exports, which means the disappearance of large tropical rainforests. In order to obtain wood, it intends to lend Brazil a loan to build a road from the Pacific coast to the Amazon forest area. In order to protect the Amazon rainforest, which is vital to the global ecology, the World Bank explicitly refused to help build this project. More than half of the fishing boats in the North Pacific are Japanese, and they are overfished and fished, which leads to the decline of fishery resources in this area. Japan is the largest ivory consumer in the world, and I don't know how many elephants were indirectly killed by the Japanese.
In view of the different views on environmental issues between North and South, a new idea of combining environment and development has become popular in the international community. This is the theory of sustainable development that people are becoming more and more familiar with today. The so-called sustainable development means development or development, but there is no stamina. From now on, we must keep the possibility of future development and don't let our future generations lose the possibility of development. It should be pointed out that this is a positive result of international cooperation on environmental issues and a compromise between developed and developing countries. Developed countries mean that we emphasize global environmental protection, not to stop your development, but to make your development more sustainable. Our Common Future, drafted by the World Commission on Environment and Development led by former Swedish Prime Minister Mrs. Brundtland, was published in 1987, which emphasized the strategy of sustainable development. This report later became the keynote report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1992.
In my opinion, due to the political compromise nature of sustainable development, its connotation cannot be accurately defined. The same is true: some people emphasize "sustainability" and others emphasize "development". However, for any aspect, "development" is still the main theme of today's world, which often makes "sustainability" very embarrassing. Developed countries talk about "sustainability", but they are unwilling to give up the existing lifestyle and deviate from the institutional structure and values of industrialized society. What can you do for sustainable development? I just hope that developing countries will slow down to safeguard their vested interests. Developing countries want to be "sustainable", but they want to engage in traditional industrialization. What is sustainable development? Just learn from the lessons of high pollution in developed countries to slow down the speed of pollution, but pollution will still be polluted. The application of pesticides and fertilizers is correct, trees are cut down correctly, and toxic gases in sewage are discharged correctly.
Objectively speaking, the sustainable development strategy is a revision of the traditional industrialization development strategy and an expedient measure to make the worst consequences come slowly and appear later. Therefore, it is a transitional stage before mankind puts forward a better way and a better civilization matures. Sustainable development is a revision of the development model. What it wants to say is that resources, including non-renewable resources, can still be used, but don't use them too quickly, don't use them all at once, the whip can be whipped quickly, but let the horse rest, and don't kill the goose to get the egg and fish.
The reason why the strategy of sustainable development is considered to be only a revision of the traditional industrialization thought, rather than a complete change, is that it only considers all aspects of the earth as the object of use, but does not consider the changes of people themselves. Just now we saw that industrialization has two foundations, one is the modern human nature structure and social organization mode, and the other is the predatory development of the earth. The thought of sustainable development considers the second aspect, only half of the second aspect, that is, the reflection on "plunder", but continues to agree with "development" because it completely ignores the first aspect, that is, the reflection on human nature structure and social organization mode. At this point, green thinkers, including religious scholars, philosophers, artists and many scientists, have a lot of discussions. Because these discourses are considered to be far from reality in China, they have not been properly disseminated in China, and we have not heard such voices, which makes us very strange. Because the one-sidedness of industrialization is not reflected in the thought of sustainable development, it must still be dominated by the essence of industrialization as a whole, and it will also fall into a lot of contradictions. One evidence is that although China's theoretical research on sustainable development is vivid, it is superficial because of the lack of profound green ideas.
2. Traditional China and its ecological boundary.
In the past twenty years, China has devoted itself to reform, opening up and modernization. The gross national product has doubled several times, but the environmental pollution has not doubled. Although the environmental quality continues to deteriorate, the rate of deterioration is not as fast as the economic growth rate. This is because the government of China has strengthened environmental protection and made great achievements in environmental protection by strengthening environmental management, although it does not have much funds (the proportion of environmental investment in the gross national product is always a few percent, while that in developed countries is more than three percent). While affirming this achievement, we must realize that this achievement is of course due to the wise policy of the China government and its attention to environmental issues, and also because China is a country with too fragile ecology, and China really can't stand the severe environmental pollution.
This ecologically fragile land is the heritage of traditional China.
1949 when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, it inherited 9.6 million square kilometers of land and a population of 540 million. This is a vast country with a large population. However, about one third of this vast land is desert, Gobi, glaciers and Rocky Mountains, which are all unusable land. The forest area accounts for only 4%, and the forest coverage rate is 8.6%; Of the nearly 600 million people, 80% are illiterate, and their distribution is extremely uneven. A straight line from Aihui, Heilongjiang (50 degrees north latitude) to Tengchong, Yunnan (25 degrees north latitude) divides the whole country into two parts. The northwest region accounts for 64%, the population is only 4%, and the southeast region accounts for 36% and the population is 96%. This population distribution is caused by environmental and historical conditions. Northwest China, with a very small population density, is mostly mountainous, plateau and desert, with harsh climatic conditions. Obviously, the distribution of population and water resources is similar: the annual precipitation in the northwest half, which accounts for 45% of the land area, is below 400 mm, and the annual precipitation in the southeast half, which accounts for 55% of the land area, is 400-1600 mm; The Yangtze River and its south area, which account for 38% of cultivated land, account for 82% of runoff, while the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River, which account for 40% of cultivated land, account for only 6.6%.
This population distribution is closely related to the decline of civilization in the Yellow River Basin. The Yellow River witnessed the ecological boundary of traditional China.
Civilizations all grow in big river basins. Where there is water, civilizations will take root, sprout, blossom and bear fruit there. Taylor, the first western philosopher, said, "Everything comes from water". In ancient times, the Yellow River Basin, where Chinese ancestors thrived, was originally densely forested, rich in aquatic plants, with a warm and humid climate and fertile land. However, after thousands of years of agricultural reclamation, today's forests are scarce, the climate is dry and the land is barren.
If industrial civilization has caused serious environmental pollution, agricultural civilization has caused serious damage to forest ecology. China's 5,000-year history of agricultural civilization proves this point. Generally speaking, the prosperity of the Han Dynasty was based on the ecological destruction of the Yellow River Basin, while the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty caused a serious imbalance in the ecosystem of the Yellow River Basin, which led to the decline of the Yellow River Basin. The prosperity of the Song Dynasty was based on the development and ecological destruction of the Yangtze River basin, and the Qing Dynasty began the most fatal blow to the ecosystem of the Yangtze River basin. The Yangtze River flood is a legacy left by the Qing Dynasty.
When human beings are passively regulated as a part of the earth's ecosystem, although human activities are destructive, this destructiveness can be automatically compensated and restored by the ecosystem. Although the utilization rate of the original cultivated land is very low, compared with the population, there is almost unlimited new land to use. For the ancestors who slash and burn, when the fertility on the surface of a piece of land is exhausted, they will look for new cultivated land. Before reuse, the abandoned land has been restored to fertility due to long-term fallow. Although they have destroyed forests and vegetation, their numbers are limited and the extent of damage is limited. When they move to other places, the destroyed forests and vegetation will automatically recover. Moreover, if the population is overpopulated, natural selection will be carried out at the right time, so that the population can be automatically controlled within the acceptable range of the environment.
The progress of civilization is marked by the improvement of human autonomy in the environment. With the invention and utilization of various metal tools and the improvement of technical level, the land utilization rate has been improved, and people no longer passively adapt to the environment, move around and begin to live a settled life. Settled life means the development of land depth and the increase of population, so more cultivated land is needed. Deforestation has become a sharp edge of agricultural civilization on the ecological environment, and deep reclamation has completely lost the self-recovery ability of forests. With the development of agricultural civilization, forest vegetation is decreasing.
After vegetation destruction, the direct consequence is soil erosion. Heavy rain washed away the fertility of the soil surface and made the land barren; The heavy rain then washed the sediments into rivers and silted up rivers and lakes. The silted rivers can't flow smoothly during the rainstorm season, causing floods. The flood destroyed more fertile fields, so the civilization in this area began to decline.
The ancient Egyptian civilization originated from the Nile River and the Mesopotamian civilization originated from the Euphrates River and Tigris River. Due to deforestation, endless farming and overgrazing in the upper reaches of the mother river, the fertile fields in the past thousands of miles have become today's barren land. Both ancient civilizations were lost in the long yellow sand.
The Yellow River civilization is no exception. By the Zhou Dynasty, the forest coverage rate of the Loess Plateau reached 53%, but with the increase of population, the demand for cultivated land became increasingly urgent, and forests were cut down in large quantities. In 2 15 BC, Meng Tian, a general of the Han Dynasty, defeated the Xiongnu and recovered the Hetao area, where a large number of immigrants came. The Han people soon turned the occupied Xiongnu pasture into farmland. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first recovered the Hetao area, and then recovered the Hexi Corridor. The whole Yellow River basin is under development. During this period, the area of cultivated land increased greatly, and it may have reached more than 500 million mu around the year A.D.. The population also increased rapidly, reaching nearly 60 million at the beginning of AD, which was the first population peak in the history of China.
The vigorous development of the Yellow River basin in Han Dynasty caused the population crisis in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the destruction of vegetation in the middle and upper reaches made the Yellow River begin to endanger people's livelihood. Since then, dynasties have changed, wars have been fought for years, and the population has decreased sharply, but to some extent, it has eased the environmental pressure and concealed and diluted the ecological problems. When the Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, the historical population was only160,000. A large number of farmland is barren, and some have become pastures. On the contrary, it gives the ecosystem of the Yellow River basin a chance to recuperate. During this period, perhaps due to the return of nomadic people in the north, the flood of the Yellow River was alleviated.
The Qingming politics in the early Tang Dynasty made the population lacking because of the war rise sharply. By the time of Tianbao (the middle of the 8th century), the national population had risen to nearly 60 million. The increase of population is accompanied by large-scale land reclamation, and the land reclamation in the Yellow River Basin has reached its peak. In order to resist the intrusion of nomadic people in the northwest, the Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of reclaiming farmland and clearing the border in the northwest border, and cultivated a large area of cultivated land, and the society suddenly became well-fed and prosperous. However, the development of the Yellow River Basin has reached its ecological limit. Vegetation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been seriously damaged and soil erosion is extremely serious. During the Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River was extremely turbid.
After the An Shi Rebellion, this ecological boundary began to appear. The destruction of war is a factor, but it is only an opportunity to expose the existing ecological boundary. During this period, the population of the Yellow River basin dropped sharply, and productivity could never be restored. The sediment concentration of the Yellow River reached 50% in the Song Dynasty, and then it went from bad to worse, reaching 60% in the Ming Dynasty and 70% in the Qing Dynasty. A large amount of sediment makes the riverbed of the Yellow River rise day by day, and some reaches even rise above the ground, becoming suspended rivers. The flood of the Yellow River has become a big headache in the past dynasties, and the Yellow River has really become a harmful river.
It was also during this period that a large number of northerners moved south, flocked to the Yangtze River basin and developed towards the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially the Yangtze River Delta. The Anshi Rebellion can be regarded as a symbol of the transfer of Chinese civilization from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin.
From the mid-Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of the Yangtze River basin was still to destroy forest vegetation and build dams around lakes to reclaim paddy fields. The latter is the most. The direct consequence of reclaiming land from lakes is to cause floods. There are many lakes, large and small, in the Yangtze River basin, which, like artificial reservoirs, constitute a natural regulator of runoff in the Yangtze River system. A large number of lakes are surrounded by fields, which makes the natural regulator fail, and the Yangtze River basin is caught in the flood and drought disaster of "rain is easy to flow, sunny is easy to dry". In the rainy season, the flood has nowhere to be placed, and the dam is in danger. In the rainy season, there is no reserved water to irrigate.
After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of people from the north moved south again, which led to overcrowding in the southeast and extremely tense relationship between people and land. The mountains, lakes and cultivated land in this area have been over-cultivated.
The early Ming Dynasty was also to restore the population, emigrate to the north and reclaim wasteland. However, the population of the Ming Dynasty grew too fast and soon exceeded 60 million. The speed of land reclamation can't keep up with the speed of population growth. 1400 The population is about 65-80 million, and the cultivated land area is 370 million mu. /kloc-in 0/600, the population reaches 200 million, and the cultivated land is 670 million mu. A large population and a small population may be an important reason for the social unrest in the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming and Qing wars greatly reduced the population, but it quickly recovered in the Qing dynasty, and the population of the Qing dynasty soared because the population base of the Ming dynasty was already very large. In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to encourage reclamation and prevent unrest, the population growth tax was abolished (fifty-one year of Kangxi 17 12), which greatly increased the population of the Qing Dynasty. 1766 (in the 31st year of Qianlong), the official population exceeded 200 million, and in the 13th year of Daoguang (1833), the official population was nearly 400 million.
In order to feed such a large population, apart from increasing the grain output per unit area, we still have to rely on reclamation. The plains were over-cultivated, and people flocked to the mountains. Fujian, Jiangsu and Zhejiang immigrated to Jiangxi and Hubei, and Jiangxi and Hubei immigrated to Guizhou and Sichuan, that is, the population in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River moved upstream. New immigrants destroy forests and cultivated land in an extremely backward way, and destroy mountain forest vegetation on a large scale, which leads to soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and then affects the ecological environment in the middle and lower reaches. Because the mountains in the upper reaches cause soil erosion and the lakes in the middle and lower reaches cause floods, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have been flooded for years.
The only policy protection in Qing Dynasty was Northeast China and Mongolia. Northeast China is the hometown of Manchu. In order to protect this homeland, the Qing dynasty banned Han people from entering the customs to reclaim land. Because of Mongolia's ethnic segregation policy, Han people are forbidden to enter Mongolia to cultivate land. Although these policies are not strictly implemented, they objectively protect the ecosystems of these two places. The virgin forest in Northeast China has been preserved, and it is still the largest forest-intensive area in China.
Throughout thousands of years of feudal social history in China, progress is always accompanied by ecological destruction. Years passed, and the prosperity of many dynasties was washed away. Jiangshan is still silent, but the ecological environment is deteriorating. Ironically, however, China culture is famous for its green concept of "harmony between man and nature".